SCI学术论文写作攻略6

Unit6.

DiscussioninAcademicContextContents6.1Techniquesforacademicdiscussion6.2Voicinganopinionandarguingapointeffectively6.3Etiquetteindiscussion6.1Techniquesforacademicdiscussion

HowtouseyourtimeeffectivelyHowtospeakyourmindHowtodiscussinaseminarHowtouseyourtimeeffectivelyBecausemostgroupdiscussionsarerestrictedtotime,itwillbecometedioustobothyouandtheothermembersifyouhavetorepeatwhatyouaresayingbecausetheydonotunderstandyou.Whenyoumakeastatement,itisimportanttomakesureyouspeakclearly.Itisalsoimportanttobeconcise.

HowtospeakyourmindproperlyThefirststepinspeakingyourmindproperlyistomonitoryourtoneofvoice.Evenifsomeoneisdoingsomethingthatangersyou,youshouldspeakinacalmmanner.Thesecondstepineffectivelyspeakingyourmindistopayattentiontothewordsyouuse.Howtodiscussinaseminar

Skillsfordiscussion

Ifyoufinditdifficulttospeakoraskquestions,trythefollowingstrategies.ObserveNoticewhatotherparticipantsdo.Howdootherpeopleenterintothediscussion?Howdotheyaskquestions?Howdotheydisagreewithorsupportthetopic?Howdotheymakecriticalcomments?Whatspecialphrasesdotheyusetoshowpolitenessevenwhentheyarevoicingdisagreement?Howdotheysignaltoaskaquestionormakeapoint?LearntoListenListeningisanessentialskillandanimportantelementofanydiscussion.Effectivelistenersdon'tjusthearwhatisbeingsaid,theythinkaboutitandactivelyprocessit.

Beanactivelisteneranddon'tletyourattentiondrift.Stayattentiveandfocusonwhatisbeingsaid.

Identifythemainideasbeingdiscussed.Evaluatewhatisbeingsaid.Thinkabouthowitrelatestothethemeofthediscussion.Listenwithanopenmindandbereceptivetonewideasandpointsofview.Thinkabouthowtheyfitinwithwhatyouhavealreadylearnt.ParticipateAneasywaytoparticipateistoaddtotheexistingdiscussion.Startbymakingsmallcontributions:-agreewithwhatsomeonehassaidor;-askthemtoexpandontheirpoint(askforanexampleorformoreinformation)-answerpositivelyaquestionraisedbyothersinthegroup.-provideanexampleforapointunderdiscussion.-disagreewithapoint.6.2Voicinganopinionandarguingapointeffectively

Whatisanargument?To'argue'inanacademiccontextistoputforwardanopinionthroughtheprocessofreasoning,supportedbyevidence.Anargumentattemptstopersuadethroughrationalandcriticaljudgment.Theaimofacademicargumentistoexploreaquestion,apropositionoranareaofknowledgeandachievereasonedmutualunderstanding.Itisnotimportantwho'wins'—whatmattersmostisthequalityoftheargumentitself.VoicinganopinionVoicingavalidopinion(abelievablepointofview)Ibelievethat...*Ithinkthat...FromwhatIunderstand...AsIunderstandit...2)VoicingareasonThisisdueto...Because...WhatImeanbysayingthisisthat...Thereasonforthestatementisthat…3)Voicinganevidence

