chapter+7果品蔬菜采后病虫害

Review减压贮藏通风库贮藏机械冷库贮藏简易贮藏辐照处理臭氧气候电离保藏常温MechanicalcoldwarehousestorageVentilatingwarehousestorageSimplestorageHyhobaricstorageIrradiationtreatmentozoneclimateionizationpreservationAmbienttemperatureReview制冷剂硫磺熏蒸消毒绝缘系统压缩机冷凝器蒸发器膨胀阀散热器制冷循环disinfectionSulfurfumigationInsulationsystemrefrigerantcompressorcondenserevaporatorExpansionvalveradiatorRefrigerationcycleReview氧气气调贮藏二氧化碳卫生氮气乙烯合成微生物生长叶绿素分解、降解CarbondioxideControlledatmospherestoragehygieneOxygennitrogenethyenesynthesisMicrobialgrowthchlorophylldecompositionReview冷链跃变型果实非跃变型果实抑制呼吸风味气味发酵自发气调贮藏气密性Non-climactericfruitsClimactericfruitsInhibitionofrespirationCold/coolchainmetabolismflavourodourfermentationModifiedatmosphereGastightness新陈代谢第七章果蔬采后病害及其防治

Chapter7DiseasecontrolPostharvestlossoffruitandvegetablesAccordingtostatistics,theannuallossoffruitproductionaccountedfor10-20%oftotalproduction,insomeareasashighas30-40%.Whatcausepost-harvestlossoffruitsandvegetables?一.由于致病微生物的侵染导致的腐烂

DecaythatinfectedbypathogenicmicroorganismsEspeciallyfromthewound;Resistancetodiseasesdeceases;二、自然损耗

Naturalloss由于本身的呼吸作用、蒸腾作用等，维持其采后生命活动大量地消耗了内含物质(其释放出的能量又可维持生命〕导致衰败，失去使用价值。Respiration,transpiration,etc.TomaintainitspostharvestlifeConsumptionofitsownnutritionLeadtodeclineandloss贮藏可以减少消耗，以延迟衰败的到来，延长采后生命。Storagecanreducetheconsumption,delaythearrivalofthedeclineandextendthepost-harvestlife.三.贮藏环境不得当

BadstorageenvironmentColdstoragetemperaturethetemperatureshouldbeappropriatetopreventchillinginjury.AircompositionPreventhighconcentrationofCO2injury.HumidityLowRHwilting(萎蔫〕physiologicaldisordersdecayContents7.1Pathologicaldiseases(infectiousdiseases)病理病害〔侵染性病害〕7.2Physiologicaldiseases(non-infectiousdiseases)生理病害〔非侵染性病害〕7.3Insectspest虫害7.1Pathologicaldiseases(infectiousdiseases)病理病害〔侵染性病害〕IntroductionPostharvestdiseasesoffruitandvegetablesarecausedbyinfectionswithfungiandbacteria.Virusinfectionscancausediseases,whichmanifest(显示，出现〕themselvespostharvest,butthesearerare.IntroductionFungiandbacteriacanexistaseitherparasites〔寄生〕orsaprophytes〔腐生〕.Theformerfeedfromlivingmatterandthelatterfromdeadorganicmatter.IntroductionParasitescanbeobligate〔专性寄生的〕orfacultative(兼生的〕.Obligateparasitescanonlysurviveonlivinghosts,generallyonlyattackalimitedrangofhostsandareverydifficultorimpossibletogrowonartificialculturemedia.IntroductionFacultativeparasitescanadapttoliveondeadorganicmatter,oftenhaveawidehostrangeandcaneasilybeculturedonartificialmedia.IntroductionMostfungirequireanacidic(pH2.5-6)environmentinwhereasbacteriathrivebestinneutralconditionsandonlyafewspeciescangrowatlevelsbelowpH4.5.Bacteriathereforedonotusuallyinfectfruit,whichareacidic,normallyonlyvegetablesandflower.7.1侵染性病害InfectionDiseases7.1.1病源微生物(Pathogenicmicoorganisms)7.1.2侵染过程(Theinfectionprocess)7.1.3防治措施(Preventionmethods)IntroductionFungimaybeunicellularormulticellularinthecaseofyeasts,butmostfungiaremadeupofhyphae〔菌丝〕thataremulticellularsfilamentous〔细丝状的〕thread-likestructures,whichcanformadense,fluffy〔蓬松的〕mass,calledmycelium〔菌丝〕.7.1.1病源微生物(Pathogenicmicoorganisms)真菌(Fungi)细菌(Bacteria)〔一〕真菌(Fungi)1.

