当代翻译理论课件

ChapterIII.

WesternTranslationStudiesinModernTimes1.Introduction2.TheClassicalRevivalofthe19thCentury2.1WaterBenjamin(1892-1940)2.2WillardVanOrmanQuine(1908-2000)2.3RomanJakobson(1896-1982)2.3.1Jakobson3DescriptionsofTranslation:2.4Jean-PaulVinay(1910-1999)andJeanDarbelnet(1904-1990)3.TheHeroicAge(1950s-70s)3.1EugeneNida(1914-)3.1.1EugeneNida’sThree-stageSystemofTranslation3.2JamesHolmes(1924-1986)andHis‘Map’ofTranslationStudies

当代翻译理论4.DescriptiveTranslationStudies4.1Holmes4.1.1ThegeneralbranchofHolmes’sframework4.1.2TheappliedbranchofHolmes’sframework4.1.3Holmes’sTranslationPolicy4.2JeremyMunday5Developmentsince1970s当代翻译理论1.Introduction

Astranslationhistorianclaim,theclassicalrevivalofthe19thcenturyandtheemphasisontechnicalaccuracy,combinedwithaspiritofexclusivismamongtheintelligentsia,conspiredtomakethe19thcenturypedanticinitsattitudetowardstranslation.The20thcenturywitnessedaradicalchangeinWesterntranslationstudies.Infact,5developmentshavehadasignificanteffectonthetheoryandpracticeoftranslationduringthe20thcentury:当代翻译理论

1)Rapiddevelopmentofstructurallinguistics;2)Applicationofmethodsinstructurallinguisticstodealwithspecialproblemsoftranslation;3)TheUnitedBiblesocieties,whichconductedinternationalconferenceoftranslationandbeganpublishingaquarterlyjournal(BibleTranslation),forwhichtheywereinclosecontactwithlinguistics;4)Publicationof‘Babel’,whichhelpstranslatorsgettoknowaboutnewtoolsandaidsandbecomeawareofthechangingconditions;5)Thedevelopmentofvariousprojectsonmachinetranslationwhichhasprogressedthroughdifferentphasesandprovideduswithimportantinsightsintosemantictheoryandofstructuraldesign.当代翻译理论2.TheRepresentativesintheClassicalRevivalofthe19thCentury2.1WaterBenjamin(1892-1940)Heisnowgenerallyrecognizedasoneofthemostoriginalandinfluentialthinkersofthe20thcentury.Inhisessay“Thetaskofthetranslator”(1923),hesaid:“atranslationparticipatesinthe‘afterlife’oftheST,enactinganinterpretationthatisinformedbyahistoryofreception.Thisinterpretationdoesmorethantransmitmessages;itrecreatesthevaluesthatproducedtheSTovertime.AndinsofarasthelinguisticdifferencesofthistextaresignaledintheTL,theyultimatelyconveyaphilosophicalconcept,“purelanguage”,asenseofhowthe“mutuallyexclusive”differencesamonglanguagescoexistwith“complementary”intentionstocommunicateandtorefer,intentionsthatarederailedbythedifferences.”ForBenjamin,translationdiffersaUtopianvisionoflinguistic“harmony”.当代翻译理论2.2WillardVanOrmanQuine(1908-2000)BorninAkron,Ohio,hebeganhisphilosophicalstudiesatOberlinCollegeinhisnativestate.LaterhestudiedthefoundationsofmathematicallogicwithAlfredWhiteheadatHarfordUniversity,whereQuinehimselfbecameprofessorofphilosophyin1936.During1940s-50s,disciplinarytrendsoftranslationstudiesvarywidely,rangingbetweentheextremesofphilosophicalskepticismandpracticaloptimism.TheskepticalextremeinAnglo-AmericananalyticalphilosophyisoccupiedbyQuine’sconceptof‘radicaltranslation.’theoptimisticextremeintranslationstudiesisoccupiedbylinguisticanalysis.Thedominantissueistranslatabilitybyanalyzingspecifictranslationproblemsanddescribingthemethodsthattranslatorshavedevelopedtosolvethem.当代翻译理论2.3RomanJakobson(1896-1982)ARussian-Americanlinguist,aleadingauthorityonSlaviclanguages,heistheprincipalfounderofPragueschoolofstructurallinguisticsandofphonology.HismajorpublicationsincludePreliminariestoSpeechAnalysis(withG.FantandM.Halle,1952)andFundamentalsofLanguage

