SCI学术论文写作攻略1

Unit7.

HowtoWriteanAbstract

Contents1Whatisanabstract?2Whyareabstractssoimportant?3Thestructureofanabstract4Textasasource

Tenseandvoiceinwritinganabstract5

Differentformsofabstract6

Translatinganabstract7Anabstractisacondensedversionofalongerpieceofwritingthathighlightsthemajorpointscovered,conciselydescribesthecontentandscopeofthewriting,andreviewsthewriting'scontentsinabbreviatedform.IttellsthereaderWhatyousetouttodo,andWhyyoudidit,Howyoudidit,Whatyoufound(recommendations)

1.Whatisanabstract?1.1DifferentabstractsInformativeabstract报道性摘要也称为信息性摘要或资料性摘要，其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论。这种摘要可以局部地取代阅读全文。Indicativeabstract指示性摘要

即说明性摘要、描述性摘要(descriptiveabstract)或论点摘要(topicabstract)，一般只用二三句话概括论文的主题，而不涉及论据和结论，多用于综述、会议报告等。该类摘要可用于帮助潜在的读者来决定是否需要阅读全文。■Informative-indicativeabstract报道-指示性摘要以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中的信息价值较高的局部，以指示性摘要的形式表述其余局部。传统的摘要多为一段式，在内容上大致包括引言(Introduction)，材料与方法(MaterialsandMethods)，结果(Results)和讨论(Discussion)等主要方面，即IMRAD((Introduction，Methods，ResultsandDiscussion)结构的写作模式。StructuredAbstract结构式摘要

20世纪80年代中期出现,该摘要实质上是报道性摘要的结构化表达。1.2Whyareabstractssoimportant?View1.convenientforretrievinginformationAnabstractwithinkeywordsisvitalbecauseoftoday'selectronicinformationretrievalsystems.Titlesandabstractsarefiledelectronically,andkeywordsareputinelectronicstorage.Whenpeoplesearchforinformation,theyenterkeywordsrelatedtothesubject,andthecomputerprintsoutthetitlesofarticles,papers,andreportscontainingthosekeywords.Thus,anabstractmustcontainkeywordsaboutwhatisessentialinanarticle,paper,orreportsothatsomeoneelsecanretrieveinformationfromit.View2.providingsufficientinformationAbstractsmustincludesufficientinformationforreviewerstojudgethenatureandsignificanceofthetopic,theadequacyoftheinvestigativestrategy,thenatureoftheresults,andtheconclusions.Theabstractshouldsummarizethesubstantive实质性的resultsoftheworkandnotmerelylisttopicstobediscussed.View3.withacompletebutbriefcontentAnabstractisanoutline/briefsummaryofyourpaperandyourwholeproject.Itshouldhaveanintro,bodyandconclusion.Itisawell-developedparagraph,shouldbeexactinwording,andmustbeunderstandabletoawideaudience.SummaryAbstractsareincludedininternationaldatabaseorcitationindex.ItisnecessaryforforeignexchangeasmajorityofourpapersonscienceandtechnologyhavebeenpublishedinChineseatnationalperiodicals.Itismostfrequentlyreadbymostreaders.Motivation/problemstatement存在的问题和研究的目的

Methods/procedure/approach实验方法和手段/实验设计Results/findings/product最主要的结果Conclusion/implication主要结论/意义1.3ThestructureofanAbstract?4.

Textasthesource1)Motivation/problemstatement:Whydowecareabouttheproblem?Whatpractical,scientific,theoreticalorartisticgapisyourresearchfilling?Introduction2)Methods/procedure/approach:Whatdidyouactuallydotogetyourresults?Methods3)Results/findings/product:Asaresultofcompletingtheaboveprocedure,whatdidyoulearn/invent/create?Results4)Conclusion/implications:Whatarethelargerimplicationsofyourfindings,especiallyfortheproblem/gapidentified?Discussion5.TenseandvoiceinwritingAbstract一般现在时通常用于说明研究目的、表达研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。描写公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等。Forexample:Thisstudy(investigation)is(conducted,undertaken)to…Theanatomyofsecondaryxylem(次生木质部)instemofDavidiainvolucrata(珙桐)andCamptothecaacuminata(喜树)iscompared.Theresultshows(reveals)…Itisfoundthat…Theconclusionsare…Theauthorsuggests…．一般过去时用于你的研究过程(实验、观察、调查等过程的介绍以及结果的描写。Forexample：Thesoilwastreatedwithgoethitewhichhadboroneitheradsorbed(ad-B-goethite)oroccluded(oc-B-goethite)foruseinpotplanttreatments.DifferentformsofphosphorusandmanganeseweredeterminedusingPandMnfractionationinthetestedsoils.Itwasfoundthatthecontentofamorphousiron(Feo)andfreeiron(Fed)increasedinboron-dopedgoethitetreatmentsanditwasfavoredtobeactivated.Amorphousironwassignificantlycorrelated(P<0.05)withAl-P(r=-0.616).Theheatpulsetechniquewasappliedtostudythestemflow(树干液流)oftwomaindeciduous落叶行的broadleavedtreespecies.主动语态可以时表达更直接和准确。一般在摘要的结论局部不用第三人称。Ourstudiesshowthat…Wehaveidentifiedagene,rumi,with…WeinvestigatedmechanismsofHsp90cytoprotectionintumors.Wefoundthat…6.DifferentformsofabstractExample1.Thedomesticationofallmajorcropplantsoccurredduringabriefperiodinhumanhistoryabout10,000yearsago.Duringthistime,ancientagriculturalistsselectedseedofpreferredformsanddulledout减少seedofundesirabletypestoproduceeachsubsequentgeneration.Consequently,favoredalleles等位基因atgenescontrollingtraitsofinterestincreasedinfrequency频繁，ultimatelyreachingfixation,Whenselectionisstrong,domestication驯化hasthepotentialtodrasticallyreducegeneticdiversityinacrop.研究背景

