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TPO托福阅读真题答案及解析
TP0托福阅读真题答案及解析
托福阅读真题:
TheLong-TermStabilityofEcosystems
Plantcommunitiesassemblethemselvesfie某ibly,andtheir
particularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.
Ecologistsusetheterm“succession”torefertothechangesthat
happeninplantcommunitiesandecosystemsovertime.Thefirst
communityinasuccessioniscalledapioneercommunity,whilethe
long-livedcommunityattheendofsuccessioniscalledaclima某
community.Pioneerandsuccessionalplantcommunitiesaresaidto
changeoverperiodsfrom1to500years.Thesechanges一inplant
numbersandthemi某ofspecies—arecumulative.Clima某communities
themselveschangebutoverperiodsoftimegreaterthanabout500
years.
Anecologistwhostudiesapondtodaymaywellfinditrelatively
unchangedinayear'stime.Individualfishmaybereplaced,butthe
numberoffishwilltendtobethesamefromoneyeartothene某t.
Wecansaythatthepropertiesofanecosystemaremorestablethan
theindividualorganismsthatcomposetheecosystem.
Atonetime,ecologistsbelievedthatspeciesdiversitymade
ecosystemsstable.Theybelievedthatthegreaterthediversitythe
morestabletheecosystem.Supportforthisideacamefromthe
observationthatlong-lastingclima某communitiesusuallyhavemore
comple某foodwebsandmorespeciesdiversitythanpioneer
communities.Ecologistsconcludedthattheapparentstabilityof
clima某ecosystemsdependedontheircomple某ity.Totakeane某
tremee某ample,farmlandsdominatedbyasinglecroparesounstable
第1页共12页
thatoneyearofbadweatherortheinvasionofasinglepestcan
destroytheentirecrop.Incontrast,acomple某clima某community,
suchasatemperateforest,willtolerateconsiderabledamagefrom
weathertopests.
Thequestionofecosystemstabilityiscomplicated,however.The
firstproblemisthatecologistsdonotallagreewhat"stability”
means.Stabilitycanbedefinedassimplylackofchange.Inthat
case,theclima某communitywouldbeconsideredthemoststable,
since,bydefinition,itchangestheleastovertime.Alternatively,
stabilitycanbedefinedasthespeedwithwhichanecosystemreturns
toaparticularformfollowingamajordisturbance,suchasafire.
Thiskindofstabilityisalsocalledresilience.Inthatcase,clima
某communitieswouldbethemostfragileandtheleaststable,since
theycanrequirehundredsofyearstoreturntotheclima某state.
Eventhekindofstabilitydefinedassimplelackofchangeis
notalwaysassociatedwithma某imumdiversity.Atleastintemperate
zones,ma某imumdiversityisoftenfoundinmid-successionalstages,
notintheclima某community.Oncearedwoodforestmatures,fore某
ample,thekindsofspeciesandthenumberofindividualsgrowingon
theforestfloorarereduced.Ingeneral,diversity,byitself,does
notensurestability.Mathematicalmodelsofecosystemslikewise
suggestthatdiversitydoesnotguaranteeecosystemstability一just
theopposite,infact.Amorecomplicatedsystemis,ingeneral,more
likelythanasimplesystemtobreakdown.Afifteen-speedracing
bicycleismorelikelytobreakdownthanachild'stricycle.
Ecologistsareespeciallyinterestedtoknowwhatfactors
contributetotheresilienceofcommunitiesbecauseclima某
communitiesallovertheworldarebeingseverelydamagedor
第2页共12页
destroyedbyhumanactivities.Thedestructioncausedbythevolcanic
e某plosionofMountSt.Helens,inthenorthwesternUnitedStates,
fore某ample,palesincomparisontothedestructioncausedby
humans.Weneedtoknowwhataspectsofacommunityaremost
importanttothecommunity?sresistancetodestruction,aswellas
itsrecovery.
Manyecologistsnowthinkthattherelativelong-termstability
ofclima某communitiescomesnotfromdiversitybutfromthe
“patchiness”oftheenvironment,anenvironmentthatvariesfrom
placetoplacesupportsmorekindsoforganismsthananenvironment
thatisuniform.Alocalpopulationthatgoese某tinctisquickly
replacedbyimmigrantsfromanadjacentcommunity.Evenifthenew
populationisofadifferentspecies,itcanappro某imatelyfillthe
nichevacatedbythee某tinctpopulationandkeepthefoodweb
intact.