(1956).当代翻译理论2.3.1Jakobson’s3DescriptionsofTranslation:1)Intralingualtranslation/rewording2)Interlingualtranslation/translationproper3)Intersemiotictranslation/transmutationJakobsonfollowstherelationsetoutbySaussurebetweenthesignifierandthesignified.Fromalinguisticandsemioticangle,heapproachestheproblemofequivalencewiththefollowing,nowfamous,definition:equivalenceindifferenceisthecardinalproblemoflanguageandthecriticalconcernoflinguistics.Forhim,theproblemofmeaningandequivalencefocusesondifferencesinthestructureandterminologyoflanguagesratherthanonanyinabilityofonelanguagetorenderamessagethathasbeenwritteninanotherverballanguage.当代翻译理论2.4Jean-PaulVinay(1910-1999)andJeanDarbelnet

(1904-1990)

Jean-PaulVinaywasborninParisandstudiedEnglishattheSorbonnebeforeobtaininganMAinPhoneticsandPhilologyfromtheUniversityofLondonI1937.thenhemovedtoCanadain1946asaprofessorandheadofthedep.oftheLinguisticsandTranslation,andin1967hemovedtotheUniversityofVictoriainBritishColumbia.AndJeanDarbelnetwasborninParis,hetaughtFrenchatHarfordbeforemovingtoCanadain1940,wherehetaughtatMcGillUniversityuntil1946,settingupathree-yearprogramoftranslation.TheirbookStylistiquecompareedufrancaisetdel’anglais(1958)isalandmarkworknotparticularlybecauseofitscontributiontocomparativelinguisticsbutbecauseofwhatitexpressedinthesubtitle:methodedetrduction,

claimingthatalinguisticcomparisonoflanguagescouldinitselffoundatranslationmethod.Theworkthusgaverisetoataxonomicmodeoftranslationtheoryostensiblyaimedathelpingtranslatorstotranslate.当代翻译理论

ByapproachingFrench-Englishtranslationfromthefieldofcomparativestylistics,theyprovideatheoreticalbasisforavarietyoftranslationmethodscurrentlyinuse.Theirdescriptionsoftranslationmethodsinvolvesomereductionoflinguisticandculturaldifferencestoempiricistsemantics:Equivalenceofmessagesultimatelyreliesuponanidentityofsituations,where“situations”indicatesanundefined“reality”.Buttheyalsoencouragethetranslatortothinkofmeaningasaculturalconstructionandtoseeacloseconnectionbetween

当代翻译理论

linguisticproceduresand“metalinguisticinformation”,namely“thecurrentstateofliterature,science,politicsetc.ofbothlanguagecommunities.”TheenormouspracticalandpedagogicalvalueofVinayandDarbelnet’sworkovercomesanyphilosophicalqualmsabouttranslatabilityanddistractsattentionawayfromtheirconservativeprescriptionsaboutlanguageuseintranslation.当代翻译理论3.TheHeroicAge(1950s-70s)The3decadesof1950s-70switnessedthelinguisticturnintranslationstudies.Fawcettcallsthislinguisticorientationoftranslationstudiesas“theheroicage”.AftertheSecondWorldWar,translationtheorywasprofoundlyinfluencedbyNoamChomsky’sconceptsofdeepstructureandsurfacestructure,andthefirststepsinmachinetranslation.AsMarySnell-Hornby(1988:41)succinctlyexplains“translationisa‘recording’orchangeofsurfacestructureinrepresentationofthedeepstructureunderlyingit.”Chomsky’stheoriesstronglyinfluenced‘thescienceoftranslating’asunderstoodduringthe1960s.当代翻译理论3.1EugeneNida(1914-)NidareceivedhisBAin1936fromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngeles.HavingearnedhisdegreeinGreek,heenrolleditheSummerInstituteofLinguistics(SIL).ThenhepursuedaMAinGreekNewTestamentattheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia.In1941,hebeganaPhDinLinguisticsattheUniversityofMichiganandcompleteditin2years.In1943,hewasordainedintheNorthernBaptistConvertion,andjoinedthestaffoftheAmericanBibleSociety(ABS)asalinguist.Nida’stheoryoftranslationdevelopedfromhisownpracticalworkinthe1940sonwardswhenhewadtranslatingand当代翻译理论

