旋耕灭茬组合机中英文翻译、外文文献翻译、外文翻译

XXXXX设计（XX）外文翻译学生姓名班级学院名称专业名称指导教师20XX年5月30日Combinedrototilling-stubble-breaking-plantingmachineAbstractThecombinedrototilling-stubble-breaking-plantingmachinesuitableforuseinthedryfarmingareainnorthernChinawasdevelopedaccordingtothefarmingmodeofwaterstorageandsoilmoistureconservationandtheperformancetestandproductionexaminationwereconducted.Themachineusesseparatedstructuraldesign,whichcanconductcombinedrototilling-stubble-breaking-plantingoperations,andcanalsobedismantledeasilyintoanindependentrototilling-stubble-breakingmachineandaplantertoconducttherotilling-stubble-breakingoperationorplantingoperation,oronemachineforthreepurposes.Thecombinedrototilling-stubble-breakingmachineisconnectedwiththeplanterviaacompensation-typethree-pointhitchlinkage,ensuringgoodfollowingperformanceoftheplanterandhighstabilityofthecombinedmachine.Therototillingandstubble-breakingperformances,theseedingstability,uniformityandevennessbetweenrowsoftheplanterandtheperformanceofthefertilizingunitofthemachineweremeasured.Testsshowedthatthebrokenstubbleratewas92%;qualifiedseedspacingrate:maize85.80%,soybean86.50%;multiplesrate:maize7.60%,soybean7.85%;missrate:maize6.60%,soybean5.63%;thecoefficientofvariationofthespraycapacityofthespraynozzleswas5.94%andthecoefficientofvariationofthetotalspraycapacity6.00%.Allindexesofthemachinereachedtherequirementsstipulatedintherelatednationalstandards.1.IntroductionChinaisoneofthemainaridcountriesintheworld.Thearid,semi-aridandsemi-humiddrought-proneareaaccountsfor52.5%ofthetotalareaofthecountry.Thereareabout33millionhectaresofcultivatedareainthedryfarmingmode,distributedin16provinces,citiesandautonomousregionsofthecountry(Gao,2000).Theconventionalmechanizedfarmingsystemwiththemoldboardplowasthemaininwhichfrequentplowingisneededeasilyleadstobarefieldsurface,degradedfarmland,worsenedecologicalenvironment,serioussoilmoistureloss,intensewindandwatererosion.InShanxiProvince,forexample,thesoilerosionareaaccountsfor70%ofthetotalareaoftheprovince,thesoilerosionthicknessis0.1–1.07cmperyear,andtheareawiththesoilerosionthicknessover0.5cmaccountsfor80%ofthetotalareaintheprovince(Zhai,2000).IntheridgedcultivationareaofnortheasternChina,theconventionalMechanizedfarmingsystemhasresultedinadecreaseinthesoilorganicmatteryearbyyear(anannualaveragedecreaseby0.01–0.02%)(JilinProvinceAgriculturalScientificAcademy,2003).Theconventionalmechan-izedfarmingsystemrequiresmorefrequentmechanizedtillage,whichleadstoserioussoilcompactionanddestructionofsoilstructure.Thenaturalrainfallutilizationrateofthefarmlandinthecountryisonly56%,inwhich26%ofthewaterisconsumedinineffectiveevaporationinthefield.Thewaterproductivityofthefarmlandinthearidregionis0.60–0.75kg/m3,0.80kg/m3ontheaverageinChina,while2.32kg/m3inIsrael