托福阅读基础班讲义printed-version

托福阅读根底班讲义Version20100625

TableofContentsⅠ.BasicReadingRequirements 21.1.MaterialReference 21.2.Vocabulary 21.3Sentence 71.3.1ParallelConstructions 121.3.2Parentheticalsentence 13 13 161.3.5Attributiveclauses 161.3.6Complexsentences 17Ⅱ.EffectiveReadingPractice 202.1Coherence 202.2.Structure 23Ⅲ.CriticalReadingPractice 243.1Distinguishfactfromopinion 243.2Topic(generalization)andmainidea 253.3.Purposeandinference 26Tableofwordswithvariousmeanings: 28TableofCorrelativewords 29Complexsentencesforpractice 30VocabularywithContexts 34

Ⅰ.BasicReadingRequirements1.1.MaterialReference§BuildingSkillsfortheTOEFLiBT(NorthStar)§OldTOEFLReadingPassages§OldTOEFLVocabulary§EffectiveReadinginaChangingWorld1.2.Vocabulary§Howmanywords?§Howtopromoteefficiency?§Whatkindsofwords?√multivocalwords√abstractwords√academicwords√correlativewords√multivocalwordsLittletest:1.TheNativeAmericansofnorthernCaliforniawerehighlyskilledatbasketry,usingthereeds,grasses,bards,androotstheyfoundaroundthemtofashionarticlesofallsortsandsizes-notonlytrays,containers,andcookingpots,buthats,boats,fishtraps,babycarriers,andceremonialobjects.2.Largedomesticanimalsbecamethesocieties’mainsourceofanimalprotein,replacingwildgame,andtheyalsofurnishedwool,leather,andlandtransport.3.Theadvantageofnestingoncliffsistheimmunityitgivesfromfoxes,whichcannotscalethesheerrocks,andfromravensandotherspeciesofgulls,whichhavedifficultyinlandingonnarrowledgestostealeggs.4.Mostmachines,nomatterhowcomplextheymaybe,arecombinationsoftheleverandtheinclinedplane.5.IntheforegroundrosetheGongtangPagodawithitsdazzlinggildedstuparisingabovearectangularseriesofgreentiledslopingroofs.Beyond,leadinguptothemountainslaythefabledLabrangMonastery.Surroundingtheentirecomplexstretchedareddish-brownwall,severalkilometerslong,linedwithhundredsofprayerwheels.Moreaboutmultivocalwords:1.Oneresultofrentcontrolisadecreaseintheconstructionofnewrentalunits.Rentcontrolshaveartificiallydepressedthemostimportantlong-termdeterminantofprofitabilityrents.2.ThefirstwellsweredrilledintotheOgallaladuringthedroughtyearsoftheearly1930’s.Theensuingrapidexpansionofirrigationagriculture,especiallyfromthe19503.TheauthormentionstheIceAgeropefoundintheFrenchcaveofLascauxasanexampleofanitemonwhichthemarksof4.Whenanassociationcontinueslongenoughfortwopeopletobecomelinkedtogetherbyarelativelystablesetofexpectations,itiscalledarelationship.5.Blackwasconsideredinappropriatebecauseofitsassociationwithdeath.6.Thereislittledoubt,however,thatdesertificationinmostareasresultsprimarilyfromhumanactivitiesratherthannaturalprocesses.Thesemiaridlandsborderingthedesertsexistinadelicateecologicalbalanceandarelimitedintheirpotentialtoadjusttoincreasedenvironmentalpressures.7.Asafamouswoman,Fengjie’sdispositionhasbeenmarkedasextremeself-confidence.ThedispositionofFurong’s“S”posturecannotmatchupwithFengjie’ssuddenturnofherfacewithacharmingsmile.Thedispositionofallthesenationaltreasuresoverseashasignitedtheadmirationofforeignnewsagency,suchasthereportofBrothersharp.8.Passedfromgenerationtogenerationbywordofmouth,everysocietyhasafavoriteimaginedfigurethatisseeninthesurfacemarkingsofthefullmoon.InAsiaandEurope,itiscommonlyahare,whileNorthAmericansseethe"maninthemoon"orthe"ladyinthemoon."9.Inorderforthestructuretoachievethesizeandstrengthnecessarytomeetitspurpose,architectureemploysmethodsofsupportthat,becausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws,havechangedlittlesincepeoplefirstdiscoveredthem–evenwhilebuildingmaterialshavechangeddramatically.10.Reflectiononacomplextasksuchasteachingisnoteasy."Theteachersweretakenthroughaprogramoftalkingaboutteachingevents,movingontoreflectingaboutspecificissuesinasupported,andlateranindependentmanner.thereflectioninamirrordosth.withoutsufficientreflectionreflectionsonthecurrentsituationHeissimplyareflectionofhisfather.RecommendedSolutionTableofMutivocalwordsRequirements:LookallthesewordsupWritedownallthemeanings√abstractwordsLittletest:1.Mostpsychologists,perplexedbythefeelingstheyacknowledgearearousedbyaestheticexperience,haveclaimedthattheseemotionsaregenuine,butdifferentinkindfromnonaestheticemotions.This,however,isadescriptivedistinctionratherthananempiricalobservationandconsequentlylacksexplanatoryvalue.2.ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.Desire;demand;needSpecial;specificestablish;setup3.NSadvance,page10:Reasonable;reasoningPrioritize;priority4.Whenexperimentallydeprivedbabyrobinsareplacedinanestwithnormallyfedsiblings,thehungrynestlingsbegmoreloudlythanusualbutsodotheirbetter-fedsiblings,thoughnotasloudlyasthehungrierbirds.Theresearchersfoundthatthetemporallobeofthebrain,theregioninvolvedinlanguageprocessing,wasactivatedduringverbaltasksinrestedsubjectsbutnotindeprivedsubjects.Definition:抽象Range:verbsandadjectivesRecommendedSolutionListofOldTOEFLActualVocabularyReadingpassagesofNS,highintermediateandadvancedRequirements:1.Markalltheabstractwords2.Makedifferencesbetweensynonymy3.Makesentencewitheachabstractwords√academicwordsElaborationofacademicbackground1.NaturalandPhysicalSciences2.BiologicalSciences3.ArtsandAmericanHistory4.SocialSciences5.Humanities6.Biographyandothers1.NaturalandPhysicalSciencesThenuclearenergyisreleasedattheSun'scenterashigh-energygammaradiation,aformofelectromagneticradiationlikelightandradiowaves,onlyofverymuchshorterwavelength.ThisgammaradiationisabsorbedbyatomsinsidetheSun,tobere-emittedatslightlylongerwavelengths.Thisradiation,initsturn,isabsorbedandre-emitted.Astheenergyfiltersthroughthelayersofthesolarinterior,itpassesthroughthex-raypartofthespectrum,eventuallybecominglight.Atthisstage,ithasreachedwhatwecallthesolarsurface,andcanescapeintospace,withoutbeingabsorbedfurtherbysolaratoms.AverysmallfractionoftheSun'slightandheatisemittedinsuchdirectionsthat,afterpassingunhinderedthroughinterplanetaryspace,ithitstheEarth.2.BiologicalSciencesMoltoftheflightfeathersisthemosthighlyorganizedpartoftheprocess.Somespecies,forexample,beginbydroppingtheoutermostprimaryfeathersoneachside(toretainbalanceintheair)andwaituntilthereplacementfeathersareaboutone-thirdgrownbeforesheddingthenextoutermost,andsoon.Othersalwaysstartwiththeinnermostprimaryfeathersandworkoutward.Yetotherspeciesbegininthemiddleandworkoutwardonbothsides.Mostducksshedtheirwingfeathersatonce,andremainflightlessfortwoorthreeweekswhilethereplacementfeathersgrow.3.ArtsandAmericanHistoryTheAmericanRevolutionwasnotarevolutioninthesenseofaradicalortotalchange.Itwasnotasuddenandviolentoverturningofthepoliticalandsocialframework,suchaslateroccurredinFranceandRussia,whenbothwerealreadyindependentnations.Significantchangeswereusheredin,buttheywerenotbreathtaking.Whathappenedwasacceleratedevolutionratherthanoutrightrevolution.Duringtheconflictitselfpeoplewentonworkingandpraying,marryingandplaying.Mostofthemwerenotseriouslydisturbedbytheactualfighting,andmanyofthemoreisolatedcommunitiesscarcelyknewthatawarwason.4.SocialSciencesTheterm“satellitecity”isusedtodescribetherelationshipbetweenalargecityandneighboringsmallercitiesandtownsthatareeconomicallydependentuponit.Satellitecitiesmaybecollectionanddistributionpointsinthecommerciallinkagesofatradingmetropolis,ortheymaybemanufacturingorminingcentersexistingwithoneindustryeconomicsasthecreaturesofsomenearbycenter.Thislatterformiswhatisgenerallymeantwhenoneusestheterm"satellitecity."Takeninthissense,nineteenth-centuryChicopeeandLowell,Massachusetts,weresatellitesofBoston.BothweremilltownscreatedbyBostoninvestorstoservetheeconomyofthatNewEnglandmetropolis.5.HumanitiesThemostinterestingarchitecturalphenomenonofthe1970'swastheenthusiasmforrefurbishingolderbuildings.Obviously,thiswasnotanentirelynewphenomenon.Whatisnewisthewholesaleinterestinreusingthepast,inrecycling,inadaptiverehabilitation.Afewtrialefforts,suchasGhirardellSquareinSanFrancisco,provedtheirfinancialviabilityinthe1960's,butitwasinthe1970’s.withstronggovernmentsupportthroughtaxincentivesandrapiddepreciation,aswellasgrowinginterestin6.BiographyandothersThoughFaulknerwaspraisedbysomecriticsandreviewersduringthefirstpartofhiscareer,hisnovelsdidnotsellwellandhewasconsideredafairlymarginalauthor.Forthefirstfewdecadesofhiscareer,hemadehislivingwritingmagazinearticlesandworkingasascreenwriterratherthanasanovelist.Throughoutthisperiod,hecontinuedtowrite,thoughhisnovels,sometimesnotedforthestirringportraitthattheypresentedoflifeinthepost-CivilWarSouth,weregenerallyrelegatedtothecategoryofstrictlyregionalwritingandwerenotwidelyappreciated.RecommendedSolutionOldTOEFLActualVocabulary(1sttime)OldTOEFLReadingPassage(2ndtime)Requirement:1.Markthefrequentacademicwords2.Writedownallthesewordsinspecificcategoryandpropernotebook√correlativewordsTheimportanceofCWTableofCW1.3Sentence1.3.1ParallelConstructionsarentheticalsentencehrasesppositonsttributiveclausesComplexsentences分句：包含一个主语和一个谓语。每个句子至少有一个分句，有些句子有多个分句。一个分句：Scientistsareexploringnewusesofcornandsoybeans.两个分句：Beforeshewasnineteen,BillieHolidayhadsungwithseveralbands.三个分句：Thejaguarhasareputationasaman-eater,butmanypeopletellstoriesinwhichajaguarfollowedthemforhourswithoutattacking.主句〔或者叫做独立分句〕和从句主句〔独立分句〕：Someearlyculturesleftnowrittenrecordsforustodiscover.从句：Becausehewrotebleakplaysabouthumanfate.☆定语从句：定语从句是一种附属分句，在句中充当形容词的成分，用来修饰名词。定语从句必须有一个主语和一个谓语动词。Abird’sprimaryhabitatistheonewheremostpeopleobserveit.RobertFrostwasapoetwhoseworkchangedAmericanpoetry.1.有些定语从句可以缩简为形容词短语，句意不变。只有当关系代词who,which,that作定语从句的主语时，定语从句才可以缩简为形容词短语。形容词短语中的动词采用现在分词或者过去分词形式。注意：关系代词省略；如有情态动词，省略；动词变为现在分词或过去分词。定语从句：Apediatricianisadoctorwhospecializesinthecareofchildren.形容词短语：Apediatricianisadoctorspecializinginthecareofchildren.定语从句：Theresultsofthestudy,whichwerereleasedlastyear,surprisednearlyeveryone.形容词短语：Theresultsofthestudy,releasedlastyear,surprisednearlyeveryone.定语从句：Lavathatisthrownfromavolcanotravelsgreatdistances.形容词短语：Lavathrownfromavolcanotravelsgreatdistances.2.非限制性定语从句需要用逗号隔开，对应的形容词短语也需要逗号隔开。CraterLake,whichwasformedbyavolcano,isasuperbsettingfordayhikes.CraterLake,formedbyavolcano,issuperbsettingfordayhikes.3.以which或who引导、动词be为谓语的定语从句，可以缩简为同位语。同位语是一种名词性结构，位于所修饰的名词旁边，并有逗号与之分开。Oneapplicationofthelaserisholography,whichistheproductionofthree-dimensionalimages.Oneapplicationofthelaserisholography,theproductionofthree-dimensionalimages.CurrierandIves,whowereAmericanlithographers,producedpopularhand-coloredprints.CurrierandIves,Americanlithographers,producedpopularhand-coloredprints.☆状语从句副词用来修饰动词。状语从句是一种附属分句，在句中充当副词的成分。状语从句可以修饰动词或独立分句。与其他附属分句一样，状语从句必须有一个主语和一个谓语动词。附属连词+主语+谓语动词〔+从句的其他成分〕状语从句不能单独存在，必须与独立分句或主句一起才能构成完整的句子。Thedogwalkedtotheintersectionandwaited,justasithadbeentrainedtodo.状语从句类型：时间After/assoonas/once/when/as/before/since/whenever/aslongas/bythetime/until/whileChildrenlearntheirculturefromtheirparentsastheylistentofamilystories.Bythetimehisautobiographywaspublished,MalcolmXhadbeenassassinated.Ourbrainisbusysortingandstoringinformationwhilewearesleeping.