organizingthetranslationoftheBible.Histheorytakesconcreteformintwomajorworksinthe1960s:TowardaScienceofTranslating(1964)andTheTheoryandPracticeofTranslation(co-authoredwithTabre,1969).Nidaattemptstomovetranslationintoamorescientificerabyincorporatingrecentworkinlinguistics,andhismoresystematicapproachborrowstheoreticalconceptsandterminologybothfromsemanticsandpragmaticsandfromNoamChomsky’stheoryofTG(transformation-generative)grammar.Nidadescribesvarious‘scientificapproachestomeaning’relatedtoworkthathavebeencarriedoutbytheoristsin当代翻译理论

semanticsandpragmatics.Aseriesoftechniques,adaptedfromworkinlinguistics,arepresentedasanaidforthetranslatorindeterminingthemeaningofdifferentlinguisticitems.Techniquestodeterminereferentialandemotivemeaningfocusonanalyzingthestructureofwordsanddifferentiatingsimilarwordsinrelatedlexicalfields.Theseincludehierarchicalstructuringandcomponentialanalysis.Anothertechniqueissemanticstructureanalysis,thecentralideaofwhichistoencouragethetraineetranslatortorealizethatthesenseofacomplexsemantictermvariesandmostparticularlyisconditionedbyitscontext.当代翻译理论

ForNida,themodelofdeepstructureandsurfacestructureprovidesthetranslatorwithatechniquefordecodingtheSTandaprocedureforencodingtheTT(Nida,1964:60),althoughhereversesChomsky’smodelwhenanalyzingtheSt;tobespecific,thesurfacestructureoftheSTisanalyzedintothebasicelementsofthedeepstructure,whicharetransferredinthetranslationprocessandthenrestructuredsemanticallyandstylisticallyintothesurfacestructureoftheTT.(seefigure1.)当代翻译理论

Figure1:EugeneNida’sThree-stageSystemofTranslation

当代翻译理论3.1.1EugeneNida’sThree-stageSystemofTranslation

NidaandTaber’sowndescriptionoftheprocessemphasizesthescientificandpracticaladvantagesofthismethodcomparedtoanyattempttodrawupafullycomprehensivelistofequivalencesbetweenspecificpairsofSLandTLsystems.Justaskernelsentencesarethemostbasicstructuresoutofwhichlanguagebuildsitselaboratesurfacestructures.Kernelsarethelevelatwhichthemessageistransferredintothereceptorlanguagebeforebeingtransformedintothesurfacestructureinthreestages:1)literaltransfer2)minimaltransfer3)literarytransfer当代翻译理论

Nida’smovetowardascienceoftranslationhasprovedtobeespeciallyinfluentialinGermany,wherethecommontermfortranslationstudiesinUbersetzungssenschaft

(Translatology).AmongthemostprominentGermanscholarsinthetranslationsciencefieldduringthe1970sand1980sareWolframWilss,andthosefromthethenGermanDemocraticRepublic,theLeipzigSchool,includingOttoKadeandAlbertNewbert.当代翻译理论

