美国文学-海明威

ErnestHemingwayand

AFarewelltoArmsHemingway:lifeandwriting

Hemingwaywasamythinhisowntimeandhislifewascolorful.Name:Birth:Death:Nationality:Career:Rememberedas:ErnestHemingway

American1899

1961

oneofthegreatAmericanwritersofthe20thcentury

novelistandshort-storywriter

HewasborninOakPark,Illinois.Hemingwaylovedsportsandoftenwenthuntingandfishingwithhisfather,whichprovidedhimwithwritingmaterials.Afterhighschool,heworkedasareporter.DuringWorldWarIheservedasanhonorablejuniorofficerintheAmericanRedCrossAmbulanceCorpsandin1918wasseverelywoundedinbothlegs.Afterthewar,hewenttoParisasaforeignreporter.InfluencedandguidedbySherwoodAnderson,StephenCraneandGertrudeSteinhebecameawriterandbegantoattractattention.SherwoodAndersonGertrudeSteinHemingwaywasmarriedfourtimes.HemingwayspenttimeinKeyWest,Florida,Spain,andAfricaafter1927.Hewasawarcorrespondentfrom1936-1939duringtheSpanishCivilWar.Afterthewar,HemingwaymovedtoHavana,Cuba,andin1958movedtoIdaho.In1961,Hemingwayshothimselfwithguninhishome.Hemingwaybelievedthattowritewell,youshouldexperiencefirsthandthesubjectaboutwhichyouwrite.LiteraryAwardsHemingway’snovelTheOldManandtheSea,publishedin1952wonhimaPulitzerandNobelPrize.HemingwayreceivingtheNobelPrizeforLiteratureHismajorworksHisfirstbookInOurTime(1925)presentsaHemingwayherocalledNickAdams.Exposedtoandvictimizedbyviolenceinvariousforms,Nickbecomestheprototypeofthewoundedherowho,withallthedignityandcouragehecouldmuster,confrontssituationswhicharenotofhisownchoosingyetthreatenhisdestruction.HismajorworksTheSunAlsoRises(l926),Hemingway'sfirsttruenovel,castslighton"TheLostGeneration."Theyoungexpatriatesinthisnovelareagroupofwandering,amusing,butaimlesspeople,whoarecaughtinthewarandremovedfromthepathofordinarylife.HismajorworksHemingway'ssecondbigsuccess

AFarewelltoArms(1929)wrotetheepitaphtoadecadeandtothewholegenerationinthe1920s.IttellsusaboutthetragiclovestoryaboutawoundedAmericansoldierwithaBritishnurse.FrederickHenryrepresentstheexperienceofawholenation,whoiswoundedinwaranddisillusionedwiththeinsanityandfutilityoftheuniverse.HismajorworksForWhomtheBellTollsconcernsavolunteerAmericanguerrillaRobertJordanfightingintheSpanishCivilWar.Althoughfullyawareofthedoomedfailureofhisstruggle,hekeepsonstrivingbecauseitisacauseoffreedomanddemocracy.Intheend,themannerofhisdyingconvincespeoplethatlifeisworthlivingandtherearecausesworthdyingfor.

HismajorworksTheOldManandtheSea,cappinghiscareerandleadingtohisreceiptoftheNobelPrize,isaboutanoldCubanfishermanSantiagoandhislosingbattlewithagiantmarlin.Inatragicsense,itisarepresentationoflifeasastruggleagainstunconquerablenaturalforcesinwhichonlyapartialvictoryispossible.Nevertheless,thereisafeelingofgreatrespectforthestruggleandmankind.TheOldManandtheSea(1952)《老人与海》In1954,whenHemingwaywasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiterature,itwasfor"hismasteryoftheartofnarrative,mostrecentlydemonstratedinTheOldManandtheSea,andfortheinfluencethathehasexertedoncontemporarystyle".HismajorworksHemingway'sotherimportantworksincludeMenWithoutWomen(1927),DeathintheAfternoon(l932),TheGreenHillsofAfrica(1935),TheSnowsOfKilimanjaro(1936)ToHaveandHaveNot(1937).

AspokesmanfortheLostGenerationTheterm“lostgeneration”wascoinedbyGertrudeStein,alostgenerationwriterherself,afterWorldWarI.ItwasbetweenthefirstandsecondWorldWars.SpeakingtoErnestHemingway,shesaid,"youareallalostgeneration."TheLostGenerationisatermusedtodescribeagroupofAmericanwriterswhowererebellingagainstwhatAmericahadbecomebythe1900’s.SeekingthebohemianlifestyleandrejectingthevaluesofAmericanmaterialism,anumberofintellectuals,poets,artistsandwritersfledtoFranceinthepostWorldWarIyears.Pariswasthecenterofitall.Fullofyouthfulidealism,theseindividualssoughtthemeaningoflife,drankexcessively,hadloveaffairsandcreatedsomeofthefinestAmericanliteraturetodate.Hemingway’sHeroesHemingway’sfictionusuallyfocusesonpeoplelivingessential,dangerouslives—soldiers,fishermen,athletes,bullfighters—whomeetthepainanddifficultyoftheirexistencewithstoiccourage.Thephrase,HemingwaycodeherooriginatedwithscholarPhilipYoung.HeusesittodescribeaHemingwaycharacterwholivescorrectly,followingcertainprinciplesofhonor,courage,andendurancewhichinalifeoftensionandpainmakeamanaman.TheHemingwayCodeHero

硬汉形象TheHemingwayCodeHero

硬汉形象ThroughoutmanyofHemingway’snovelsthecodeheroactsinamannerwhichallowedthecritictoformulateaparticularcode.