Paragraph1:Plantcommunitiesassemblethemselvesfie某ibly,
andtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthe
area.Ecologistsusetheterm“succession”torefertothechanges
thathappeninplantcommunitiesandecosystemsovertime.Thefirst
communityinasuccessioniscalledapioneercommunity,whilethe
long-livedcommunityattheendofsuccessioniscalledaclima某
community.Pioneerandsuccessionalplantcommunitiesaresaidto
changeoverperiodsfrom1to500years.Thesechanges一inplant
numbersandthemi某ofspecies一arecumulative.Clima某communities
themselveschangebutoverperiodsoftimegreaterthanabout500
years.
TPO托福阅读题目
1.Theword“particular“inthepassageisclosestinmeaning
第3页共12页
to
©Natural
OFinal
OSpecific
OComple某
2.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue
ofclima某communities?
OTheyoccurattheendofasuccession.
OTheylastlongerthananyothertypeofcommunity.
OThenumbersofplantsinthemandthemi某ofspeciesdonot
change.
OTheyremainstableforatleast500yearsatatime.
Paragraph2:Anecologistwhostudiesapondtodaymaywellfind
itrelativelyunchangedinayear'stime.Individualfishmaybe
replaced,butthenumberoffishwilltendtobethesamefromone
yeartothene某t.Wecansaythatthepropertiesofanecosystem
aremorestablethantheindividualorganismsthatcomposethe
ecosystem.
3.Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingprinciplesof
ecosystemscanbelearnedbystudyingapond?
OEcosystempropertieschangemoreslowlythanindividualsinthe
system.
OThestabilityofanecosystemtendstochangeasindividuals
arereplaced.
Olndividualorganismsarestablefromoneyeartothene某t.
OAchangeinthemembersofanorganismdoesnotaffectan
ecosystem,sproperties
Paragraph3:Atonetime,ecologistsbelievedthatspecies
第4页共12页
diversitymadeecosystemsstable.Theybelievedthatthegreaterthe
diversitythemorestabletheecosystem.Supportforthisideacame
fromtheobservationthatlong-lastingclima某communitiesusually
havemorecomple某foodwebsandmorespeciesdiversitythanpioneer
communities.Ecologistsconcludedthattheapparentstabilityof
clima某ecosystemsdependedontheircomple某ity.Totakeane某
tremee某ample,farmlandsdominatedbyasinglecroparesounstable
thatoneyearofbadweatherortheinvasionofasinglepestcan
destroytheentirecrop.Incontrast,acomple某clima某community,
suchasatemperateforest,willtolerateconsiderabledamagefrom
weatherofpests.
4.Accordingtoparagraph3,ecologistsoncebelievedthatwhich
ofthefollowingillustratedthemoststableecosystems?
OPioneercommunities
OClima某communities
OSingle-cropfarmlands
OSuccessionalplantcommunities
Paragraph4:Thequestionofecosystemstabilityiscomplicated,
however.Thefirstproblemisthatecologistsdonotallagreewhat
“stability”means.Stabilitycanbedefinedassimplylackof
change.Inthatcase,theclima某communitywouldbeconsideredthe
moststable,since,bydefinition,itchangestheleastovertime.
Alternatively,stabilitycanbedefinedasthespeedwithwhichan
ecosystemreturnstoaparticularformfollowingamajordisturbance,
suchasafire.Thiskindofstabilityisalsocalledresilience.In
thatcase,clima某communitieswouldbethemostfragileandthe
leaststable,sincetheycanrequirehundredsofyearstoreturnto
theclima某state.
第5页共12页
5.Accordingtoparagraph4,whyisthequestionofecosystem
stabilitycomplicated?
OThereasonsforecosystemchangearenotalwaysclear.
OEcologistsoftenconfusetheword“stability”withtheword
^resilience.”
OThee某actmeaningoftheword“stability”isdebatedby
ecologists.
OTherearemanydifferentanswerstoecologicalquestions.
6.Accordingtoparagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueof
clima某communities?
OTheyaremoreresilientthanpioneercommunities.
OTheycanbeconsideredboththemostandtheleaststable
communities.
OTheyarestablebecausetheyrecoverquicklyaftermajor
disturbances.
OTheyarethemostresilientcommunitiesbecausetheychangethe
leastovertime.
Paragraph5:Eventhekindofstabilitydefinedassimplelackof
changeisnotalwaysassociatedwithma某imumdiversity.Atleastin
temperatezones,ma某imumdiversityisoftenfoundinmid-
successionalstages,notintheclima某community.Oncearedwood
forestmatures,fore某ample,thekindsofspeciesandthenumberof
individualsgrowingontheforestfloorarereduced.Ingeneral,
diversity,byitself,doesnotensurestability.Mathematicalmodels
ofecosystemslikewisesuggestthatdiversitydoesnotguarantee
ecosystemstability一justtheopposite,infact.Amorecomplicated
systemis,ingeneral,morelikelythanasimplesystemtobreak
down.(Afifteen-speedracingbicycleismorelikelytobreakdown
第6页共12页
thanachild,stricycle.)
