计算机专业英语第4版-Hardware Knowledge

HardwareKnowledge2.1CPU2.2Memory2.3Input/OutputDevices2.4专业英语应用模块12.1CPUAprocessorisafunctionalunitthatinterpretsandcarriesoutinstructions.EveryprocessorcomeswithauniquesetofoperationssuchasADD,STORE,orLOADthatrepresenttheprocessor’sinstructionset.Aninstructionismadeupofoperationsthatspecifythefunctiontobeperformedandoperandsthatrepresentthedatatobeoperatedon.TheCPUmeanstheCentralProcessingUnit.Itistheheartofacomputersystem.TheCPUinamicrocomputerisactuallyonerelativelysmallintegratedcircuitorchip.2TheCPUcoordinatesalltheactivitiesofthevariouscomponentsofthecomputer.Itdetermineswhichoperationsshouldbecarriedoutandinwhatorder.TheCPUcanalsoretrieveinformationfrommemoryandcanstoretheresultsofmanipulationsbackintothememoryunitforlaterreference.3Aprocessoriscomposedoftwofunctionalunits:acontrolunitandanarithmetic/logicunit,andasetofspecialworkspacescalledregisters.Thecontrolunitisthefunctionalunitthatisresponsibleforsupervisingtheoperationoftheentirecomputersystem.Thecontrolunitusesaninstructionpointertokeeptrackofthesequenceofinstructionsthatissupposedtobeprocessed.4Usingthepointerasaguide,thecontrolunitretrieveseachinstructioninsequencefromRAMandplacesitinaspecialinstructionregister.Thecontrolunitinterpretstheinstructiontofindoutwhatneedstobedone.Accordingtoitsinterpretation,thecontrolunitsendssignalstothedatabustofetchdatafromRAM,andtotheALUtoperformaprocess.5TheArithmetic/LogicUnit(ALU)isthefunctionalunitthatprovidesthecomputerwithlogicalandcomputationalcapabilities.DataarebroughtintotheALUbythecontrolunit,andtheALUperformswhateverarithmeticorlogicoperationsarerequiredtohelpcarryouttheinstructions.TheALUperformsarithmeticcomputationsandlogicaloperations.6Aregisterisastoragelocationinsidetheprocessor.Registersinthecontrolunitareusedtokeeptrackoftheoverallstatusoftheprogramthatisrunning.Controlunitregistersstoreinformationsuchasthecurrentinstruction,thelocationofthenextinstructiontobeexecuted,andtheoperandsoftheinstruction.7Atthebeginningofeachinstructioncycle,theCPUfetchesaninstructionfrommemory.ThefetchedinstructionisloadedintoaregisterintheCPUknownastheinstructionregister(IR).TheinstructionisintheformofabinarycodethatspecifieswhatactiontheCPUistotake.TheCPUinterpretstheinstructionandperformstherequiredaction.Ingeneral,theseactionsfallintofourcategories.8PerformanceFactorsofCPU（1）ClockrateAcomputercontainsasystemclockthatemitspulsestoestablishthetimingforsystemoperations.Thesystemisnotthesameasa“real-timeclock”thatkeeptrackofthetimeofday.Instead,thesystemclocksetsthespeedof“frequency”fordatatransportandinstructionexecution.9（2）WordsizeReferstothenumberofbitsthatthecentralprocessingunitcanmanipulateatonetime.Acomputerwithalargewordsizecanprocessmoredataineachinstructioncyclethanacomputerwithasmallwordsize.（3）CacheCacheisanotherfactoraffectingCPUperformance,itisspecialhighspeedmemorythatgivestheCPUmorerapidaccesstodata.10available 可利用的，有效的analogous 类似的，相似的comparison 比较，对照confuse 使混乱coordinate