鞭毛菌亚门(Mastigomycotina)2.接合菌亚门(Zygomycotina)3.子囊菌亚门(Hscomycotina)4.半知菌亚门(Deuteromycoyina)〔一〕真菌(Fungi)-鞭毛菌亚门(Mastigomycotina)

疫霉属(PhytophthoradeBary)霜疫霉属(Peronophythora)鞭毛菌亚门(1)疫霉属(PhytophthoradeBary)

特征(characteristics)：土壤传染(Soil-borne)病症(symptom)：产品病部开始出现水渍状，局部变色，然后扩展使整个瓜果腐烂，长出白霉状物。草莓皮状腐烂病(Pericarprotingreenstrawberries)疫霉属(PhytophthoradeBary)采前侵染柑橘褐腐病Citrusfruitbrownrot)疫霉属(PhytophthoradeBary)采前侵染番木瓜疫霉蒂腐(Phytophthorastem-endrotofpapaya木瓜)

pə'paiə]

疫霉属(PhytophthoradeBary)采前侵染Bartlett梨疫腐(PhytophthorainBartlettpear〕疫霉属(PhytophthoradeBary)采前侵染马铃薯晚疫病(Lateblight枯萎病ofpotato)(external)疫霉属(PhytophthoradeBary)采前侵染马铃薯晚疫病(Lateblightofpotato)(internal)疫霉属(PhytophthoradeBary)采前侵染(2)霜疫霉属(Peronophythora)特征(characteristics)：土壤传染，高温高湿易发病，低温可控制发病。Soil-borne,hightemperatureandhumidityeasilycausethedisease;Lowtemperaturecancontrolthediseases.病症(Symptoms)：果蒂开始出现不规那么，无明显边缘的褐色病斑，潮湿时长出白色霉层，病斑扩展迅速，全果变褐，果肉发酸成浆，溢出褐水。荔枝霜疫霉病LitchiPeronophythora霜疫霉属(Peronophythora)采前侵染接合菌亚门(Zygomycotina)根霉属(Rhizopus)毛霉属(Mucor

.)(1)根霉属(RhizopusEhrenb.Ex.Corda)特征(Characteristics)：病菌通过伤口或自然开孔入侵，低温可抑制病害发生。病症(symptom)：开始表现为水渍状圆形小斑，逐渐变成褐色，病斑外表长出蓬松兴旺的灰白色菌丝体，有匍匐丝(stonlon)和假根(rhizoid)。病部组织软化，易破，有酸味。油桃(nectarine)软腐病Rhizopusrotinnectarine根霉属(Rhizopus)采收或采后侵染茄子软腐病Rhizopusrotineggplant

根霉属(Rhizopus)采收或采后侵染NestofRhizopus-infectedpeaches根霉属(Rhizopus)采收或采后侵染桃根霉腐病(Rhizopusrotinpackedpeaches)根霉属(Rhizopus)采收或采后侵染草莓根霉腐病(Rhizopusrotofripeornear-ripestrawberries)根霉属(Rhizopus)采收或采后侵染哈密瓜根霉腐病(Rhizopusrotofcantaloupe)['kæntəlu:p](2)毛霉属(Mucor.)特征(characteristics)：病菌通过伤口入侵，低温下也可发生。病症(symptoms)：病果表皮变成深褐色，焦干状，病斑下的果肉变成灰白或褐色，逐渐变软和水化，但没有臭味。

['mju:kə]草莓毛霉病Mucorrotinstrawberry毛霉属(Mucor.)采收或采后侵染Mucorrotnestinginstrawberrybasket毛霉属(Mucor.)采收或采后侵染子囊菌亚门(Hscomycotina)核盘菌属(SclerotiniaFuck.)链核盘菌属〔MoniliniaHoney〕(1)核盘菌属(SclerotiniaFuck.)特征：潜伏期长，低温下仍可发生，并可通过腐烂果实接触传染。病症：病部组织出现水渍状褐色病斑，上面长出棉絮状的白色菌丝，并出现黑色的菌核，病部组织变软，汁液外流，无臭味。黄瓜白霉病核盘菌属(SclerotiniaFuck.)采前侵染辣椒白霉病Pepperwhitemold核盘菌属(Sclerotinia〕采前侵染板栗黑腐病Blackrotofchestnut核盘菌属(Sclerotinia〕采前侵染柠檬核盘菌腐病(Sclerotiniarotofstoredlemons)核盘菌属(Sclerotinia〕采前侵染胡萝卜白腐病(Whiterotofcarrot)核盘菌属(Sclerotinia〕采前侵染芹菜红腐病(Pinkrotofcelery)

核盘菌属(Sclerotinia〕采前侵染(2)链核盘菌属(MoniliniaHoney)特征〔Characteristics〕：低温下仍可传染，并可通过腐烂果实接触传染。(采前侵染〕病症〔Symptoms)：果实受害初期病部为浅褐色软腐状小斑，数日内迅速扩大及全果，果肉松软，病斑外表长出灰褐色绒状菌丝，上面产生褐色或灰白色孢子，呈同心圆的轮纹状排列。樱桃褐腐病Cherrybrownrot链核盘菌属(MoniliniaHoney)采前侵染infectionbeforeharvest油桃褐腐病Nectarinebrownrot['nektərin]链核盘菌属(MoniliniaHoney)采前侵染infectionbeforeharvest采前油桃褐腐病(Brownrotinnectarinesbeforeharvest)链核盘菌属(MoniliniaHoney)采前侵染infectionbeforeharvestBrownrotnestofpeaches指甲伤口处的油桃褐腐病(Brownrotinfingernailwoundinnectarine)桃蒂腐(Stem-endrotofpeach)半知菌亚门(Deuteromycoyina)〔1〕交链孢菌属〔AlternariaNeesexWalls.)〔2〕葡萄孢霉属(BotrytisPers.exFr)〔3〕刺盘孢菌属(ColletotrichumCords)盘圆孢菌属(GloesoporiumDesmetMont)〔4〕镰刀菌属〔FusariumLinkFr.)〔5〕地霉属(GeotrichumLinkexSau.〔6〕青霉属(PenicilliumLinkexFr.)

