《财务会计英语》课件

FinancialAccountingEnglishFundamentalsofFinancialAccountingAccountingsubjectsandfinancialstatementsAccountingPracticeOperationsFinancialanalysismethodsAccountingStandardsandTaxLawInternationalFinancialAccountingStandardscontents目录01FundamentalsofFinancialAccountingDefinitionofFinancialAccountingSummary:FinancialAccountingisaprocessofrecording,categorizing,andsummarizingfinancialtransactionsandeventsinasystematicmanagertoprovideinformationaboutthefinancialposition,performance,andchangesinthefinancialpositionofanentitytointerestedpartiesDetaileddescription:Financialaccountingisaprocessthatinvolvesrecording,classifying,andsummarizingfinancialtransactionsandeventsinastructuredandorganizedmanagerThisinformationisthenpresentedintheformoffinancialstatements,whichprovidesadetailedpictureofthefinancialhealthandperformanceofanorganizationTheprimarygoaloffinancialaccountingistoproviderelevantandrelatedfinancialinformationtointerestedparties,suchasinvestors,credits,andregulatorsThebasicprinciplesoffinancialaccountingSummary:Thebasicprinciplesoffinancialaccountingincludeconsistency,costbenefit,material,andpresentationDetaileddescription:TheprinciplesoffinancialaccountingprovidetheframeworkforrecordingandreportingfinancialinformationConsistencyreferstotheneedtousethesameaccountingmethodsandpoliciesovertimeCostbenefitguaranteesthatthebenefitsofgatheringandprocessingaccountinginformationexceedthecostsMaterialitytakesintoaccountthesignificanceoftransactionsandeventsintermsoftheirimpactonthefinancialstatementsPresentationprinciplesdirecthowfinancialinformationshouldbedisplayedinthefinancialstatementsElementsofFinancialAccountingSummary:Theelementsoffinancialaccountingincludeassets,liabilities,equity,income,expenses,andcashflowsDetaileddescription:TheelementsoffinancialaccountingarethefundamentalbuildingblocksoffinancialstatementsAssetsareresourcesthathavepotentialfutureeconomicbenefitsforanorganizationCapabilitiesreportobservationsthatarefromtransactionsoreventsthatrequirepaymentorsatisfactioninthefutureEquityreportstheresidualinterestintheassetsafterdeductingallliabilitiesandiscurrentlydividedintotwoparts:paidincapitalandretainedearningsIncomeisgeneratedfromanentity'sprimaryactivitiesandisnetofexpensesExpensesareincurredfromrevenuetodeterminenetincomeCashflowssummarizethecashinflowsandoutflowsofanentityoveraspecificperiodoftime02AccountingsubjectsandfinancialstatementsClassificationofaccountingsubjects01Assets-Includestangibleassetssuchascash,inventory,fixedassets,andintangibleassetslikepatentsandtrademarks02Liability-Representativesdebtsorobservationsthatacompanyownstocredits03Equity-Representstheresidualinterestintheassetsofacompanyafterconductingallliabilities04RevenueandExpenses-RepresentstheincomeearnedandexpensesincurredbyacompanyduringaspecificperiodoftimeBalanceSheet-Showthefinancialpositionofacompanyataspecificpointintime,detailingassets,liabilities,andequityCashFlowStatement-ProvidesinformationaboutthecashinflowsandoutflowsofacompanyoveraspecificperiodoftimeStatementofChangesinEquity-Showthechangesinequityduringaspecificperiodoftime,detailingtheimpactofprofitorlossandothercomprehensiveincomeIncomeStatement-ShowtheprofitorlossgeneratedbyacompanyduringaspecificperiodoftimeCompositionoffinancialstatementsMethodofpreparingfinancialstatementsAccrualBasis-Incomeandexpensesarerecognizedwhentheyareearnedorincurred,notnecessarilywhencashisreceivedorpaidCashBasis-IncomeisrecognizedwhencashisreceivedandexpensesarerecognizedwhencashispaidConservatism-AccountingrulesandprinciplesshouldbeappliedinawaythatcoversassetsandunderstatesreliabilitytoprovideamoreCautiousviewoffinancialpositionandperformanceObjectivity-AccountinginformationshouldbepresentedinaMannerthatisobjectiveandverifiable,allowinguserstomakeinformeddecisionsbasedonrelatedandconsistentdata03AccountingPracticeOperationsSummaryAccuratelyrecordtransactioninformationDetaileddescriptionWhenfillingoutaccountingvouchers,accurateinformationsuchasthetime,amount,andtransactiontypeofeachtransactionshouldberecordedtoensurethatallinformationiscompleteandaccurate.Atthesametime,aftercompletingthefilling,thevouchercontentshouldbecarefullycheckedtoensuretheaccuracyandcompletenessoftheinformation.FillingoutandreviewingaccountingvouchersVoucherComplianceReviewSummaryAftercompletingthevoucherfilling,acompliancereviewshouldbeconducted,includingwhetherthevoucherformat,signatureandseal,date,etc.complywithregulations.Forvouchersthatdonotcomplywithregulations,adjustmentsorrefillingshouldbemadeinatimelymanner.DetaileddescriptionFillingoutandreviewingaccountingvouchersSummaryVoucherclassificationandarchivingDetaileddescriptionClassifyandorganizevouchersbasedonbusinesstypeandvouchernature,andarchivetheminchronologicalorder.Atthesametime,vouchersshouldberegularlycountedandcheckedtoensuretheirintegrityandsecurity.FillingoutandreviewingaccountingvouchersSummaryAccountEstablishmentandClassificationDetaileddescriptionAccordingtothebusinessneedsandaccountingstandardsoftheenterprise,establishvariousaccountsandcarryoutclassifiedmanagement.Theestablishmentofaccountsshouldfollowtheprinciplesofclarity,conciseness,andstandardizationtofacilitatesubsequentaccountingprocessingandreportpreparation.SettingupandregisteringaccountbooksSummary:DailyAccountMaintenanceDetaileddescription:Indailyaccountingprocessing,accountsshouldbeupdatedandmaintainedinatimelymanner.Foreconomictransactionsthatoccur,theyshouldberecordedinthecorrespondingaccountsinatimelyandaccuratemanner,andthebalancerelationshipoftheaccountsshouldbemaintained.Atthesametime,accountsshouldberegularlycleanedandverifiedtoensuretheaccuracyandcompletenessofaccountinformation.SettingupandregisteringaccountbooksSummary:AccountreportpreparationandanalysisDetaileddescription:Accordingtotherequirementsoftheenterpriseandaccountingstandards,preparevariousaccountstatements,suchasbalancesheets,incomestatements,etc.Thepreparationofreportsshouldfollowtheprinciplesofstandardization,accuracy,andtimeliness,providingdecision-makingbasisforenterprisemanagement.Atthesametime,itisnecessarytoconductin-depthanalysisofreportdata,explorethebusinessproblemsandimprovementspacebehindthedata.SettingupandregisteringaccountbooksSummarySelectionofcostaccountingmethodsDetaileddescriptionBasedonthecharacteristicsoftheenterprise'sbusinessandcostcomposition,chooseappropriatecostaccountingmethods,suchasdirectcostmethod,indirectcostmethod,etc.Theselectionofcostaccountingmethodsshouldfollowtheprinciplesofscience,rationality,andpracticalitytoensuretheaccuracyandreliabilityofcostdata.CostcalculationandexpenseallocationCostcalculationandexpenseallocationSummary:FormulationofcostsharingstandardsDetaileddescription:Developreasonablecostallocationstandardsandallocateindirectexpensestospecificcostobjects.Theformulationofcostsharingstandardsshouldconsiderrelevantfactors,suchasdirectlabor,machinehours,etc.,toensuretherationalityandaccuracyofcostsharing.Atthesametime,theallocationstandardsshouldberegularlyevaluatedandadjustedtoreflectchangesinthecompany'sbusinessandtheactualoccurrenceofexpenses.Summary:CostAnalysisandControlDetaileddescription:Throughin-depthanalysisofcostdata,identifyproblemsandareasforimprovementincostcomposition.Atthesametime,correspondingcostcontrolmeasuresshouldbeformulatedtoreducecostexpendituresandimproveeconomicbenefits.Costcontrolmeasuresshouldbeoperableandsustainable,andcaneffectivelyreducethecostleveloftheenterpriseinthelongterm.Costcalculationandexpenseallocation04FinancialanalysismethodsDefinitionFinancialratioanalysisisamethodofevaluatingacompany'sfinancialconditionandoperationalperformancebycalculatingvariousfinancialratios.Mainratiosincludingcurrentratio,quickratio,inventoryturnover,accountsreceivableturnover,totalassetturnover,etc.PurposeBycomparingfinancialratiosoverdifferentperiods,wecanunderstandthechangingtrendsinthecompany'sfinancialconditionandoperatingperformance.Financialratioanalysis要点三DefinitionFinancialtrendanalysisisamethodofpredictingacompany'sfuturefinancialconditionandoperatingperformancebycomparingitsfinancialstatementsforseveralconsecutiveyears.要点一要点二Maincontentincludingthetrendofchangesinmajorfinancialindicatorssuchasrevenue,profit,assets,andliabilities.PurposeByanalyzingtrends,wecanpredictthefuturedevelopmentdirectionandpotentialrisksofthecompany.要点三FinancialtrendanalysisDefinitionComprehensivefinancialanalysisisamethodthatcombinesvariousfinancialanalysismethodstocomprehensivelyevaluateacompany'sfinancialconditionandoperationalperformance.MainmethodsincludingDuPontanalysis,radarchartanalysis,Wall'sscoringmethod,etc.ObjectiveThroughcomprehensiveanalysis,wecangainamorecomprehensiveunderstandingofthecompany'sfinancialsituationandoperationalperformance,providingdecision-makingbasisforinvestorsandcreditors.Financialcomprehensiveanalysis05AccountingStandardsandTaxLawPurposeofAccountingStandards:ToprovideguidanceonhowtorecordandpresentfinancialinformationinatransparentandconsistentmanualOverviewofAccountingStandardsTypesofAccountingStandardsIFRS(InternationalFinancialReportingStandards):SetofstandardsusedbymanycountriesworldwideGAAP(GenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciples):WidelyfollowedsetofstandardsintheUnitedStatesOverviewofAccountingStandardsOverviewofAccountingStandards01OrganizationsResponsibleforSettingAccountingStandards02FASB(FinancialAccountingStandardsBoard):ResponsibleforsettingGAAPintheUnitedStates03IASB(InternationalAccountingStandardsBoard):ResponsibleforsettingIFRSThebasicprinciplesoftaxlawDefinitionofTaxLaw:ThebodyoflawsthatgovernthecollectionanddistributionoftaxesThebasicprinciplesoftaxlaw01TypesofTables02IncomeTax:TaxonpersonalorcorporateincomePropertyTax:Taxonthevalueofproperty0301SalesTax:Taxonthesaleofgoodsandservices02OrganizationsResponsibleforAdministrationTaxLaw03IRS(InternalRevenueService):AdministratorsfederaltaxlawintheUnitedStates04StateTaxAgencies:AdministratorstatetaxlawsThebasicprinciplesoftaxlawCoordinationbetweenaccountingstandardsandtaxlawsImportanceofCoordination:EnsuresconsistencybetweenfinancialreportingandtaxobservationsDifferencesinfocus(financialreportingvs.taxation)Differencesintiming(reportingperiodvs.taxyear)CoordinationChallengesCoordinationbetweenaccountingstandardsandtaxlawsCoordinationbetweenaccountingstandardsandtaxlawsExamplesofCoordination02Taxaccountingstandardsoftendefertofinancialreportingstandards03Agreementsoncertificateaccountingmethodstobeusedforbothfinancialreportingandtaxpurposes0106InternationalFinancialAccountingStandards010203PurposeToprovideacommonsetofaccountingstandardsforusebyallcompaniesacrosstheworld,ensuringtransparency,comparability,andconsistencyinfinancialreportingBackgroundDevelopedinresponset