大学英语四级真题试卷及答案

大学英语四级真题试卷及答案文件排版存档编号：[UYTR-OUPT28-KBNTL98-UYNN208]

PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowritealettertoexpressyourthankstooneofyourfriendswhohelpedyoumostwhenyouwereindifficulty.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words・PartIIListeningComprehension(25minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreenewsreports・Attheendofeachnewsreport,youwillheartwoorthreequestions・Boththenewsreportandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce・Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD)・ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre・Questions1and2arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.A)TheInternationalLaborOrganization'skeyobjective・Thebasicsocialprotectionforthemostvulnerable・Risingunemploymentworldwide・Globaleconomicrecovery・A)Manycountrieshavenottakenmeasurestocreateenoughjobs・Fewcountriesknowhowtoaddressthecurrenteconomiccrisis・Fewcountrieshaverealizedtheseriousnessofthecurrentcrisis・Manycountriesneedsupporttoimprovetheirpeople*slivelihood・Questions3and4arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.A)Servestandardizedfoodnationwide・Putcalorieinformationonthemenu.Increaseproteincontentinthefood・Offerconvenientfoodtocustomers・A)Theywillbefined.beclosed・getawarning・beclosed・getawarning・losecustomers・to7arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.TheywillTheywillQuestions5A)Inabilitytoimplementtheirbusinessplans.Inabilitytokeepturningoutnovelproducts・Lackofasuccessfulbusinessmodeloftheirown.Failuretointegrateinnovationintotheirbusiness・A)Itisthesecrettobusinesssuccess・Itisthecreationofsomethingnew.Itisamagictooltobringbigrewards・Itisanessentialpartofbusinessculture・A)Itshardworkingemployees・Itsflexiblepromotionstrategy.Itsinnovationculture・Itswillingnesstomakeinvestments・SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations・Attheendofeachconversationsyouwillhearfourquestions・Boththeconversationsandthequestion-swillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion.YoumustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD)・ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre・Questions8to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard・A)He'sgotaddictedtotechnology.Heisnotverygoodatsocializing・Heiscrazyabouttext-messaging・Hedoesnottalklongonthephone・A)Talkbig.Talkatlength.Gossipalot・Forgetherself・A)Hethoughtitwascool.Heneededthepractice・Hewantedtostayconnectedwiththem.Hehadanurgentmessagetosend・A)Itposesachallengetoseniors・Itsavesbothtimeandmoney.Itischildishandunprofessiona1.Itiscoolandconvenient・Questions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard・A)Hewantstochangehisjobassignment・

Heisunhappywithhisdepartmentmanager・Hethinkshedeservesextrapayforovertime・Heisoftensingledoutforcriticismbyhisboss・A)Hisworkloadwasmuchtooheavy.Hisimmediatebossdidnottrusthim・Hiscolleaguesoftenrefusedtocooperate.Hissalarywastoolowforhisresponsibility・A)Heneverknowshowtorefuse・Heisalwaysreadytohelpothers・Hisbosshasalotoftrustinhim.Hisbosshasnosenseoffairness・A)Putallhiscomplaintsinwriting・Waitandseewhathappensnext・Learntosaynowhennecessary.Talktohisbossinpersonfirst・SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreepassages・Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions・Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce・AfteryouSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre・16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard,importanceofsleeptoahealthylife・forAmericansSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre・16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard,importanceofsleeptoahealthylife・forAmericans?declineinsleep・A)TheReasonsD)DiseasesA)TheyD)DiseasesA)TheyTheyareTheygetTheyknowthedangersoflackofsleep.A)Theirweightwillgodown.Theirmindfunctionwilldeteriorate・Theirworkefficiencywilldecrease・Theirbloodpressurewillrise・Questions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Howmuchyoucanaffordtopay.Whatcourseyouaregoingtochoose.Whichuniversityyouaregoingtoapplyto.Whenyouaregoingtosubmityourapplication.A)Thelistofcoursesstudied・Thefullrecordofscores・Thereferencesfromteachers・Thepersonalstatement・A)Specifywhattheywouldliketodoaftergraduation.Describeindetailhowmuchtheywouldenjoystudying・Indicatetheyhavereflectedandthoughtaboutthesubject・Emphasizethattheyadmiretheprofessorsintheuniversity・Questions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard・A)Itwasequippedwithrubbertyres・Itwasbuiltinthelate19thcentury.ItwaspurchasedbytheRoyalfamily.ItwasdesignedbyanEnglishengineer・A)Theyconsumedlotsofpetrol.Theytooktwopassengersonly.Theyweredifficulttodrive・Theyoftenbrokedown.A)Theywereproducedontheassemblyline・Theywerebuiltwithlesscostlymaterials・TheyweremodeledafterBritishcars・Theyweremadeforordinaryuse・A)Itmadenewsallovertheworld・ItwasbuiltfortheRoyalfamily.Itmarkedanewerainmotortrave1.Itattractedlargenumbersofmotorists・PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks・Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage・Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices・Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter・PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre・Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce・Questions26to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard・Physicalactivitydoesthebodygood,andthere'sgrowingevidencethatithelpsthebraintoo.ResearchersintheNetherlandsreportthatchildrenwhogetmoreexercise,whethetatschoolorontheirown,26tohavehigherGPAsandbetterscoresonstandardizedtests.Ina27of14studiesthatlookedatphysicalactivityandacademic28 ,investigatorsfoundthatthemorechildrenmoved,thebettertheirgradeswereinschool,29inthebasicsubjectsofmath,Englishandreading・Thedatawillcertainlyfueltheongoingdebateoverwhetherphysicaleducationclassesshouldbecutasschoolsstruggleto30onsmallerbudgets.Theargumentsagainstphysicaleducationhaveincludedconcernsthatgymtimemaybetakingawayfromstudytime・WithstandardizedtestscoresintheU・S・31inrecentyears,someadministratorsbelievestudentsneedtospendmoretimeintheclassroominsteadofontheplayground・Butasthesefindingsshow,exerciseandacademicsmaynotbe32exclusive.Physicalactivitycanimproveblood33tothebrain,fuelingmemory,attentionandcreativity,whichare34tolearning・Andexercisereleaseshormonesthatcanimprove35andrelievestress,whichcanalsohelplearning・Sowhileitmayseemasifkidsarejustexercisingtheirbodieswhenthey'rerunningaround,theymayactuallybeexercisingtheirbrainsaswell.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。attendanceconsequentlycurrentdepressingdroppingessentialfeasibleflowmoodmutuallyparticularlyperformancereviewsurvivetendSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs・Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived・Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce・Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.FindingtheRightHome—andContentment,TooWhenyourelderlyrelativeneedstoentersomesortoflong-termcarefacility—amomentfewparentsorchildrenapproachwithoutfeat—whatyouwouldlikeistohaveeverythingmadeclear.Doesassistedlivingreallymarkagreatimprovementoveranursinghome,orhastheindustrysimplyhiredbetterinteriordesigners?Arenursinghomesasbadaspeoplefear,oristhatanout—modedstereotype(固定看j去)？Candoingone'shomeworkreallysteerfamiliestothebestplaces?Itisgenuinelyhardtoknow・Iamabouttomakethingsmorecomplicatedbysuggestingthatwhatkindoffacilityanolderpersonlivesinmaymatterlessthanwehaveassumed・Andthatthecharacteristicsadultchildrenlookforwhentheybeginthesearcharenotnecessarilythethingsthatmakeadifferencetothepeoplewhoaregoingtomovein.Iamnottalkingaboutthequalityofcare,letmehastilyadd・Nobodyflourishesinagloomyenvironmentwithirresponsiblestaffandapoorsafetyrecord・Butanaccumulating;bodyofresearchindicatesthatsomedistinctionsbetweenonetypeofeldercareandanotherhavelittlerealbearingonhowwellresidentsdo.Themostrecentofthesestudies,publishedinThejournalofAppliedGerontology,surveyed150Connecticutresidentsofassistedliving,nursinghomesandsmallerresidentialcarehomes(knowninsomestatesasboardandcarehomesoradultcarehomes)・ResearchersfromtheUniversityofConnecticutHealthCenteraskedtheresidentsalargenumberofquestionsabouttheirqualityoflife,emotionalwell-beingandsocialinteraction,aswellasaboutthequalityofthefacilities・uWethoughtwewouldseedifferencesbasedonthehousingtypes,nsaidtheleadauthorofthestudy,JulieRobison,anassociateprofessorofmedicineattheuniversity・Areasonable

toavoidnursinghomesandlivingresidentsdidpaintlesslikelytoreporttheotherfacilities,forassumption—don'tfamiliesstrugglesufferrealguiltiftheycan"t?toavoidnursinghomesandlivingresidentsdidpaintlesslikelytoreporttheotherfacilities,forIntheinitialresults,assistedthemostpositivepicture・Theyweresymptomsofdepressionthanthoseininstance,andlesslikelytobeboredorlonely.Theyscoredhigheronsocialinteraction.Butwhentheresearcherspluggedinanumberofothervariables,suchdifferencesdisappeared・Itisnotthehousingtype,theyfound,thatcreatesdifferencesinresidents'responses・Ttisthecharacteristicsofthespecificenvironmenttheyarein,combinedwiththeirownpersonalcharacteristics—howhealthytheyfeeltheyare,theirageandmaritalstatus,”Dr.Robisonexplained・Whetherresidentsfeltinvolvedinthedecisiontomoveandhowlongtheyhadlivedtherealsoprovedsignificant・Anelderlypersonwhodescribesherselfasinpoorhealth,therefore,mightbenolessdepressedinassistedliving(evenifherchildrenpreferredit)thaninanursinghome・Apersonwhobadinputintowherehewouldmoveandhashadtimetoadapttoitmightdoaswellinanursinghomeasinasmallresidentialcarehome,otherfactorsbeingequa1・Itisaninteractionbetweenthepersonandtheplace,notthesortofplaceinitself,thatleadstobetterorworseexperiences・"Youcan，tjustsay,'Let'sputthispersoninaresidentialcarehomeinsteadofanursinghome—shewillbemuchbetteroff,”Dr.Robisonsaid・Whatmatters,sheadded,"isacombinationofwhatpeoplebringinwiththem,andwhattheyfindthere・”Suchfindings,whichruncountertocommonsense,havesurfacedbefore・Inamulti-statestudyofassistedliving,forinstance,UniversityofNorthCarolinaresearchersfoundthatahostofvariables—thefacilitystype,sizeorage;whetherachainownedit;howattractivetheneighborhoodwas—hadnosignificantrelationshiptohowtheresidentsfaredintermsofillness,mentaldecline,hospitalizationsormortality.Whatmatteredmostwastheresidents?physicalhealthandmentalstatus・Whatpeoplewerelikewhentheycameinhadgreaterconsequencethanwhathappenedonetheywerethere・AsIwasconsideringallthis,apressreleasefromarespectedresearchfirmcrossedmydesk,announcingthatthefive-starratingsystemthatMedicaredevelopedin2008tohelpfamiliescomparenursinghomequalityalsohaslittierelationshiptohowsatisfieditsresidentsortheirfamilymembersare・Asamatteroffact,consumersexpressedhighersatisfactionwiththeone-starfacilities,thelowestrated,thanwiththefive-starones・(Moreonthisstudyandthestar:ratingswillappearinasubsequentpost・)Beforewecollectivelytearourhairout—howarewesupposedtofindourwayinalandscapethisconfusing?