3.2JamesHolmes(1924-1986)andHis‘Map’of

TranslationStudiesJamesHolmes,Americanscholar,poet,translatorandoneofthefoundingfathersofTranslationStudiesasanacademicdiscipline,wasbornandraisedonafarmincentralIowa,USA,whowaseducatedatWilliamPennCollege,Haveford,andBrownUniversity.In1949,hewenttoHollandasaFulbrightexchangeteachertoteachEnglishatanInternationalQuakerCollege.Thelastthreedecadesofthe20thcenturywitnessedagreatchangeintranslationstudies.AndthefieldofTranslationStudieswasdecisivelydefinedbyJamesHolmes,,inhisseminalpaper,entitled“TheNameandNatureofTranslationStudies”,whichwasoriginally当代翻译理论

presentedtotheThirdInternationalCongressofAppliedLinguisticsheldinCopenhagenin1972.Sincethen,researchhasbeenconductedwithmulti-disciplinaryapproachesinamoresystematicalfashiontowardtheformationofcontemporarytranslationtheoryinitsownright.Inhispaper,Holmesputsforwardanoverallframework,describingwhattranslationstudiescovers.ThisframeworkhassubsequentlybeenpresentedbyGideonTouryasinfigure2.当代翻译理论

Figure2:JamesHolmes‘Map’of

TranslationStudies

当代翻译理论4.DescriptiveTranslationStudiesDescriptiveTranslationStudies(DTS)ismainlyconcernedwiththreeaspects:1)Product-orientedDTS;[whichexaminesexistingtranslations,involvingthedescriptionoranalysisofasingleST-TTpairoracomparativeanalysisofseveralTTsofthesameST(intooneormoreTLs)]2)Function-orientedDTS;[whichdescribesthe‘function(oftranslation)intherecipientsocioculturalsituation.]3)Process-orientedDTS.[whichisconcernedwiththepsychologyoftranslation,i.e.Withtryingtofindoutwhathappensinthemindofatranslator.当代翻译理论4.1Holmes4.1.1TheGeneralBranchofHolmes’sFramework1)Medium-restrictedtheories(whicharesubdivisionsaccordingtotranslationbymachineandhumans,withfurthersubdivisionsaccordingtowhetherthemachine/computerisworkingaloneorasanaidtothehumantranslator,towhetherthehumantranslationiswrittenorspokenandtowhetherspokentranslation(interpreting)isconsecutiveorsimultaneous);2)Area–restrictedtheories(whicharerestrictedtospecificlanguagesorgroupsoflanguagesand/orcultures);3)Rank–restrictedtheories(whicharelinguistictheoriesthathavebeenrestrictedtoaspecificlevelofthewordorsentence);当代翻译理论

4)Text-typerestrictedtheories(whichfocusonspecificdiscoursetypesorgenres,e.g.literary,businessandtechnicaltranslation);5)Time-restrictedtheories(whichrefertotheoriesandtranslationsrestrictedaccordingtospecificperiods);6)Problem-restrictedtheories(whichrefertospecificproblemssuchasequivalenceortoawiderquestionofwhetheruniversalsoftranslatedlabguageexist).当代翻译理论

4.1.2TheAppliedBranchofHolmes’sFrameworkTheappliedbranchofHolmes’sframeworkconcerns:1)Translator’straining(teachingmethods,testingtechniques,curriculumdesign);2)Translationaids(dictionaries,grammars,informationtechnology);3)Translationcriticism(theevaluationoftranslations,includingthemarkingofstudenttranslationsandthereviewsofpublishedtranslations).

当代翻译理论4.1.3Holmes’sTranslationPolicyHolmesalsofocusedontheareaoftranslationpolicy,whereheseesthetranslationscholaradvisingotheplaceoftranslationinsociety,includingwhatplace,itshouldoccupyinthelanguageteachingandlearningcurriculum.当代翻译理论4.2JeremyMundayJeremyMunday，aseniorlecturerinSpanishinDepartmentofLinguistic，CulturalandTranslationStudiesanddeputydirectorofCenterforTranslationStudies(CTS),UniversityofSurrey,UK，gothisPhDattheUniversityofBradford,whichhehadbeenteachingthereuntilhecametoSurreyin2000.HisresearchinterestsareinDTS,styleandideologyintranslation,corpus-basedtranslationstudies

historyofliterarytranslatorsinthe20thcenturyandinteractionbetweenthevisualandwrittenwordsintranslation.Hismajorpublicationsinclude