(1〕交链孢菌属〔AlternariaNeesexWalls.)特征：通过伤口或自然开孔入侵，潜伏期长。病症：黑腐病、黑心病等、瓜果上病部呈褐色圆斑，稍凹陷，外有淡褐色晕环，逐渐扩大变黑，病斑上有黑褐色霉状物，果肉变黑，坏死，海绵状。茄子黑腐病Eggplantblackrot交链孢菌属〔AlternariaNeesexWalls.)采前侵染花椰菜黑点病Blackspotdiseaseofcauliflower交链孢菌属〔AlternariaNeesexWalls.)采前侵染YellowNewtown苹果腐烂(伴有日灼)(AlternariarotinYellowNewtownapplewithdelayedsunscald)交链孢菌属〔AlternariaNeesexWalls.)采前侵染受冷YellowNewtown苹果的蒂腐(Alternariastem-endrotinchilledYellowNewtown

apple)交链孢菌属〔AlternariaNeesexWalls.)采前侵染李子链格孢腐(Alternariarotofplum)交链孢菌属〔AlternariaNeesexWalls.)采前侵染努比亚李子链格孢腐(AlternariarotofNubianaplum)交链孢菌属〔AlternariaNeesexWalls.)采前侵染猕猴桃萼片上生长的链格孢(Alternariaalternatagrowingoverkiwifruitsepals萼片

)晒伤猕猴桃的链格孢腐(Alternariarotinsunburnedkiwifruit)交链孢菌属〔AlternariaNeesexWalls.)采前侵染柚子蒂腐(Alternariastem-endrotofgrapefruit)交链孢菌属〔AlternariaNeesexWalls.)采前侵染柑橘链格孢腐(Alternariarotoforange)交链孢菌属〔AlternariaNeesexWalls.)采前侵染冷处理后的番木瓜链格孢腐(Alternariarotofpapayafollowlingchilling)交链孢菌属〔AlternariaNeesexWalls.)采前侵染〔2〕葡萄孢霉属(BotrytisPers.exFr)特征〔Characteristics)：病菌在田间时入侵，潜伏期长，且病菌极耐低温，造成园艺产品腐烂损失严重。病症(symptoms)：灰霉病，侵染组织呈浅褐色，病斑软化，迅速扩展，上面产生灰褐色的孢子，有时有黑色的菌核出现。梨灰霉病Greymoldinpear葡萄孢霉属(BotrytisPers.exFr)采前侵染草莓灰霉病graymoldinstrawberry葡萄孢霉属(BotrytisPers.exFr)采前侵染Beaurred’Anjou梨灰霉病(GraymoldrotofBeaurred’Anjoupear)葡萄孢霉属(BotrytisPers.exFr)采前侵染猕猴桃蒂腐病(Botrytissetm-endrotofthekiwifrutit〕葡萄孢霉属(BotrytisPers.exFr)采前侵染NestofkiwifruitrottedbyBotrytiscineraea葡萄孢霉属(BotrytisPers.exFr)采前侵染草莓灰霉腐烂不同的表现病症(VariousaspectsofBotrytisrotinstrawberry〕贮藏在0℃的葡萄灰霉病(Graymoldrotingrapesstoredat0℃〕葡萄孢霉属(BotrytisPers.exFr)采前侵染柑橘灰霉病(Botrytisrotoforange)葡萄孢霉属(BotrytisPers.exFr)采前侵染胡萝卜灰霉病((Botrytisrotofcarrot)葡萄孢霉属(BotrytisPers.exFr)采前侵染西瓜灰霉蒂腐(Botrytisstem-endrotofwatermelon)葡萄孢霉属(BotrytisPers.exFr)采前侵染洋葱颈腐病(Neckrotofoion)葡萄孢霉属(BotrytisPers.exFr)采前侵染〔3〕刺盘孢菌属(ColletotrichumCords)和盘圆孢菌属(GloesoporiumDesmetMont)

特征：病菌在田间入侵，主要危害成熟果实，贮运期间发病严重。病症：炭疽病〔anthracnose〕，发病初期果实外表出现浅褐色圆形小斑，迅速扩大，呈深褐色，稍凹陷皱褶，病斑呈同心轮纹状排列，湿度大时，溢出粉红色黏液。芒果果炭疽病Anthracnoseonmango刺盘孢菌属(ColletotrichumCords)和盘圆孢菌属(GloesoporiumDesmetMont)采前侵染