,nearlythreetimesthatinourcountry(Eetal.,2005).Inordertoseeksustainableagriculturaldevelopment,peoplehavegraduallyrealizedtheimportanceofconservationtillage.MuchresearchworkhasbeendoneinthefieldbothinChinaandothercountriesandrichresultshavebeenobtained.Inthe1930s,thetechnologyofstubblemulchtillagewasdevelopedintheUnitedStatesandridge-tillageintroducedin1951asaprovenmethodtosavesoilfromerosion,improvesurfacedrainage,provideaerationonsoilandreducesoilandwaterloss(Morrison,2000).Reduced-tillage,no-till,strip-tillageandmulch-tillageandotherconservationtillagetechnologieshavebeenwidelyused(MorrisonandSanabria,2002).Throughyearsofefforts,sometechnologicalachievementshavebeenmadeinmechan-izeddryfarminginthecountry.Inrecentyears,conservationtillagetechnologieshavebeendevelopedinChina,includingthemechanizedfieldwater-storagetechnology,whosecoreistoreplacemoldboardplowingwithsubsoiling,replaceplowingonceayearwithplowingeveryafewyears,replacedeeplayertillagewithsurfacetillage,withpartofstalksandstubblesleftinthefield;andthemechanizedsoilmoistureconservationtechnology,whichinvolvesmechanizedmulchplanting,mechanizedstalkmulchandconservationtillage(Huang,2000).InnortheasternChina,itisoftendroughtwithstrongwindinspring,sotheconventionaltillagemethodwillcauseseriouslossofsoilmoisturebecauseoffrequentsoildisturbance,leadingtodifficultseedgerminationandemergenceofseedlings.Inspringsowing,thesoilmoistureisessentialandforemost.Itisnecessarytosowseedwhenthesoilmoistureisgood,whichrequiresminimizingsoildisturbancetoretainthesoilmoistureforsowing.Inordertokeepthevegetationofthefieldsurface,whichcanhelppreventthefarmlandfromwinderosionandabsorbandstoremorerainandsnow,nowmechanizedplowinghasbeengraduallydecreasedyearbyyearandstubblebreakinghastakenitsplaceinthisregion.Itinvolvesusingthestubble-breakingmachinetobreakstubblesafterautumnharvestandthenridgingformechanizedsowinginthenextspring.Andthetillagemethodinwhichthestubbleisleftinthefieldafterautumnharvesthasalsobeenadopted.The‘‘3–3rotationtillagemethod’’whichinvolvesdeeptillage,sowingontheoriginalridgeandsurfacetillagehasbeenimplementedinHeilongjiangprovince(Heetal.,2000).Weputforwardthethree-yearmechanizedrotationtillagemethod.Bothtillagemethodsinvolvekeepingthestubblesintheridgeaftercropsareharvestedeverythreeyearsandseedingintheoriginalridgeinthenextspring.Howtosowseedsintheoriginalridgewithstubblesisarecentresearchsubject.Ifstubblebreaking,sowingandrollingoperationsarenotsimultaneouslycompleted,itmightnotensureemergenceofwholeseedlings.Thecombinedrototilling-stubble-breaking-plantingmachinewasdevelopedtosolvethisproblem.Itcansimulta-neouslycompletestubblebreaking(orrototilling),sowing,fertilizing,rollingandchemicalsprayingoperations,reducingsoilmoistureloss,increasingtheutilizationrateofrainfall,improvingsoilfertility,decreasingproductioncostsandimprovingworkingefficiency.Designofthecombinedrototilling-stubble-breaking-plantingmachineThecombinedrototilling-stubble-breaking-plantingmachine(Fig.1)consistsofrototilling-stubble-break-ingmachine(1)andtheprecisionplanter(6),connectedthroughacompensation-typethreepointhitchlinkageconsistingoftheadjustabledrawbar(3)andhingeplate(5).Therearetwotypesofthemachine,ortwo-rowandfour-rowtypes,usedwith44.1and88.2kWtractors,respectively.Themachinecancompletemaizestubblebreaking,fertilizing,sowing(maizeorsoybean),rollingandagriculturalchemicalsprayingoperationsinthestubblefieldatatime,minimizingsoilmoistureloss.Instubblebreaking,themachineonlydisturbsthesoilintheridgewithmaizeorsorghumstubbleswithoutaffectinganyothersoil,minimizingsoilerosionandbenefitingwaterstorageandsoilmoistureconservation.Thecombinedrototilling-stubble-breaking-plantingmachineadoptsseparatedstructuredesign,whicheithercanconductrototilling-stubble-breaking-plantingoperationorbedividedintoanindependentrototilling-stubble-breakingmachineandaplantertoconductcombinedrototilling-stubble-breakingoperationorplantingoperation,oronemachineforthreepurposes.Thecompensation-typethreepointhitchlinkageensurescontourfollowingoftheplanter,keepingthelandwheeloftheplanteralwaysincontactwiththesurfacetoensurethestableandreliabletransmissionduringoperationandtherigidityandlongitudinalstabilityofthemachinesetintransportation.2.1.Rototilling-stubble-breakingmachineTherototilling-stubble-breakingmachine(Fig.2)comprisestheuniversaljoint(1),headstock(2),fertilizerhoe(3),fertilizingtransmission(4),ridger(7),pressroller(8),universalbladerotor(10),universalblade(11),transmissioncase(13),landwheel(15),subsoiler(16)andotherparts.Themachineischaracterizedbythedesignofauniversalrotor,universalbladediscanduniversalblade,whichcanperformthefull-widthrototillingoperationinthepaddy,wheatandvegetablefields,andbreakstubblesofridgedmaize,sorghumandothercrops.Anditcanalsobeequippedwiththefertilizing,ridging,rolling,subsoilingandotherworkingpartstocompletestubblebreakingintheridge(orfull-widthrototilling),fertilizing,ridging,rollingandsubsoilingoperationsatatime.Itcancomplete20combinedoperationsinnearly40differentcombinations,whichcanbeusedwithalltypesoftractorsfrom14.7to88.2kW.Themachineusesabionicresistance-reducingsubsoilershank(Tongetal.,2004),basedonbionicprinciples,withthecurveoftheworkingsectionoftheshankthatsimulatesthestructuralformofthediggingfeetofcaveanimals,reducingthetillageresistanceby3–8%comparedtotheconventionalshank,andabionicflexiblepressroller(Renetal.,2003),whichwasdesignedbysimulatingthestrongabilityofsomeanimalsthatcrawlinthesoiloronthegroundtoremovemattersadheringtotheirbodysurface,significantlyreducingadhesionofsoiltothepressroller.Therototilling-stubble-breakingmachineusestheframe-beamstructureandintermediatetransmission.Thespeedchangemechanismwasintegratedwiththetransmissioncase.OperatingthedeclutchshiftshaftcanmakeduplicategearsZ1–Z2engagewithgearZ3(forstubble-breaking)andgearZ4(forrototilling),orputitintheneutralpositiontomeettherequirementofstubble-breakingandrototillingoperationsfordifferentrotatingspeeds.Thepowerofthefertilizingdeviceisobtainedfromthetransmissioncasethroughthechainsprocketwheelfordoublereductiontothefertilizerfeedshaft.ThetransmissionsystemisshowninFig.3.2.2.PrecisionplanterTherearetwotypesofprecisionplanters,orthetwo-rowandfour-rowtype.Theprecisionplanter(Fig.4)mainlyconsistsofthefertilizerfeed(3),parallelogramlinkage(5),fertilizerhoe(7),colter(9),seedmeter(10),pressroller(12)andotherparts.Theimprovedcell-wheeltypeseedmeterisused,whichcanensurethateachcellisfedwithonemaizeseedandotherseedsarescrapedoffwiththecut-offtongue.Theseedineachcellisfedtotheseedtubethroughwhichitdropsintotheseedfurrow,realizingsinglemaizeseedprecisionspotseeding.Theimproveddesignofthecellwheelisanadditionofatwo-rowsoybean-seedingunitorsoybeanseedmeteronbothsides,whichcansowtwo-rowsoybeanseedsinaseedfurrowwhileensuringtheperformanceoftheoriginalseedmeter.Itusesthedoublesharecolter,zeropressurerubberpressrollerorbionicflexiblepressroller.Whentheplanteroperates,thetwolandwheelsdrivetwoseedmetersandtwofertilizerfeeds,respectively,throughthechain.Theparallelogramlinkagecanmakeeachplantingunitindependentlyfollowthesurface,ensuringtheevennessofplantingdepth.2.3.Compensation-typethreepointhitchlinkageThecompensation-typethreepointhitchlinkage(Fig.5)mainlyconsistsofthefronthingedplate(5),rearhingedplate(7)symmetricallymountedandadjustabledrawbar(2)withaslot-openingintherearend.Oneendofthefronthingedplate(5)isconnectedwiththerearbeam(4)oftherototilling-stubble-breakingmachineandoneendoftherearhingedplate(7)isconnectedwiththefrontbeam(10)ofthemachine.Oneendofthedrawbar(2)ishingedtotheupperheadstock(1)ofthemachineandthepinspindle(11)oftheheadstock(8)canslidealongtheslot-openingintheotherendofthedrawbar.Whenthepinspindleslidesalongtheslot-opening,theplanterwillrotatearoundthepinspindleofthehingedplaterelativelytotherototilling-stubble-breakingmachinetofollowthesurface;whenthepinspindleisstillineitherendoftheslot-opening,therelativepositionbetweentherototilling-stubble-breakingmachineandtheplanterisfixedandtheactingforceofthedrawbaronthepinspindlecompensatesforsomeforcechangesinthebalanceforcesystem,ensuringthedepthstabilityofthefertilizerhoe.Duringtransportation,themiddlelinkmechanismofthedrawbarisscrewedtightly,formingarigidspatialtriangularpyramidbetweentherototilling-stubble-breakingmachineandtheplanter,ensuringtherigidityandstabilityoftheentiremachineduringtransportation.Theamountoflandsurfacefollowingisdeterminedbythelengthoftheslot-openingofthedrawbar.Adjustingthelengthofthedrawbarcancontrolthelimitingpositionofthefollowingdevicetomakethemachineadaptabletooperationsindifferentfields.2.4.PestcontrolassemblyThepestcontrolassemblyisusedforsprayingherbicideandpesticide.Itconsistsofthemainchemicalbox,filteroftheauxiliaryagrochemicalsbox,pipefitting,liquidpump,flexiblepipe,sprayheadandothers.Fig.6showsitsconfigurationandworkingprinciple.Thechemicalboxismadeofpolyethyleneusingtheone-shotmouldingtechnique,withexcellentacid,alkali,corrosionandagingresistantproperties.Thesuitableliquidpump,chemicalbox,sprayheadandotherpartswereselectedbasedondesigncalculation.Theagitatingdeviceforbackwaterwasdesignedtoincreasethesprayinguniformityofagrochemicalsolution.Adiaphragmpump(MB40/2.5pistontype)wasselected,withbiggerflowcapacity(about40L/min)andhigherpressure(1.5–2.5MPa),whichcanoperatewithoutwaterforashorttime.Thepumpnotonlycanensureenoughworkingpressureofeachspraynozzle,butalsocanprovide20lofreturnflowperminute.Theanti-driftsectorspraynozzlethatusesthediaphragmantidripvalve(LECHLERCompanyinGermany)wasselected,withtheopeningpressureof0.07MPa,closingpressureof0.05MPa,closingtimeof1–2s,driprateof0,characterizedbywideradaptabilitytoweatherconditionsandstablespraying.Thebuilt-indiaphragmantidripvalveinthespraynozzlecaneffectivelypreventleakageofthechemicalsolution.Theagitatingdeviceisusedtoagitatethechemicalsolutioninthebox,preventingprecipitationoflesssolubleorcompletelyinsolublechemicalandmakingemulsionnotsuspendontotheliquidsurfacetoensurethesameconcentrationofthechemicalsolutionthatentersthesprayingsystem.Itusesahydraulicagitationsysteminwhichpartoftheflowbacktothechemicalboxfromthespraypumpisusedtoproduceliquiddisturbancethroughtheagitatorinstalledatthebottomofthebox,agitatingthesolutiontouniformity.Theflowforagitationisincreasedinthemachinetoimprovetheagitatinguniformity.Thetractordrivercaneasilyoperatethemachineandfreelyclosethespraynozzlesaccordingtospecificoperatingconditions,withoutdripping,sotheworkingconditionofthedriverissignificantlyimproved.TestmethodTheperformancetestsofthecombinedrototilling-stubble-breaking-plantingmachinewereconductedaccordingtoRotaryTiller—testingmethod(NationalStandardsofPRChina,GB/T5668.3,1995)andSingleSeed(Precision)Planter—testmethod(NationalStan-dardsofPRChina,GB6973-86),CombinedImplementforSubsoilingandCultivating(StandardsofMinistryofMachineBuildingIndustryofPRChinaJB/T10295-2001,2001),SmashedStrawMachine(StandardsofMinistryofMachineBuildingIndustryofPRChinaJB/T6678-2001,2001)SmashedRoot-StubbleMachine(StandardsofMinistryofMachineBuildingIndustryofPRChinaJB/T8401.3-2001,2001)andSprayNozzle—testmethod(StandardsofMinistryofMachineBuildingIndustryofPRChinaJB5116-91,1991).Theperfor-mancetestsinvolvedthedegreeofvariationoffertilizingstability,evennessoffertilizingratebetweenrows,seedingperformance,evennessoffurrowingdepthbetweenseedandfertilizercolters,performanceofspraynozzlesandcomparisonoflabourcostandfuelconsumptionperhabetweensingle-purposemachineandcombinedmachine.Performancetestsandlarge-areaproductionverifi-cationtestsofthecombinedmachinewereconductedfrom2002tospringof2004atXinlichengTownandXinglongshanTown,ChangchunCityandonthefarmofJilinAgriculturalUniversity,withthetestareaofmorethan240ha.旋耕灭茬组合机摘要由于蓄水和土壤保墒的耕作方式，适合在中国北方干燥的耕地使用的旋耕灭茬组合机已经发展起来，而且性能测试和生产检查已经进行。这种机器采用可进行组合旋耕和灭茬种植操作，也可很容易地被拆成一个独立的旋耕、灭茬机器并且可进行了旋耕灭茬操作或种植操作，或一台有三个目的的机器的可分离结构设计。这种旋耕灭茬的组合机与补偿型三点悬挂装置联动的播种机连接，保证了播种机的后续良好性能和组合机器的高稳定性。旋耕灭茬操作、播种稳定性、播种机的行播种和施肥之间的均匀性机器的这些装置已经测量。试验表明，破茬率为92％；种子合格率间距：玉米85.80％，大豆86.50％；倍数率：玉米7.60％，大豆7.85％；错过率：玉米6.60％，大豆5.63％；喷雾喷嘴的喷雾容量的变异系数为5.94％，并且机器的总喷雾容量为6.00％。机器的所有指标达到了国家标准相关规定的的要求。1介绍中国是主要干旱国家之一。在干旱，半干旱和半湿润易干旱的面积占全国总面积的52.5％。大约33000000公顷种植面积为旱作农业模式，分布在全国16个省，市，自治区。传统的机械化耕作系统与犁耕作为主要的方式，其中，频繁的春耕需要很容易造成田地的裸露，耕地退化，生态环境恶化，严重的水土流失，强烈的风和水的侵蚀。山西省为例，水土流失面积占全省总面积的70％，每年土壤侵蚀厚度为0.1-1.07厘米，并且土壤侵蚀厚度超过0.5厘米占全省总面积的80％。在中国东北部脊状的种植面积，常规机械化耕作体系导致了土壤有机质逐年减少（平均每年下降0.01-0.02％）（吉林省农业科学院科研，2003年）。传统的机械化耕作系统需要更频繁的机械化耕作，从而导致严重的土壤板结，土壤结构的破坏。在我国的农田的天然降水利用率仅为56％，其中的水的26％被消耗在无效蒸发在田地里。在我国的干旱地区农田水分的平均生产率是0.60-0.75千克/立方米，0.80千克/立方米，而在以色列为2.32千克/立方米，是我过得近3倍。为了寻求可持续的农业发展，人们逐渐认识到保护耕地的重要性。在该领域的大量研究工作，已在中国和其他国家开展并获得了丰富的研究成果。在20世纪30年代，残茬覆盖免耕技术在美国得到发展，而且在1951年，垄耕被引进作为一种验证过的方法来保存土壤不受侵蚀，改善地表排水，通气提供了土壤，减少水土流失。减少耕作，免耕，带状覆盖耕作和其他保护耕作的技术已被广泛应用。通过几年的努力，一些技术成果已在全国的机械化旱作农业方面应用。近年来，保护耕地技术已经在中国开发，包括机械化田间蓄水技术，其核心是更换铲刀与深松耕，用几年一次春耕取代一年一次春耕，用部分田里的秸秆和根茬以表土耕作取代深层耕作；机械化土壤保墒技术，其中涉及机械化地膜种植，机械化秸秆覆盖和保护耕地。在中国东北，春天往往是干旱与强风，所以传统的耕作方法会因为频繁扰动土壤导致水土的严重流失，导致难以种子萌发和出苗。在春天播种，土壤水分是必要的，也是最重要。土壤墒情好时对种子播种是必要的，为了播种就需要尽量减少土壤扰动保持土壤水分。为了保持田面的植被，它可以帮助耕地防止风蚀，吸收和储存更多的雨雪，现在机械化深耕已逐年逐渐地下降而且这个区域破茬已经取代了它的位置。它包括使用茬破机破碎秋收后的茬，然后为了明年春天机械化播种起垄。而这种把秋收后的残茬留在田地里的方法也是被采取的。这种包括深耕，播种在原垄和表土耕作的“3-3轮换耕作方法”已在黑龙江省实施。我们提出了三年机械化耕作轮换的方法，这两种耕作方式包括在作物收获后，保持茬口在山脊上三年，明年春天在原垄上播种。如何在茬口原垄播种是最近的研究课题，如果破茬，播种和滚动操作不能同时完成，它可能无法确保全苗的出现。旋耕灭茬播种机的开发是为了解决这个问题。它可以同时完成茬断裂（或旋耕），播种，施肥，轧制和化学喷洒作业，减少土壤水分损失，增加降水的利用率，提高土壤肥力，降低生产成本，并提高工作效率。2旋耕灭茬播种机的设计这种旋耕灭茬播种机由旋耕灭茬机和通过由可调的组成牵引杆（3）和铰链板（5）组成的补偿型3点联结装置联动连接的精密播种机组成，如图一所示。有两排或四排两种类型的机器，分别使用44.1千瓦和88.2千瓦的拖拉机。该机可一次完成玉米破茬，施肥，播种（玉米或大豆），旋耕和在田地里喷洒农药，最大限度地减少土壤水分散失。在断茬时，该机只扰乱在山脊和玉米或高粱地的土壤，而不会影响任何其他的土壤，减少土壤侵蚀和有利于蓄水与土壤保墒。旋耕灭茬播种机采用可以进行旋耕灭茬种植操作或可分为独立的旋耕灭茬机和播种机进行旋耕灭茬操作或种植操作的分离结构设计，或用于三个目的一体机。补偿型三点悬挂联动装置确保接下来播种机的轮廓，保持播种机的地轮始终与地表接触，以保证在操作期间传动装置的稳定性与可靠性和机器的传动装置的刚度和纵向稳定性。2.1旋耕灭茬播种机所述旋耕灭茬播种机（图2）包括万向接头（1），头架（2），肥料锄头（3），施肥变速器（4），起垄（7），压辊（8），通用的刀片转子（10），万向叶片（11），传动箱（13），土地轮（15），深松（16）和其它部件。该机器的特征在于普遍转子的设计，万向刀盘和通用的刀片，它可以在稻田，小麦和蔬菜领域执