IntroducingTranslationStudies：theoriesandapplication（2001）and

Translation：anadvancedresourcebook(withBasilHatim,2004）.MundaypointsoutthatHolmes’divisionis"flexibleenoughtoincorporatethesetechnologicaldevelopments”andexpandstheappliedbranchinHolmes’mapintoFigure3.当代翻译理论Figure3:Munday’sexpandappliedbranchoftranslationstudies当代翻译理论

AccordingtoMunday（2001：13-4),thecrucialroleplayedbyHolmes’paperisthemappingofthepotentialoftranslationstudies.Themapisstilloftenconsideredasapointofdeparturesince1972，evenifsubsequenttheoristssuchasSnell-Hornby（1991）

andPym（1998）haveattemptedtorewritepartsofit.ThefactthatHolmesdevotestwo-thirdsofhisattentiontothepureaspectsoftheoryanddescriptionsurelyindicateshisresearchinterestsratherthanalackofpossibilitiesfortheappliedside.Translationpolicywouldnowadaysmorelikelybe当代翻译理论

relatedtotheideologythatdeterminestranslationthanwasthecaseinHolmes’

description.Thedifferentrestrictions，whichTouryidentifiesasrelatingtothedescriptiveaswellasthepurelytheoreticalbranch，mightwellincludeadiscourse-typeaswellasatext-typerestriction.Inclusionofinterpretingasasub-categoryofhumantranslationwouldalsobedisputedbysomescholars.Inviewoftheverydifferentrequirementsandactivitiesassociatedwithinterpreting，itwouldprobablybebesttoconsiderinterpretingasaparallelfield,maybeunderthetitleofinterpretingstudies.Inaddition，asPympointsoutHolmes’mapomitsanymentionoftheindividualityofthestyle,decision-makingprocessesandworkingpracticesofhumantranslatorsinvolvedinthetranslationprocess.当代翻译理论5.Developmentsince1970sAccordingtoBassnett（1998:108-11),onesimplewayofunderstandingthechangesanddevelopmentsintranslationstudiesduringthelastthreedecadesofthe20thcenturyisthroughtheapplicationofkeywordstospecificperiods.Thekeywordofthe1970sishistory；in1980scultureandin1990svisibility.Infact,thesurgeintranslationstudiessincethe1970shaswitnesseddifferentareasofHolmes’mapcometothefore.（Munday,2001：14）Thelinguistic-oriented‘science’oftranslationhascontinuedstronglyinGermany，butequivalence-basedtheoriesgraduallyhavecomeunderattackandbeguntogivewaytofunction-orientedtranslationresearchwhichnowadaystakesintoaccountthewidercontextwithinwhichtranslationtakesplaceinthereceivingculture.

当代翻译理论

TheHallidayaninfluenceofdiscourseanalysisandsystemicfunctionalgrammarhasbeenprominentinthecircleoftranslationstudiesespeciallyinGermany.Thelate1970sandthe1980salsosawtheriseofadescriptiveapproachthathaditsoriginsincomparativeliteratureandRussianFormalism.Thegrowthoftranslationstudiesasaseparatedisciplineisasuccessstoryofthe1980s.Thesubjecthasdevelopedinmanypartsoftheworldandbringstogetherworkinawidevarietyoffields，including

linguistics,literarystudy,history,anthropology,psychology,andeconomics（Bassnett，1993：i-ii）.当代翻译理论

Atthesametime，translationstudieshaveachievedinstitutionalauthority，manifestedbyanunprecedentedproliferationofacademictrainingprograms，professionalassociations，publications，andconferences.Thegreatestachievementgainedinthe1980sistheculturalturn，whichlooksattranslationfromtheculturalstudiesangle.Tran