田间草莓的炭疽病(Anthracnoseonstrawberryinthefield)刺盘孢菌属(ColletotrichumCords)和盘圆孢菌属(GloesoporiumDesmetMont)采前侵染

鳄梨炭疽病(Anthracnoseofavocado)刺盘孢菌属(ColletotrichumCords)和盘圆孢菌属(GloesoporiumDesmetMont)采前侵染

Meyer柠檬炭疽病(AnthracnoseofMeyerlemon)刺盘孢菌属(ColletotrichumCords)和盘圆孢菌属(GloesoporiumDesmetMont)采前侵染

香蕉炭疽病(Anthracnoseofbanana)刺盘孢菌属(ColletotrichumCords)和盘圆孢菌属(GloesoporiumDesmetMont)采前侵染

芒果炭疽蒂腐病(Anthracnosestem-endrotofmango)刺盘孢菌属(ColletotrichumCords)和盘圆孢菌属(GloesoporiumDesmetMont)采前侵染

番木瓜炭疽病(Anthracnoseofpapaya)刺盘孢菌属(ColletotrichumCords)和盘圆孢菌属(GloesoporiumDesmetMont)采前侵染

〔4〕镰刀菌属〔FusariumLinkFr.)

特征：主要侵染蔬菜和欣赏植物，是引起土豆干腐病，洋葱和大蒜蒂腐，生姜和甜瓜白霉病的病原菌。病菌可在不同时期入侵，但发病主要在贮藏期间。低温可控制病菌生长。病症：受害组织开始为浅褐色斑块，上面出现白色的霉菌丝，逐渐变成深褐色的菌丛，病部组织呈海绵软木质状。有粉红色菌丝体和粉红色腐烂组织。香蕉镰刀菌蒂腐病〔Furariumblossom-enddiseaseofbanana)镰刀菌属〔FusariumLinkFr.)洋葱镰刀菌基腐病(Fusariumbasalrotofonion)

镰刀菌属〔FusariumLinkFr.)洋葱鳞茎腐烂(Fusariumbulbrotofonion)镰刀菌属〔FusariumLinkFr.)〔5〕地霉属GeotrichumLinkexSau.特征〔Characteristics)：病菌从伤口或裂口入侵，高温高湿下易发病，低温可抑制病菌生长。病症(Symptoms)：“酸腐”，开始为水浸状褐斑，组织软化，逐渐扩大至全果，果皮破裂，病斑外表有一层奶油色黏性菌层，上有灰白色孢子，果肉腐烂酸臭，溢出酸味水状物，产生白霉。

脐橙酸腐病(Sourrotofnavelorange)地霉属GeotrichumLinkexSau.采收或采后侵染甜瓜酸腐病(Sourrotofmelon)地霉属GeotrichumLinkexSau.采收或采后侵染甜瓜酸腐病的开展(Sourrotdevelopmentofmelon)地霉属GeotrichumLinkexSau.采收或采后侵染〔6〕青霉属〔Penicillium〕特征〔Characteristics)：通过伤口或自然开孔入侵，并可通过病果传染。病症(Symptoms)：侵染初期果品组织呈水浸状，迅速开展，病部先有白色菌丝，上面长出青、绿色孢子，绿霉病菌的孢子层与菌丝体的边缘有较宽的白色菌丝带，边缘不规那么，而青霉病菌的孢子层与菌丝体的边缘那么只有2mm宽，边缘较清晰。Bartlett梨青霉病(BluemoldrotinripeBartlettpear)青霉属〔Penicillium〕采收或采后侵染Grannysmith苹果青霉蒂腐病(Stem-endbluemoldrotofGrannysmithapple)青霉属〔Penicillium〕采收或采后侵染Beurred’Anjou梨青霉蒂腐病(Stem-endbluemoldrototBeurred’Anjoupear青霉属〔Penicillium〕采收或采后侵染贮藏在0℃的油桃青霉病(Bluemoldrotofnectarinesstoredat0℃青霉属〔Penicillium〕采收或采后侵染猕猴桃青霉蒂腐病(Penicilliumstem-endrotofkiwifruit)青霉属〔Penicillium〕采收或采后侵染贮藏在0℃的葡萄青霉病(Penicilliumrotingrapesstoredat0℃)柑橘的青腐和绿腐(Blueandgreenrotsinorange〕番茄的各种真菌性病害

Fungaldiseasesoftomato番茄链格孢腐病(Alternariaalternata)半知菌亚门黑斑病、黑覆病blackrot番茄轮纹斑果腐(Phytopthoraspp.)疫霉属(鞭毛菌亚门)番茄假斑病(Botrytiscinerea)灰霉病葡萄孢霉属(半知菌亚门)番茄酸腐病(Geotrichumcandidum)地霉属(半知菌亚门)早期病症番茄酸腐病(Geotrichumcandidum)晚期病症番茄根霉腐病(Rhizopusstolonifer)软腐病匍枝根霉(接合菌亚门)早期病症番茄根霉腐病(Rhizopusstolonifer)晚期病症番茄炭疽病(Colletotrichumspp.)刺盘孢菌属(半知菌亚门)番茄镰刀菌腐病(Fusariumspp.)半知菌亚门柑橘的各种真菌性病害