（使）协调establish 建立exponentiation 幂运算identical 同一的，完全一样的megahertz 兆赫兹occupy 占领，从事11operand 操作数perform 执行，实现reference 参考，索引register 寄存器remarkable 显著的，不平常的represent 表示，描述retrieve 检索，恢复specification 规格，说明supervise 监督，指导12[1]AlthoughmostCPUchipsaresmallerthanalensofapairofglasses,theelectroniccomponentstheycontainwouldhavefilledaroomafewdecadesago.译文：虽然大多数CPU芯片比一块眼镜片还小，但所包含的电子元件在几十年前却要装满一个房间。本句由“Although”引导让步状语从句。13[2]Theprogram,whichtellsthecomputerswhattodoandthedata,whichprovidetheinformationneededtosolvetheproblem,arekeptinsidethecomputerinaplacecalledmemory.译文：程序的作用是指示计算机如何工作，而数据则是为解决问题而提供所需要的信息，两者都存储在存储器里。本句的主语是“theprogramandthedata”，由which引导的两个定语从句分别修饰theprogram和thedata.14[3]

Afterall,ifwecouldn’tfeedinformationinandgetresultsback,thesemachineswouldnotbeofmuchuse.译文：如果我们不能输入信息和获取结果，这种计算机就不会有多大用处。本句的“ifwecouldn’tfeedinformationinandgetresultsback”作条件状语。15[4]

Atthebeginningofeachinstructioncycle,theCPUfetchesaninstructionfrommemory.译文：在每个指令周期的开始，CPU都从内存中取一条指令。本句的主句是“theCPUfetchesaninstruction”，“Atthebeginningofeachinstructioncycle”是时间状语。16[5]

Aninstructionmayspecifythatthesequenceofexecutionbealtered.译文：一条指令可以指定更改执行的顺序。本句的主语是“Aninstruction”，“that”引导的是宾语从句，“executionbealtered”是定语，修饰“sequence”。17ComputerHardwareBasicsKeyelementsincomputersystemincludeCPU,theMemory,InputDevicesandOutputDevices.181．CentralProcessingUnitTheprocessoristhe“brains”ofthecomputerthathastheabilitytocarryoutourinstructionsorprogramsgiventothecomputer.Theprocessoristhepartthatknowshowtoaddandsubtractandtocarryoutsimplelogicaloperations.192．TheMemoryThememoryisthecomputer’sworkarea.Therearetwotypesofmemorychips:ReadOnlyMemory(ROM)andRandomAccessMemory(RAM).ROMchipsaredesignedforapplicationsinwhichdataisonlyread.203．InputDevicesMostoftheinputdevicesworkinsimilarways.ThemessagesorsignalsreceivedareencodedintopatternswhichCPUcanprocessbyinputdevices,then,conveyedtoCPU.4．OutputDevicesOutputdevicescantelltheprocessingresultsandwarnuserswheretheirprogramsoroperationsarewrong.Themostcommonoutputdevicesaremonitor,matrixprinter,inkjetprinter,laserprinter,plotterfordrawing,speaker,etc.21Themaincomponentsofthecomputerareconnectedtothesystembuses.Dataistransferredviathedatabus.Thecontrolbusisdifferentfromtheothertwobuses.Theaddressbusconsistsofnlines,whichcombinetotransmitonen-bitaddressvalue.Similarly,thelinesofthedatabusworktogethertotransmitasinglemulti-bitvalue.Incontrast,thecontrolbusisacollectionofindividualcontrolsignals.222.2MemoryThememoryunitisanessentialcomponentinanydigitalcomputersinceitisneededforstoringtheprogramsthatareexecutedbytheCPU.RAMandROMplayimportantrolesinstoragedevices.RAMbarsareusedformainmemorybars.ThebasicoperatinginstructionsarestoredinROMandarenoterasedwhenthecomputeristurnedoff.23TheinstructionsthatthecomputergetsandtheinformationthecomputerprocessesremaininRAMduringyourworksessions.RAMisnotapermanentstorageplaceforinformation.Whenyouturnyourcomputeroff,theinformationyouenteredduringtheworksessiondoesnotremaininmemory.Computermemoryismeasuredinkilobytesormegabytesofinformation.