Tounderstandtheimpactofselectionduringmaizedomestication,研究目的

weexamednucleotide核苷酸polymorphism多态性

inteosintebranched1,ageneinvolvedinmaizeevolution.

研究对象和或内容

Hereweshowthattheeffectsofselectionwerelimitedtothegene’sregulatoryregionandcannotbedetectedintheprotein-codingregion.Althoughselectionwasapparentlystrong,highrateofrecombinationandaprolongeddomesticationperiodprobablylimiteditseffects.研究发现Ourresultshelptoexplainwhymaizeissuchavariablecrop.Theyalsosuggestthatmaizedomesticationrequiredhundredsofyears,andconfirmpreviousevidencethatmaizewasdomesticatedfromBalsastosinteofsouthwesternMexico.研究意义

---Nature---Example2.DespitethevastresearchbyAmericansontheVietnamWar,littleisknownabouttheperspectiveofSouthVietnamesemilitary,officiallycalledtheRepublicofVietnamArmedForces(RVNAF).Theoverallimagethatemergesfromtheliteratureisnegative:lazy,corrupt,unpatriotic,apatheticsoldierswithpoorfightingspirits.ThisstudyrecoverssomeoftheSouthVietnamesemilitaryperspectiveforanAmericanaudiencethroughqualitativeinterviewswith40RVNAFveterans退伍军人nowlivinginSanJosé,Sacramento,andSeattle,hometothreeofthetopfivelargestVietnameseAmericancommunitiesinthenation.Ananalysisoftheseinterviewsyieldstheveterans'ownexplanationsthatcomplicateandsometimesevenchallengethreewidelyheldassumptionsabouttheSouthVietnamesemilitary:1)theRVNAFwasrifewithcorruptionatthetopranks,hurtingthemoraleofthelowerranks;2)racialrelationsbetweentheSouthVietnamesemilitaryandtheAmericansweretenseandhostile;and3)theRVNAFwasapatheticindefendingSouthVietnamfromcommunism.

ThestoriesaddnuancetoourunderstandingofwhotheSouthVietnamesewereintheVietnamWar.Thisstudyispartofagrowingbodyofresearchonnon-Americanperspectivesofthewar.InusingalargelyuntappedsourceofVietnamesehistoryandoralhistorieswithVietnameseimmigrants,thisprojectwillcontributetofutureresearchonsimilartopics.Example3.Intracellularpathogens细胞内病原体(agentswhichinfecthostcells),suchasMycobacteriumtuberculosis结核杆菌andListeriamonocytogenes,单核细胞增多性李斯特杆菌causeveryhighmortalityratesintheUnitedStates.研究背景

Therefore,deciphering揭示themechanismsthroughwhichthepathogens病原体

causediseaseisofgreatinterest.

假设意义

Listeriainfectionofmiceisawell-developedmodelsystemforstudyingthefundamentalsofhost-pathogeninteractions.Invitroassays体外测定inanimalcellcultureshavehelpedshowthatListeriacausesillnessbysecreting分泌molecules,calledvirulencefactors,致病因子totheoutsideofthebacterialcellinordertoaffectthehostorganism.

Theworkinvolvesonesuchsecretedprotein,calledp60.P60isanantigen(anagentseenbythehostimmunesystem)implicatedinregulatedbacterialcellwallbreakdown.

研究对象Theobjectiveofthisstudywastoexaminetwoquestions:first,isp60essentialtotheviabilityofListeria,aspreviouslypublished?andsecond,isp60avirulencefactorinListeria?研究目的Toexaminethesequestions,aListeriastrainlackingp60(p60-)wasconstructed.Thisnewstraindisplayednodefectinviability.Infact,moststandardinvitropathogenicityassayswerenormalforp60-.However,whenp60-wastestedinamouse(invivo),a1000-foldreductioninvirulencewasobserved.Thisdiscoverysuggeststhatp60isindeedakeyfactorinthedisease-causingabilityofListeria,butnotessentialforviability.研究结果

Futurestudieswillfocusonthepreciseroleofp60inListeriapathogenesis.