Fungaldiseasesofcitrus柑橘的蓝腐和绿腐(Blueandgreenrotsinorange〕青霉属(半知菌亚门)柚子蒂腐交链格孢菌属半知菌亚门Meyer柠檬炭疽病

刺盘孢菌属(半知菌亚门)柑桔酸腐病(Geotrichumcandidum)地霉属(半知菌亚门)柑桔灰霉病(Botrytiscinerea)葡萄孢霉属(半知菌亚门)柑橘褐色蒂腐病(Phomopsisstem-endrotoforange)拟茎点霉属(半知菌亚门)柑桔木霉菌腐病(Trichodermaviride)〔二〕细菌1.欧氏杆菌〔Erwiniaspp)病症：根本相似，感病组织开始为水浸状斑点，在条件适宜时迅速扩大，引起组织全部软化腐烂，并产生不愉快气味。(1)大白菜软腐病杆菌(2)黑胫病杆菌2.假单孢杆菌(Pseudomonsaspp.)胡萝卜细菌软腐病(Bacterialsoftrotofcarrot)

芹菜叶细菌软腐病(Bacterialsoftrotofceleryleaflet〕芹菜叶柄细菌软腐病(Bacterialsoftrotofcelerypetiole)

['petiəul]生菜细菌软腐病(Bacterialsoftrotoflettuce)洋葱细菌软腐病(Bacterialsoftrotofonion)马铃薯细菌软腐病(Bacterialsoftrotofpotato)侵染的过程(Theinfectionprocess)孢子的萌发〔Sporegermination〕孢子的传播〔Sporedissemination〕开始穿透果实〔Initialfruitpenetration〕组织入侵和腐烂〔Tissueinvasionandrotting〕重新形成孢子〔Sporulation〕[.spɔ:rjʊ'leiʃən,.spɔ-]潜育期侵入期侵入期发病期7.1.3影响侵染性病害的因素

Factorsofinfectiousdiseases(一〕机械损伤〔mechanicaldamage〕~shouldbeavoided(二〕温度〔temerature〕appopriatelowtemperatureissuitable(三〕湿度〔humidity〕highR.H。isbetter(四〕气体成分〔gascomposition〕HighCO2inhibitmicrobialgrowth,butalsocausephysiologicaldisorders.(whenCO2>10%〕〔五〕采收前田间病害侵染状况

(preharvestconditions)Initialmicribialnumber〔六〕果蔬的生物学特性(Biologicalcharacteristics)Diseaseresistanceabilitiesaredifferentamongdifferentkindoffruitsandvegetables7.1.3影响侵染性病害的因素

FactorsofinfectiousdiseasesInfectiousDiseaseControl侵染性病害的防治措施.物理防治(physicalcontrol).化学防治(chemicalcontrol).生物防治(biologicalcontrol).综合防治(integrativecontrol)

物理防治(physicalcontrol)低温处理(lowtemperaturetreatment)气调处理(CAtreatment)热处理(heattreatment)其它处理(other)辐射处理(irradiation)β射线处理(β-ray)X射线处理(X-ray)紫外线处理(ultravioletradiation)化学防治(chemicalcontrol)1)使用方法(Chemicalapplicationmethods):喷洒(sprays)浸泡(dipping)熏蒸(fumigation)喷洒(sprays)Sprayingfruitandvegetableswithadilutedfungicidalspraypostharvestmaybemoreeffectivethandipping.Thisisbecausewherethecropisdippedthefungicideconcentrationmaybereducedifthecrophasbeenwashedandisstillwet.浸泡(dipping)Thecroporpartofthecropisimmersedinwatercontaininganappropriateconcentrationofachemicalthatistoxictothefungiwhichareknowntocausediseaseonthecrop.However,thechemicalmusteitherbenottoxictothecroporhaveacceptablelevelsoftoxicity.Theresidueofthechemicalremaininginthecropafterthetreatmentmustbeatalevelthatwillnotendangerpublichealth.熏蒸(fumigation)Variousfumigants(熏剂〕havebeenappliedtocrops,postharvest,forvariouspurposes.Theiruseisstrictlycontrolledbylegislationthatisconstantlychaning.Sulphurdioxide(二氧化硫〕isusedforcontrollingpostharvestdiseasesofgrapes,litchisandsnapbeans〔油豆角〕.Acetaldehyde〔乙醛〕fumigationcanbealsobeusedongrapes.2)常用杀菌剂的种类(Fungicide)氯化物chloride硫化物sulphide脂肪胺aliphaticamine:仲丁胺sec-butylamine酚类phenols联苯biphenyl苯并咪唑benzoglioxaline及其衍生物ramification:噻苯唑(thiabendazole,TBZ)新型防腐保鲜剂newtypeofpreservatives〔壳聚糖chitosan,植物精油plantessentialoil)一些重要的采后杀菌剂的结构联苯苯基苯酚[.fenəl'fenɔl]涕必灵,噻苯咪唑(驱虫剂)[.θaiə'bendəzəul]苯菌灵仲丁胺氯硝胺抑霉唑采后使用的新型杀菌剂的特性