(relevantandup-to-dateexamples,statistics,explanationsand/orexpertopinions).Ifyouhaveactualdata,examplesorexpertopinionsonhand,refertothesource.Thiscanbeseenby...Forinstance...Forexample...Anexamplecanbeseen...(Author'sname)statesthat...(Author'sname)suggests...Statisticsfrom(giveasource)indicate...DisagreeingeffectivelyDisagreeingcanbeproblematicaspeopleoftenspeakbeforetheythinkthingsthrough.Itisalsoimportanttodisagreepolitely.1)ExpressionsfordisagreementIcanseeyourpoint--however...That'sagoodpoint,but...Iseewhatyou'regettingat,but...That'snotalwaysthecasebecause...That'snotnecessarilytruebecause...Thisideaisn'tsupportedbystatistics/evidence...Ithoughttheauthormeantthat...2)OfferyouropinioncompletewithreasonandsupportFromwhatI'veread...Thestatisticsseemtoindicatethat...Ithinkwhat(author'sname)mayactuallybesuggestingis...Otherstudiesby(author'sname)showthat...6.3Etiquetteindiscussion(mindingyourmanners)Inordertosuccessfullynegotiateadiscussion,courtesyisimportant.Thefollowingareafewgroundrulesforgoodconduct.VSDosListenwelltotheideasofotherspeakers.Acknowledgewhatyoufindinteresting.Rememberthatadiscussionisnotafight.Respectdifferingviews.Thosewhoholdthemarenotnecessarilywrong.Thinkaboutyourcontributionbeforeyouspeak.(Howbestcanyouanswerthequestion/contributetothetopic?)-Respectthecontributionofotherspeakers.-Speakpleasantlyandwithcourtesytoallmembersofthegroup.-Trytosticktothediscussiontopic.Don'tintroduceirrelevantinformation.-Beawareofyourbodylanguage.Keepitopenandfriendly.Avoidgesturesthatappearaggressive.

Don'tDon'ttakeoffenceifanotherspeakerdisagreeswithyou.Puttingforwarddifferentpointsofviewisanimportantpartofanydiscussion.Othersmaydisagreewithyourideas,andtheyareentitledtodoso.Don’tusethoseimpropercomments‘That’sstupid'or‘You'rewrong‘etc.Trynottodominatethediscussion.Ifyouareaconfidentspeaker,Pausetoallowquieterstudentsachancetocontribute.Avoiddrawingtoomuchonpersonalexperienceoranecdote.Althoughsomepeopleencouragelistners/audiencetoreflectontheirownexperience,remembernottogeneralisetoomuch.Takecaretouseamoderatetoneofvoice.Ifyousoundangryoraggressiveotherswillnotwanttolistentoyou.Don'tinterruptortalkoveranotherspeaker.Letthemfinishtheirpointbeforeyoustart.Listeningtoothersearnsyoutherighttobeheard.Don'twhisper.Evenifyou'refeelinguncertainaboutyourideasorlanguage.Practice2.Groupdiscussion:Topic:

Food,SafetyandHealthReadingthepassageforyourreferenceindiscussionNationalauthoritieshavetheresponsibilityandobligationtoensurethattoxicchemicals,suchaspesticides,heavymetals,environmentalcontaminantsandnaturallyoccurringtoxins,arenotpresentinfoodatlevelsthatmayadverselyaffectthehealthofconsumers.Whilemonitoringforcompliancewithregulatorystandardsisessentialforconsumerprotectionandfacilitationoftrade,governmentsneedtoassesspublichealthrisksarisingfromthepresenceoftoxicchemicalsinfoodbyestimatingtheactualdietaryintakeofcontaminantsforcomparisonwiththeircorrespondingtoxicologicalreferenceintakes,suchastheacceptabledailyintake(ADI)orprovisionaltolerableweeklyintake(PTWI).Chinaneedsbetterfoodsafetylaws.Thereisaneedforeducationandtrainingofstakeholders利益相关者,thefoodindustryandenforcementagencies,tobringthecountryinlinewithinternationalnorms.Thereportcomesinthewakeof紧跟,随着而来thecountry'sdairyproductsscandal,andadaybeforetheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongressistoreviewadraftlawonfoodsafety.Thereport,AdvancingFoodSafetyinChina,givesanin-depthanalysisofthesituationinthecountryandrecommendationsforimprovement.Itcallsfortightermanagement,inspection,enforcement,monitoringandcommunication.Chinahasformanyyearspaidcloseattentiontothesafetyoffooditproducesan