建议Thisworkincreasesourunderstandingofsuchdiseasesastuberculoses,variousfoodpoisonings,andmeningitis.

研究意义AbstractThepaperanalyzesandcomparesstagesandstrategiesofeconomicdevelopmentinLatinAmerica,focusingonthepastfiftyyears.Itcontraststheeconomicrationalesandpoliticaleconomybasesofiportsubstitutionwiththoseoftheeconomicreformsimplementedinthelasttwodecadesofthe20thcentury.Itconcludesthatwhileeconomicallyweakandpracticallyfaulty,theimportsubstitutionstrategyhadasolidpoliticaleconomybehindit,whichmadeitlast.Marketreforms,onthecontrary,whilehavingasoundeconomicjustification,hadweakpoliticaleconomysupport.Thishasledtotheirlimitedsuccessandincreasingunpopularityintheregioninashortperiodoftime.Reformsneedaviablepoliticaleconomylegtoreston.Withoutit,theyaredestinedtobeabandoned.

7.TranslatinganabstractAbouttranslation1)Literaltranslation

Aliteraltranslationisatranslationthatfollowscloselytheformofthesourcelanguage.2)FreetranslationAfreetranslationisatranslationthatreproducesthegeneralmeaningoftheoriginaltext.

Itmayormaynotcloselyfollowtheformororganizationoftheoriginal.FromsourcelanguagetotargetlanguageCharacteristicsofthetwolanguagesChinese:morerepeateddescriptionsloosensentencestructureEnglish:lessrepetitionrigorandlogicalcoherence汉语多重复,包括词语的重复、意义的重复，翻译时省略为佳。汉语重意合，结构松散自由，以众多短句展开.英语多省略,句子的意思和词义多通过用逻辑结构和代词表示。英语句子重形合，结构严谨，往往用词形变化、连接词、介词等表示各成分之间的语法关系英语中的词汇搭配比汉语复杂得多，在学习英语词汇搭配过程中，母语的负迁移效应主要表现在学习者往往只从语义着眼逐字转换，忽略了词与词之间的可搭配性(collocability)和兼容性(compatibility)，从而导致各种搭配不当的错误。如：EventhoughIhaveworkedsohard,butIstilldidnotpasstheexam.Heheardofmydifficulty.Hehimselfwantedtocometohelpme.Hecouldn’tcome.Hehadsomethingurgenttodo.Hehashelpedmealot.要让这几句语义更紧密，逻辑更明确，必须有衔接词。所以上面的句子应该写为：Whenheheardofmydifficulty,hehimselfwantedtocometohelpme.Buthecouldn’tcomebecausehehadsomethingurgenttodo.Actuallyhehashelpedmealot.

Comparison:近年来，中国面对复杂多变的国际形势，克服困难，深化改革，扩大开放，国内经济建设和对外合作均取得了新的开展。Inrecentyears,inthecontextofcomplicatedandever-changinginternationalsituations,Chinahas,throughdeepeningitscommitmenttoreformandopening-up,overcomemanydifficultiesandachievedprogressindomesticeconomyandforeigncooperationGrowingeconomicintegrationandinterlinkagesamongissuessuggesttheneedfornewandmorecomprehensiveapproachestocapacity-buildingadaptedtotheconstantlyevolvingneedsofdevelopingcountries.日益增长的经济一体化和各种问题的千丝万缕的联系意味着有必要采取更新、更全面的方法来对待能力建设问题，以适应开展中国家不断变化的要求。Constructingsentences1)Directlypointingtothetheme直接点出主题,防止短语或从句开头。1stway:MCMVtendedtoinfectGFAP-positiveglialcells神经胶质intheperiventricular脑室areaduringacuteinfectioninthepresentstudy.2ndway:Inthepresentstudy,duringacuteinfection,MCMVtendedtoinfectGFAP-positiveglialcellsintheperiventriculararea.(writersusedthe2ndway.)2)Avoidusingdanglingparticiple.防止使用“悬垂分词”Wrong:Followinghisadvice,thebacteriawerestainedwith….Right:Followinghisadvice,westainedthebacteriawiththionin.Or:Inaccordancewithhisadvicethebacteriawerestainedwiththionin.3)Carefullyuseambiguousadjectivesandadverbs慎用含义模糊的形容词或副词。considerable,appreciable,substantial,very,relatively,comparatively,essentially,duly,somewhat,rather,necessarily,inevitably等。4)Adoptsuitablephrasesandvocabulariesratherthansentences用适宜的短语代替子句,用适宜的单词代替短语。increasedNOThasbeenfoundtoincrease,wasNotwasconsideredtobe,5)ComparingChinesewithEnglishbyanalyzingtherelation.TimerelationLogicalrelationSequencerelationVerb-objectrelationCause-effectrelationSubject-objectrelationExample多年以来，我们的一贯方针是充分发挥工作领域广泛，渠道多样、方式灵活、接触深入的优势，努力为我国经济建设效劳。Reference:Foryears,ourconsistentpolicyhasbeentobringintofullplayouradvantagesinhavingawiderang