Propertiesofnewfungicides〔1〕施用浓度和价格较低。(withlowappliedconcentrationandprice)〔2〕对目标病原微生物有很好的成效。(effectiveontargetpathogenicmicroorganisms)〔3〕对非目标有机体没有效应或毒害。(noeffectonthenon-target)〔4〕在环境中不会累积，也没有毒性。(environmentfriendly)〔5〕无论是对于施用者还是最终食用的消费者来说都更平安。(safetyforbothfarmersandfinalconsumers)ExamplesofnewfungicidesFludioxonil(属于苯基吡咯类.):broadestspectrumofactivity,usedatthelowestrate(227gper718kg),lowestmammaliantoxicityTebuconazole〔戊唑醇〕:preharvestuseforcontrolofbrownrotofstonefruitcrops,postharvestuseonsweetcherry,appliedatarateof227gper11,350kg)Fenhexamid(属于酰苯胺类):willberegisteredforbrownrotandgraymoldcontrolofpome(梨果〕fruitsandkiwifruit.7.1.3.3生物防治(biologicalcontrol)拮抗微生物(antagonisticmicrobe)的选用Produceantibiotics(抗菌素〕Nutritionalcompetitionandinducedhostresistance利用诱导因素诱导果蔬对病菌产生抗性诱导(inducedresistance)Inducefactors:lowdoseexposureofultravioletlight,protease,hotwatertreatment,lowornopathogenicitypathogen.AddgenesthatconferresistancetodiseasePostharvestDiseases采后病害(postharvestdiseases)：果蔬采后在贮藏、运输和销售期间发生的病害。physiologicaldisorder

Postharvestdiseaseduringstorage,transportandmarket生理失调病理伤害pathologicaldecay7.2PhysiologicalDisorder

生理失调非生物因素诱发的病害Non-biologicalfactorsindisease-induced无侵染蔓延迹象Nosignsofinfectionspread没有病症，只有病症Nodiseases,onlysymptoms病症因病害种类而异，大多数是在果蔬外表或内部出现凹陷、褐变、异味、不能正常成熟等Sunken,brown,off-flavor,

notnormallymature7.2PhysiologicalDisorder

生理性病害〔失调〕采前因素〔Preharvestfactors)7.2.1.1营养失调(nutritionaldisorders)7.2.1.2栽培管理措施不当(Impropercultivationandmanagementmeasures)7.2.1.3采收成熟度不当(Improperharvestingtime)7.2.1.4气候异常(abnormalweather)7.2PhysiologicalDisorder

生理性病害〔失调〕采后因素〔posharvestfactors)7.2.2.1贮运温度(temperaturedisorders)7.2.2.2湿度失调(humiditydisorders)7.2.2.3气体伤害〔respiratorydisorders〕其他失调(miscellaneousdisorders)7.2.4防治措施〔Physiologicaldisorderscontrol)7.2.1.1营养失调(Nutritionaldisorders)营养失调是指营养物质的含量在总体上或果实的某一局部偏高或偏低，以及元素之间的比例失调，平衡关系遭到破坏。Nutritiondisordersmeansthatpartortotalconcentrationofthenutrientsofproduceistoohighortoolow,andthebalanceofproportionofelementstheisdestroyedaswell.低钙水平引起的失调(Disordersassociatedwithlowcalciumlevel)氮营养素失调(Disordersassociatedwithnitrogen)硼营养失调(Disordersassociatedwithboron)钾营养失调(Disordersassociatedwithpotassium)有毒化学物质引起的生理失调

(Disordersresultingfromtoxicchemicals)7.2.1.1营养失调(Nutritionaldisorders)采前因素引起的生理病害果实生长发育期间营养失调钙营养因素失调氮素失调硼营养失调钾营养失调

硬度(hardness)水心病(watercoredisease)褐变(browningreaction)

组织坏死(tissuenecrosis)粉绵(farinaceousandsoft)软腐(softrot)变色(discoloration)开裂(cracking)钙(Calcium)['kælsiəm]BitterpitdiseaseDisordersassociatedwithlowcalciumlevel苹果苦痘病WaterheartdiseaseDisordersassociatedwithlowcalciumlevel苹果水心病Control控制方法选择抗性品种(Selectionofresistantvarieties)田间或采后喷施钙(如田间喷施氯化钙，采后喷施或真空渗入氯化钙可大大降低苹果苦痘病的发生率。)(sprayfruitsandvegetableswithcalciuminfieldorafterharvest)3)在适宜的成熟度采收Harvestattheappropriatematurity4)气调贮藏(ControlledAtmosphere)适当提高二氧化碳的浓度可以降低苦痘病等缺钙病症的发生。IncreasingtheconcentrationofCO2canreducetheprobabilityofsufferingfromcalciumdeficiencydiseasessuchasbitterpitsControl控制方法Cacontent％％Treatmentmg/100gbitterrotfreshweightpit不喷洒2.03560.4喷洒3.1150.3不喷洒,真空渗入2.6755.2喷洒,真空渗入3.8515.6不同采前和采后钙处理对苹果〔Cox品种〕钙含量和采后生理失调的影响采前因素引起的生理病害果实生长发育期间营养失调钙营养因素失调氮素失调硼营养失调钾营养失调