24Memoriesconsistofanumberofcells,eachofwhichcanstoreapieceofinformation.Eachcellhasanumber,calleditsaddress,bywhichprogramscanrefertoit.Ifamemoryhasncells,theywillhaveaddresses0ton

1.Allcellsinamemorycontainthesamenumberofbits.Ifacellconsistsofkbits,itcanholdanyoneof2kdifferentbitcombinations.25Thesignificanceofthecellisthatitisthesmallestaddressableunit.Inrecentyears,mostcomputermanufactureshavestandardizedonan8-bitcell,whichiscalledabyte.Bytesaregroupedintowords.26TheinternalorganizationsofROMandRAMchipsaresimilar.Toillustratethesimplestorganization,alinearorganization,considera64×4ROMchip.Thischiphassixaddressinputsandfourdataoutputs,and256bitsofinternalstoragearrangedassixty-four4-bitlocations.Thesixaddressbitsaredecodedtoselectoneofthesixty-fourlocations,butonlyifthechipenableisactive.IfCE=0,thedecoderisdisabledandnolocationisselected.Thetri-statebuffersforthatlocation’scellsareenabled,allowingdatatopasstotheoutputbuffers.27Twoormorechipscanbecombinedtocreatememorywithmorebitsperlocation.Thisisdonebyconnectingthecorrespondingaddressandcontrolsignalsofthechips,andconnectingtheirdatapinstodifferentbitsofthedatabus.28acronym 首字母缩略词activate 激活，使活跃adjacent 邻近的，接近的configuration 结构consecutive 连续的，连贯的erase 抹去，擦除gateway 门，通道kilobyte 千字节megabyte 兆字节29notation 记号，标记prohibitively 禁止地proportional 成比例的remedy 修补，改善session 期间significance 重要性，意义simplicity 简单，单纯temporary 临时turnoff 关闭30[1]ThememoryunitisanessentialcomponentinanydigitalcomputersinceitisneededforstoringtheprogramsthatareexecutedbytheCPU.译文：任何一台数字计算机都需要存储CPU所执行的程序，因此，存储器是计算机重要的部件之一。本句由“since”引导原因状语从句，“thatareexecutedbytheCPU”是定语，修饰“programs”。31[2]