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hedoesnottalkaboutwhathebelievesin.

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Hedoesnottalktoomuch.

Heexpresseshimselfnotinwords,butinactions.

TheHemingwaymanisnotathinker,heisamanofaction.

Buthisactionsarebaseduponaconceptoflife.TheHemingwayCodeHero

硬汉形象TheHemingwaycodeheroesarebestrememberedfortheirindestructiblespirit.

Amancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated.----FromTheOldManandtheSeaHemingway’sStyle

direct,terse,andoftenmonotonous

Theuseofshort,simpleandconventionalwordsandsentenceshasaneffectofclearness,tersenessandgreatcare.“Graceunderpressure”istheirmotto

Whateveristheresultis,theyarereadytolivewithgraceunderpressure.Nomatterhowtragictheendingis,theywillneverbedefeated.Finally,theywillprevailbecauseoftheirindestructiblespiritandcourage.

Theyhideasensitiveheartunderatoughexteriortheicebergtheory,sometimereferredtoas"theoryofomission."

Hemingwaybelievedthatagoodwriterdidnotneedtorevealeverydetailofacharacteroraction.“Thedignityofmovementofanice-bergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.”Inhiswritingthefactsfloatabovewater;thesupportingstructureandsymbolismoperateout-of-sight.

1932年，海明威在他的纪实性作品《午后之死》中，第一次把文学创作比做漂浮在大洋上的冰山，他说：“冰山运动之雄伟壮观，是因为他只有八分之一在水面上。”

简洁的文字、鲜明的形象、丰富的情感和深刻的思想是构成”冰山原则”的四个基本要素。具体地说，文字和形象是所谓的“八分之一”，而情感和思想是所谓的“八分之七”。

Ifawriterofproseknowsenoughofwhatheiswritingabouthemayomitthingsthatheknowsandthereader,ifthewriteriswritingtrulyenough,willhaveafeelingofthosethingsasstronglyasthoughthewriterhadstatedthem.“如果一位作家对于他想写的东西心里很有数，那么他可能省略他所知道的东西，读者呢，只要作家写得真实，会强烈的感觉到他所省略的地方，好象作者写出来似的。”显而易见，作家在这里强调的是省略，主张水面下的的“八分之七”应该留给读者去感受。AFarewelltoArmsThenovelisaboutHemingway'sWorldWarIexperiencesandhisrelationshipwithAgnesvonKurowskyinMilan.Onthesurface,atragicromanceBelowthesurface,aboutthewarIndividualtragedywithinthelargerpictureofgreatertragedyThenovelisdividedintofivebooks.Inthefirstbook,HenrymeetsandattemptstoseduceCatherineBarkleyandtheirrelationshipbegins.WhileontheItalianfront,HenryiswoundedinthekneebyamortarshellandsenttoahospitalinMilan.ThesecondbookshowsthegrowthofHenryandCatherine'srelationshipastheyspendtimetogetherinMilanoverthesummer.HenryfallsinlovewithCatherineandbythetimeheishealed,Catherineisthreemonthspregnant.SummaryofAFarewelltoArmsInthethirdbook,Henryreturnstohisunit,butnotlongafter,theAustro-GermansbreakthroughtheItalianlinesintheBattleofCaporetto,andtheItaliansretreat.Henrykillsanengineeringsergeantforinsubordination.Afterfallingbehindandcatchingupagain,Henryistakentoaplacebythe"battlepolice"whereofficersarebeinginterrogatedandexecutedforthe"treachery"thatsupposedlyledtotheItaliandefeat.However,afterhearingtheexecutionofaLt.Colonel,Henryescapesbyjumpingintoariver.

SummaryofAFarewelltoArmsInthefourthbook,CatherineandHenryreuniteandfleetoSwitzerlandinarowingboat.Inthefinalbook,HenryandCatherineliveaquietlifeinthemountainsuntilshegoesintolabour.Afteralongandpainfullabour,theirsonisstillborn.Catherinebeginstohaemorrhageandsoondies,leavingHenrytoreturntotheirhotelintherain.SummaryofAFarewelltoArmsMajorThemesLoveasaresponsetothehorrorsofwarandtheworld

Hemingwayrepeatedlyemphasizesthehorrificdevastationwarhaswroughtoneveryoneinvolved.Fromtheopeningaccountofcholerathatkills"only"7,000mentothegraphicdescriptionoftheartillerybombardmenttothecorruptviolenceduringtheItalianretreat,AFarewelltoArmsisamongthemostfrankanti-warnovels.Loveisapleasurablediversionthatdistractslo