过量：(Excessiveapplicationofnitrogen)成熟推迟(putbehind)着色差(badcolourintensity)甜度下降(sweetnessdecrease)苹果：苦痘病(applebitterpit、虎皮病(applescald)梨：黑斑病(blackrot)氮：Nitrogen采前因素引起的生理病害果实生长发育期间营养失调钙营养因素失调氮素失调硼营养失调钾营养失调

果小、畸形、木质化褐色坏死点、龟裂、维管束变色茎端枯死、茎梗开裂叶片增厚、变脆、皱缩、出现坏死点花椰菜：褐变病芹菜：裂茎病苹果：缩果病柑橘：硬化病缺硼硼过量：硼毒害早熟、不耐贮藏、采前落果重、由绿转黄快、苹果水心病加重、坏死增多硼：boron

硼：boron

7.2.3.3缺硼引起的营养失调(Disordersassociatedwithlowboronlevels)Symptom：黑心(blackheart)肉质局部的木质化LignificationofthesucculentpartSolution：田间喷施硼砂(borax)Spraythecropwithborax采前因素引起的生理病害果实生长发育期间营养失调钙营养因素失调氮素失调硼营养失调钾营养失调

过多，降低钙的吸收钾：potassium采前因素引起的生理病害管理措施不当Impropermanagementmeasures采收前大量灌水或遇阴雨天气Alargenumberofirrigationbeforeharvestorwhenrain组织含水量过大含钙较低，加重苦痘病、果肉褐变土壤长期缺水Soilchronicwatershortage果实发育不良个体小，着色不佳，易发生虎皮病钙缺乏病直根类蔬菜易发生糠心

采前因素引起的生理病害管理措施不当果树修剪FruitTreePruning刺激枝叶徒长，加剧果实营养失调症座果过少、果个过大、易发生缺钙病或氮素过多病状生长调节剂的使用Theuseofgrowthregulators使用浓度不当：耐藏性和抗病性下降

采前因素引起的生理病害采收成熟度Harvestmaturity过早Premature苹果：虎皮病，果皮易萎焉发皱大白菜、甘蓝：叶球松软，易失水萎焉甚至干缩过晚Toolate苹果：水心病、果肉粉绵病芹菜：叶心组织变软并呈海绵状枯槁、中空大白菜，甘蓝：贮藏中发芽早，叶球易干裂

采前因素引起的生理病害气候异常Abnormalweather温度temperature收获前数周酷热：苹果：水心病和红玉斑点病鸭梨、长把梨、大黄梨：营养饥饿、果心褐变或糠心发生收获前持续阴雨低温苹果：虎皮病发生严重光照light降雨Rainfall采前因素引起的生理病害气候异常abnormalweather光照light高温强光：日灼病光照缺乏：着色不良，苹果易发生虎皮病降雨rainfall降水少、土壤水分缺乏〔干旱〕萝卜：糠心甜橙：易发生枯水病降雨过多：诱发多种生理病害和侵染病害采后因素引起的生理病害贮运温度(temperature)湿度(Humidity)气体伤害(atmosphereinjury)采后因素引起的生理病害贮运温度storagetemperature过高过早衰老：糠心、内部褐变、粉棉化影响正常催熟：香蕉，番茄过低冷害〔Chillinginjury)冻害〔Freezinginjury)采后因素引起的生理病害湿度(humidity)过低苹果、梨：失水过多，皱缩鄂梨：外观差，软化不齐，有异味荔枝：褐变甜橙：果皮失水皱缩，易产生干疤病过高宽皮桔类：枯水病采后因素引起的生理病害气体伤害(atmosphereinjury)CO2中毒低O2中毒乙烯伤害其它气体伤害采后因素引起的生理病害气体伤害CO2中毒低O2中毒乙烯伤害其它气体伤害草莓、香蕉、柑橘、苹果、梨的风味和气味恶化、表皮褐烫状褐变、果心褐变果肉褐变、果皮凹陷鸭梨黑心病柑橘水肿病马铃薯黑心病柿子缠头病青椒软烂芦笋表皮褐变甜瓜变味猕猴桃、香蕉不能够正常成熟采后因素引起的生理病害气体伤害CO2中毒低O2中毒乙烯伤害其它气体伤害与CO2伤害相伴发生，病状不易区分采后因素引起的生理病害气体伤害CO2中毒低O2中毒乙烯伤害其它气体伤害由乙烯导致的果蔬衰败褐病害果皮变暗，变褐失去光泽外部出现斑块软化腐败苹果：粉绵病莴苣：叶脉两侧或叶身出现褐斑采后因素引起的生理病害气体伤害CO2中毒低O2中毒乙烯伤害其它气体伤害SO2〔sulphurdioxide)、NH3(ammonia)果面漂白或变褐水渍斑点坏死小斑点果肉坏死变色、坏死斑(与NH3接触〕控制生理病害的措施根据病状判断病因内部组织褐变冷害CO2毒害乙烯伤害对症施治与CO2伤害相伴发生，病状不易区分温度失调(temperaturedisorders)LowTemperatureInjury低温伤害冷害(chillinginjury)冻害(freezinginjury)冷害(chillinginjury)植物组织置于低于标准的临界温度但高于其冰点的温度下出现的生理失调的病症。Cropssufferfromchillinginjuryattemperaturesbelowtheirthresholdtemperaturebutabovetheirfreezingpoint.冻害(freezinginjury)冻害(freezinginjury)：冰点以下的低温引起的园艺产品的伤害。Cropssufferfromfreezinginjuryattemperaturesbelowtheirfreezingpoint.冷害(chillinginjury)1.冷害的临界温度(Thresholdtemperature)

因种类而异，一般为0－15℃。

2.冷害发生的原因(Causes)膜结构〔membranestructure)与功能的变化。胞质结构的变化与胞质环流的停止。一些关键酶功能失常。果糖磷酸激酶(phospho-fructokinese),磷酸果糖激酶是催化糖酵解过程中的关键调控酶,低温下活性降低。冷害的病症(symptoms)

干疤(dryblotch)斑点(pitting)组织水渍状(watersocking)内部褐变(browning)黑心(blackheart)组织坏死(necrosis)加速腐烂(accelerateddecay)香蕉的冷害Chillinginjuryofbanana冷害柑橘干疤病Dryblotchofcitrus冷害影响产品对冷害敏感性的因素Factors成熟度(Maturity)一般成熟的水果对冷害较不敏感间歇加热(Intermittentwarming)高CO2(HighCO2)〔鄂梨、黄瓜〕遗传性(Genetic)〔番茄杂交，植入抗冷基因〕钙(Calcium)〔鄂梨氯化钙的渗入〕驯化(Acclimation)葡萄柚在16℃下放置几天能使其在0℃下贮藏2周而不出现冷害病症有一些化学物质可以通过降低水分的损失、修饰细胞膜脂类的化学组成和增加抗氧物的活性来增加果蔬对冷害的忍受力，以有效地减轻冷害。冻害(Freezinginjury)1.病症：水泡状区域(water-sockedareas)萎蔫(collapse)表皮破裂(disruptionoftheepidermis)2.园艺产品的冰点温度3.园艺产品对冻害的敏感性猕猴桃冻害(FreezinginjuryofChinesegooseberry)冻害茄子(eggplant)冻害冷害Freezinginjuryofeggplant园艺商品冰点温度CommodityFreezingpointrange℃苹果Apple–2.2－–1.7芦笋Asparagus–1.4－–1.1樱桃Cherry–4.3－–3.8黄瓜Cucumber–0.9－–0.8葡萄Grape–5.3－–2.9生菜Lettuce–0.6－–0.3洋葱Onion–1.3－–0.9柑桔Orange–2.3－–2.0马铃薯Potato–1.8－–1.7番茄Tomato–1.0－–0.7一些常见水果蔬菜的冰点温度敏感的品种杏、鳄梨、香蕉、浆果、桃、李、柠檬、蚕豆、黄瓜、茄子、莴苣、甜椒、土豆、红薯、夏南瓜、番茄中等敏感的品种苹果、梨、葡萄、花椰菜、嫩甘蓝、胡萝卜、花叶菜、芹菜、洋葱、豌豆、菠菜、萝卜、冬南瓜最敏感品种枣、椰子、甜菜、大白菜、甘蓝、大头菜几种主要果蔬对低温冻害的敏感程度呼吸失调(respiratorydisorders)低氧伤害(low-oxygeninjury)氧浓度低于2％，无氧呼吸病症：表皮局部组织下陷褐色斑点Oxygencondentrationislessthan2％，anaerobicrespiration

Symptoms：sagoflocaltissueoftheepidermis,brownspots香蕉黑斑病Blackspotdiseasemelasma高二氧化碳伤害(highcarbondioxideinjury)环境中的二氧化碳浓度超过10％时，线粒体中的琥珀酸脱氢酶系统受抑制，影响三羧酸循环的正常进行，丙酮酸向乙醛和乙醇转化，导致这些物质积累，引起组织伤害和出现风味品质恶化。病症表皮凹陷，果肉果心褐变，产生褐色斑点，不能正常后熟或不能后熟。品种间差异苹果褐心草莓(Strawberry)高CO2伤害Maximumcarbondioxidecommoditiesconcentrationtolerated2％Apple(GoldenDelicious),pears,apricots(杏),grapes,tomatoes,lettuce,endive(菊苣),celery(芹菜）,artichokes(朝鲜蓟),sweetpotatoes5