—hereisathoughtfromDr.PhilipSloane,ageriatrician(老年病学专家)attheUniversityofNorthCarolina：Tnaway,thatcouldbeliberatingforfamilies・”Ofcourse,sonsanddaughterswanttovisitthefacilities,talktotheadministratorsandresidentsandotherfamilies,anddoeverythingpossibletofulfilltheirduties・Butperhapstheydon'thavetoturnthemselvesintoprivateinvestigatorsorCongressionalsubcommittees・"Familiescanlookabitmoreforwheretheresidentsaregoingtobehappy,”Dr.Sloanesaid・Andinvolvingthefutureresidentintheprocesscanbeveryimportant.Weallhaveourownideasaboutwhatwouldbringourparentshappiness・Theyhavetheirideas,too.Afriendrecentlytookhermothertovisitanexpensiveassistedliving/nursinghomenearmytown.Ihaveseenthisplace—itiselegant,insideandout.Butnobodygreetedthedaughterandmotherwhentheyarrived,thoughthevisithadbeenplanned;nobodyintroducedthemtotheotherresidents・Whentheyhadlunchinthediningroom,theysataloneatatable・Thedaughterfearedhermotherwouldbeignoredthere,andsoshedecidedtomoveherintoamorewelcomingfacility.Basedonwhatisemergingfromsomeofthisresearch,thatmighthavebeenasrationalawayasanytoreachadecision.Manypeoplefeelguiltywhentheycannotfindaplaceotherthananursinghomefortheirparents・Thoughithelpsforchildrentoinvestigatecarefacilities,involvingtheirparentsinthedecision-makingprocessmayproveveryimportant・Itisreallydifficulttotellifassistedlivingisbetterthananursinghome・Howaresidentfeelsdependsonaninteractionbetweenthemselvesandthecarefacilitytheylivein.Theauthorthinksherfriendmadearationaldecisioninchoosingamorehospitableplaceoveranapparentlyelegantassistedlivinghome・ThesystemMedicaredevelopedtoratenursinghomequalityisoflittlehelptofindingasatisfactoryplace・Atfirsttheresearchersofthemostrecentstudyfoundresidentsinassistedlivingfacilitiesgavehigherscoresonsocialinteraction.Whatkindofcarefacilityoldpeopleliveinmaybelessimportantthanwethink・Thefindingsofthelatestresearchweresimilartoanearliermulti-statestudyofassistedliving・Aresident'ssatisfactionwithacarefacilityhasmuchtodowithwhethertheyhadparticipatedinthedecisiontomoveinandhowlongtheyhadstayedthere・SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD)・YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageoneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage・AsArtificialIntelligence(Al)becomesincreasinglysophisticated,therearegrowingconcernsthatrobotscouldbecomeathreat・Thisdangercanbeavoided,accordingtocomputerscienceprofessorStuartRussell,ifwefigureouthowtoturnhumanvaluesintoaprogrammablecode・Russellarguesthatasrobotstakeonmorecomplicatedtasks,it'snecessarytotranslateourmoralsintoAllanguage・Forexample,ifarobotdoeschoresaroundthehouse,youwouldn^twantittoputthepetcatintheoventomakedinnerforthehungrychildren."Youwouldwantthatrobotpreloadedwithagoodsetofvalues,”saidRussel1.Somerobotsarealreadyprogrammedwithbasichumanvalues・Forexample,mobilerobotshavebeenprogrammedtokeepacomfortabledistancefromhumans・Obviouslythereareculturaldifferences,butifyouweretalkingtoanotherpersonandtheycameupcloseinyourpersonalspace,youwouldn，tthinkthatsthekindofthingaproperlybrought-uppersonwoulddo.Itwillbepossibletocreatemoresophisticatedmoralmachines,ifonlywecanfindawaytosetouthumanvaluesasclearrules・Robotscouldalsolearnvaluesfromdrawingpatternsfromlargesetsofdataonhumanbehavior・Theyaredangerousonlyifprogrammersarecareless・Thebiggestconcernwithrobotsgoingagainsthumanvaluesisthathumanbeingsfailtososufficienttestingandthey'veproducedasystemthatwillbreaksomekindoftaboo(禁忌)・Onesimplecheckwouldbetoprogramarobottocheckthecorrectcourseofactionwithahumanwhenpresentedwithanunusualsituation.Iftherobotisunsurewhetherananimalissuitableforthemicrowave,ithastheopportunitytostop,sendoutbeeps(嘟嘟声)，andaskfordirectionsfromahuman.Ifwehumansaren，tquitesureaboutadecision,wegoandasksomebodyelse・Themostdifficultstepinprogrammingvalueswillbedecidingexactlywhatwebelieveinmoral,andhowtocreateasetofethicalrules・Butifwecomeupwithananswer,robotscouldbegoodforhumanity・Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthethreatofrobots?Itmayconstituteachallengetocomputerprogranmers・Itaccompaniesallmachineryinvolvinghightechnology.Itcanbeavoidedifhumanvaluesaretranslatedintotheirlanguage・Ithasbecomeaninevitableperilastechnologygetsmoresophisticated.Whatwouldwethinkofapersonwhoinvadesourpersonalspaceaccordingtotheauthor?Theyareaggressive・Theyareoutgoing・Theyareignorant・Theyareill-bred・Howdorobotslearnhumanvalues?Byinteractingwithhumansineverydaylifesituations・Byfollowingthedailyroutinesofcivilizedhumanbeings・Bypickinguppatternsfrommassivedataonhumanbehavior・Byimitatingthebehaviorofpropertybrought-uphumanbeings・Whatwillawell-programmedrobotdowhenfacinganunusualsituation?keepadistancefrompossibledangers・Stoptoseekadvicefromahumanbeing・Triggeritsbuilt-inalarmsystematonce・Dosufficienttestingbeforetakingaction.Whatismostdifficulttodowhenweturnhumanvaluesintoaprogrammablecode?Determinewhatismoralandethica1.Designsomelarge-scaleexperiments.Setrulesforman-machineinteraction.Developamoresophisticatedprogram.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage・Whydosomepeoplelivetobeolderthanothers?Youknowthestandardexplanations:keepingamoderatediet,engaginginregularexercise,etc・Butwhateffectdoesyourpersonalityhaveonyourlongevity(长寿)?Dosomekindsofpersonalitiesleadtolongerlives?AnewstudyintheJournaloftheAmericanGeriatricsSocietylookedatthisquestionbyexaminingthepersonalitycharacteristicsof246childrenofpeoplewhohadlivedtobeatleast100.Thestudyshowsthatthoselivingthelongestaremoreoutgoing,moreactiveandlessneurotic(神经质的)thanotherpeople・Long-livingwomenarealsomorelikelytobesympatheticandcooperativethanwomenwithanormallifespan.Thesefindingsareinagreementwithwhatyouwouldexpectfromtheevolutionarytheory：thosewholiketomakefriendsandhelpotherscangatherenoughresourcestomakeitthroughtoughtimes・Interestingly,however,othercharacteristicsthatyoumightconsideradvantageoushadnoimpactonwhetherstudyparticipantswerelikelytolivelonger・Thosewhoweremoreself-disciplined,forinstance,werenomorelikelytolivetobeveryold・Also,

beingopentonewideashadnorelationshiptolonglife,whichmightexplainallthosebad-temperedoldpeoplewhoarefixedintheirways・Whetheryoucansuccessfullychangeyourpersonalityasanadultpersonalitymayalsohelpdetermineyourlongevity.Thatstudylookedatnearly28,000Norwegianmothersandfoundthatthosemomswhoweremoreanxious,depressedandangryweremorelikelytofeedtheirkidsunhealthydiets・Patternsofchildhoodeatingcanbehardtobreakwhenwe'readults,whichmaymeanthatkidsofdepressedmomsendupdyingyounger・isthesubjectpapersuggestsasoutgoingasUnfortunately,ofalongstandingpsychologicalthatifyouwantlonglife,youpossible・anotherrecentstudyshowsthatdebate・Butthenewshould