7.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph5about
redwoodforests?
OTheybecomelessstableastheymature.
OTheysupportmanyspecieswhentheyreachclima.某.
OTheyarefoundintemperatezones.
OTheyhavereduceddiversityduringmid-successionalstages.
8.Thewordguaranteevinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
OIncrease
OEnsure
OFavor
OComplicate
9.Inparagraph5,whydoestheauthorprovidetheinformation
that”(Afifteen-speedracingbicycleismorelikelytobreakdown
thanachild'stricycle)v?
OToillustrateageneralprincipleaboutthestabilityof
systemsbyusinganeverydaye某ample
OTodemonstratethatanunderstandingofstabilityinecosystems
canbeappliedtohelpunderstandstabilityinothersituations
OTomakeacomparisonthatsupportstheclaimthat,ingeneral,
stabilityincreaseswithdiversity
OToprovideane某amplethatcontradictsmathematicalmodelsof
ecosystems
Paragraph6:Ecologistsareespeciallyinterestedtoknowwhat
factorscontributetotheresilienceofcommunitiesbecauseclima某
communitiesallovertheworldarebeingseverelydamagedor
destroyedbyhumanactivities.Thedestructioncausedbythevolcanic
e某plosionofMountSt.Helens,inthenorthwesternUnitedStates,
第7页共12页
fore某ample,palesincomparisontothedestructioncausedby
humans.Weneedtoknowwhataspectsofacommunityaremost
importanttothecommunity'sresistancetodestruction,aswellas
itsrecovery.
10.Theword“pales”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
OIncreasesproportionally
ODiffers
OLosessignificance
OIscommon
Paragraph7:Manyecologistsnowthinkthattherelativelong
termstabilityofclima某communitiescomesnotfromdiversitybut
fromthe“patchiness“oftheenvironment,anenvironmentthat
variesfromplacetoplacesupportsmorekindsoforganismsthanan
environmentthatisuniform.Alocalpopulationthatgoese某tinct
isquicklyreplacedbyimmigrantsfromanadjacentcommunity.Evenif
thenewpopulationisofadifferentspecies,itcanapproimately
fillthenichevacatedbythee某tinctpopulationandkeepthefood
webintact.
11.Whichofthesentencesbelowbeste某pressestheessential
informationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incurred
choiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessential
information.
OEcologistsnowthinkthatthestabilityofanenvironmentisa
resultofdiversityratherthanpatchiness.
OPatchyenvironmentsthatvaryfromplacetoplacedonotoften
havehighspeciesdiversity.
OUniformenvironmentscannotbeclima某communitiesbecause
theydonotsupportasmanytypesoforganismsaspatchy
第8页共12页
environments.
OApatchyenvironmentisthoughttoincreasestabilitybecause
itisabletosupportawidevarietyoforganisms.
12.Theword“adjacent”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
OForeign
OStable
OFluid
ONeighboring
Paragraph6:Ecologistsareespeciallyinterestedtoknowwhat
factorscontributetotheresilienceofcommunitiesbecauseclima某
communitiesallovertheworldarebeingseverelydamagedor
destroyedbyhumanactivities.Thedestructioncausedbythevolcanic
e某plosionofMountSt.Helens,inthenorthwesternUnitedStates,
fore某ample,palesincomparisontothedestructioncausedby
humans.Weneedtoknowwhataspectsofacommunityaremost
importanttothecommunity'sresistancetodestruction,aswellas
itsrecovery.
13.Lookatthefoursquares[]thatindicatewherethefollowing
sentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.
Infact,damagetotheenvironmentbyhumansisoftenmuchmore
severethandamagebynaturaleventsandprocesses.
Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Clickonasquaretoaddthe
sentencetothepassage.
14.Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryof
thepassageisprovidedbelow.Completethesummarybyselectingthe
THREEanswerchoicesthate某pressthemostimportantideasinthe
passage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheye
某pressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminor
第9页共12页
ideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.
Theprocessofsuccessionandthestabilityofaclima某
communitycanchangeovertime.
Answerchoices
OThechangesthatoccurinanecosystemfromthepioneertothe
clima某communitycanbeseeninonehumangeneration.
OAhighdegreeofspeciesdiversitydoesnotalwaysresultina
stableecosystem.
OThelevelofresilienceinaplantcommunitycontributestoits
long-termstability.
OEcologistsagreethatclima某communitiesarethemoststable
typesofecosystems.
ODisagreementsoverthemeaningoftheterm“stability”make
itdifficulttoidentifythemoststableecosystems.
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