Thenumberofbitsintheaddressisrelatedtothemaximumnumberofdirectlyaddressablecellsinthememoryandisindependentofthenumberofbitspercell.译文：地址的位数与存储器可直接寻址的最大单元数量有关，而与每个单元的位数无关。本句中，ofdirectlyaddressablecellsinthememory修饰themaximumnumber.32[3]Thusa32-bitmachinewillhave32-bitregistersandinstructionsformoving,adding,subtracting,andotherwisemanipulating32-bitwords.译文：因而32位机器有32位的寄存器和指令，以实现传送、加法、减法和其他32位字的操作。本句的“formoving,adding,subtracting,andotherwisemanipulating32-bitwords”是宾语补足语，进一步解释说明宾语。33[4]Whenaprogramallocatesexpandedmemorypages,theEMMreturnsahandletotherequestingprogram.译文：当一个程序装入扩展存储器页中时，EMM就将一个标志回复给这个请求程序。本句中，由“when”引导了一个时间状语从句。34[5]Itisveryeasytosetupamemorysystemthatconsistsofasinglechip.译文：构造包含一个简单芯片的存储器系统是非常容易的。本句中由“It”作形式主语，真正主语是不定式短语，“thatconsistsofasinglechip”是定语。35AccessingMemoryFirstthemicroprocessorfetches,orreads,theinstructionfrommemory.Thenitdecodestheinstruction,determiningwhichinstructionithasfetched.Finally,itperformstheoperationsnecessarytoexecutetheinstruction.Eachofthesefunctions—fetch,decode,andexecute—consistsofasequenceofoneormoreoperations.36Withthemicroprocessorfetchingtheinstructionfrommemory.Firstly,themicroprocessorplacestheaddressoftheinstructionontotheaddressbus.Thememorysubsysteminputsthisaddressanddecodesittoaccessthesiredmemorylocation.Afterthemicroprocessorallowssufficienttimeformemorytodecodetheaddressandaccesstherequestedmemorylocation,themicroprocessorassertsaREADcontrolsignal.37WhentheREADsignalisasserted,thememorysubsystemplacestheinstructioncodetobefetchedontothecomputersystem’sdatabus,themicroprocessortheninputsthisdatafromthebusandstoresitinoneofitsinternalregisters.Atthispoint,themicroprocessorhasfetchedtheinstruction.Next,themicroprocessordecodestheinstruction.38Toreaddatafrommemory,themicroprocessorperformsthesamesequenceofoperationsitusestofetchaninstructionfrommemory.Thesymbol,CLK,isthecomputersystemclock.Themicroprocessorusesthesystemclocktosynchronizeitsoperations.Oneofthemostimportantcharacteristicsofamemorychipisthespeedatwhichdatacanbeaccessedfromit.392.3Input/OutputDevicesBytheaidofinputandoutputdevices,acomputerandpeoplecan“know”eachother.Usinginputdevices,people“tell”thecomputerwhatitshoulddoandthecomputerfeedbackstheresultthroughoutputdevices.Inputandoutputdevicesaretheinterfacesofmanandmachine.Theyusuallyincludekeyboard,mouse,monitor,printer,disk(harddiskorfloppydisk),inputpen,scanner,andmicrophone,etc.40Thekeyboardisusedtotypeinformationintothecomputerorinputinformation.TherearemanydifferentkeyboardlayoutsandsizeswiththemostcommonforLatinbasedlanguagesbeingtheQWERTYlayout(namedforthefirstsixkeys).41Thestandardkeyboardhas101keys.Notebookshaveembeddedkeysaccessiblebyspecialkeysorbypressingkeycombinations.Thenumerickeypadislocatedontherightsideofthekeyboardandlookslikeanaddingmachine.Thefunctionkeys(F1,F2andsoforth)areusuallylocatedatthetopofthekeyboard.Thearrowkeysallowyoutomovethepositionofthecursoronthescreen.42Amouseisasmalldevicethatacomputeruserpushesacrossadesksurfaceinordertopointtoaplaceonadisplayscreenandtoselectoneormoreactionstotakefromthatposition.Themostconventionalkindofmousehastwobuttonsonthetop.Theleftoneisusedmostfrequently.Thesecondbutton,ontheright,usuallyprovidessomeless-frequentlyneededcapability.43Themonitorshowsinformationonthescreenwhenyoutype.Thisiscalledoutputtinginformation.Whenthecomputerneedsmoreinformation,itwilldisplayamessageonthescreen,usuallythroughadialogbox.Resolutionreferstothenumberofindividualdotsofcolor,knownaspixels,containedonadisplay.Thedotpitchisthemeasureofhowmuchspacethereisbetweenadisplay’spixels.InmonitorsbasedonCRTtechnology,therefreshrateisthenumberoftimesthattheimageonthedisplayisdrawneachsecond.44Thelaserprinteruseslaserbeamsthatstrikelaser-sensitivepaper.Thispaperthenpicksupapowderoratoner,andthepowderortonerisbondedtothepaperbyheat,pressure,orboth.Withalaserprinter,itispossibletoprintanentirepageatonetime.Anewercoldlaserprinterhasbeendevelopedtoavoidthisproblem.Theydon’trequireheatinbondingthecharacterstothepaper.Asaresult,theproblemsofstaticelectricityandhavingthepaperclingtogethercanbeeliminatedorsubstantiallyreduced.45Modemscanbeclassifiedexternalonesandinternalones.Typically,externalmodemsfeatureanarrayoflightssetinadisplaypanelthatoffersimportantinformationwhenyouaretryingtotroubleshootyoursetup.Youalsoneedacorrectlywiredcabletoconnectyourmodemtoanavailableserialportonyourcomputer.Internalmodemsareprintedcircuitboardsthattakeuponeoftheavailableexpansionslotsinsideofyourcomputer.46accessible 易接近的，可进入的bitmap 位图calculator 计算器combination 组合，联合deflector 导向装置，致偏器demodulation 解调embedded 嵌入的，植入的feedback 反馈47flicker 闪烁，闪动horizontalaxis 水平轴ink-jetprinter 喷墨打印机microphone 麦克风modifiable 可修正的modulation 调制monochrome 单色，黑白needle 针nozzle 喷嘴48overlap 重叠，重复pixel 像素powder 粉，粉粒resolution 分辨率spray 喷射stick 粘，坚持tendency 趋势，倾向troubleshoot 修理故障verticalaxis 垂直轴49[1]Thearrowkeysallowyoutomovethepositionofthecursoronthescreen.译文：方向键允许你移动光标在屏幕上的位置。本句中的“tomovethepositionofthecursoronthescreen”是宾语补足语。50[2]Amouseconsistsofametalorplastichousingorcasing,aballthatsticksoutofthebottomofthecasingandrollsonaflatsurface,oneormorebuttonsonthetopofthecasing,andacablethatconnectsthemousetothecomputer.译文：鼠标由以下几部分组成：一个金属或塑料的盒体，一个凸出于盒体底部并可以在平面上滚动的球体，位于盒体上部的一个或多个按键，以及一条连接到计算机的电缆线。这是一个长句，“consistsof”的宾语由若干部分组成，每部分宾语都有自己的定语修饰。51[3]So,inordertouseananalogmedium,aconverterbetweenthetwosystemsisneeded.译文：因此，为了利用传输模拟信号的媒介，在两种系统之间需要一个转换器。本句中的“So,inordertouseananalogmedium”是目的状语从句，“betweenthetwosystems”是定语，修饰“converter”。52[4]Amodemisadevicethatconvertsdatafromdigitalcomputersignalstoanalogsignalsthatcanbesentoveraphoneline.译文：调制解调器可以将数据从数字信号转换成可以通过电话线传输的模拟信号。本句中的“thatconvertsdata…”是定语从句，修饰“device”，“thatcanbesentoveraphoneline”也是定语，修饰“signals”。53[5]Ifsoftwarehasmusicwithit,youneedasoundboxwhichisattachedtoyourcomputertoplaythemusic.译文：如果软件带有音乐，你就需要一个音箱连接到计算机上来播放。本句由“If

”引导条件状语从句。54BuildingaComputerFirstly,youwillwanttomakesurethatyourCPUhaseitherthesuppliedheatsinkorfanattached.Next,simplyplugyourCPUtotheCPUconnector.YoushouldbeabletofindyourRAMslotslocatedinyourmainboard.Mostoftoday’smainboardscontain2DIMM(DualinLineMemoryModule)connectors.ByusingDIMMmodulesitdoesnotmatterwhatsizetheyare,orwhere/whatorderyoupositionthemin.55MakesureanyjumpersaresetproperlyandthatyourCPUandRAMhavealreadybeeninstalled.Mostoftoday’smainboardscansupportuptofourIDE(IntegratedDeviceElectronics)devices.ThefirstthingyouwillneedtodoissetyourIDEdevices’jumpersettings.56YousimplyslidethecardintotheAGPport(usuallythebrownishconnectorclosesttotheCPU),makesureitisinfirmly,andscrewtheedgeconnectorintothecave.Nowyoushouldtrybootingthecomputer.Afteryourcompute