地点Where/whereverWhereverabitofsoilcollectsinasidewalkcrack,aseedislikelytogerminate.原因As/because/nowthat/sinceIwillnotbeansweringe-mailnextweek,asIwillbeawayfrommycomputer.Nowthatspringhasarrived,thedaysarelongerthanthenights.目的Sothat/so…that/such…that/inorderthatMartinLutherKingwassuchapowerfuloratorthathisspeechescontinuetoinspirepeopletoday.比照Although/eventhough/whereas/despitethefactthat/evenif/though/while/inspiteofthefactthatEventhoughithelpssomepeople,doctorsdisagreeonthesafetyofmelatonin.Somestudentspreferlectureclasses,whileotherslikesmallgroupdiscussions.方式As/asif/asthoughTheraccoonrubsandtearsitsfoodunderwater,asifthefoodneededwashing.条件Aslongas/if/onlyif/unless/evenif/incase/providedthat/whetherornotUnlessfishisproperlypreserved,itwillspoilinjustafewdays.SentenceCompletion1._______,smallsubstancespassthroughthecellmembrane.○Howacelleats○Acellwilleat○Whenacelleats○Acelliseating2.Anarchitectusuallymakesdrawings______anyconstructionbegins.○earlier○before○during○then3.Brassesaremusicalinstrumentsthatproducetones_____themouthpiece.○lipsvibrating○lipsarevibrating○lipsvibrate○whenlipsvibrate4.Customersareentitledtoreceiveadditionalcreditservices_____maintaintheiraccountingoodstanding.○theycan○dothey○aslongas○aslongasthey5.Thespidercalled“daddylonglegs”isomnivorous,____plantfluids,animaltissue,andotherspiders.○feedingon○isfedon○feedson○tofeedon6._____commonusageamongeconomists,theterm“naturalrate”ismisleading.○Ithasgained○Thatithasgained○Hasitgained○Althoughithasgained7._____Becquerel’sdiscoveryofradioactivity,MarieCuriebegantostudyuranium.○Following○Wasfollowing○Followed○Shefollowed8._____golfbecameincreasinglyaccessible,thegameattainedpopularitywithbothordinarypeopleandprofessionalplayers.○so○as○asif○that9._____toasurgeonin1811,sixteen-year-oldJohnKeatssoonmetthewriterLeighHuntandgaveupsurgeryforpoetry.○Tobeapprenticed○Apprenticed○Hewasapprenticed○Apprenticeship10.Prehistoricmenhuntedthehairymammothwithspearsandaxes,later___theanimal’sbodytoavarietyofuses.○put○tobeput○putting○theirputting

11.Chinooksarewarmwinds____offthemountainsandacrosstheplainsinwinter.○thatcome○comefrom○theycome○arecoming12.Whenwebreathe,oxygenispassedtospecialmoleculesintheblood,___ittothemuscles.○iscarried○carried○whichcarry○willcarry13.Hammurabi,___hiscapitalatBabbylon,issuedacodeoflawsforthemanagementofhislargeempire.○whose○had○hehad○whohad14.Genesarethebiologicalinstructions____ineverycell.○arefound○found○find○finding15.Alotofunemploymentisthesimpleturnoverofpeopleeither___forthefirsttimeorreenteringit.○enterthelaborforce○enteredthelaborforce○areenteringthelaborforce○enteringthelaborforce16.Tarragonhaslongbeencultivatedforitsleaves,___forflavoringvinegar,sauces,andsoups.○thatareused○beenused○whichareused○theyareused17.TheprincipleofDada,___toNewYorkbyMaxErnstandMarcelDuchamp,eventuallybecamethebasisofSurrealism.○carried○werecarried○theywerecarried○carriedthem18.Thefat-solublevitaminsarestoredinbodyfatandmaythereforeaccumulateinquantities___.○canbetoxic○theycanbetoxic○cantheybetoxic○thatcanbetoxic19.Apatient’shealthhistoryisacollectionof___fromthepatientandothersources.○informationisobtained○informationobtained○obtaintheinformation○obtaintheinformation20.MauriceRavelbasedsomeofhisfinestworksontheOrientalscales___hewasintroducedattheParisExhibitionof1889.○that○which○towhich○andwhich

断句符号：主语：单下划线谓语：双下划线宾语：波浪线定语：单斜线插入语：点状线从句引导词：圈长状语：括号并列：双斜杠转折：中括号1.3.1ParallelConstructionsGeologistsbelievethatthewarningsignsforamajorearthquakemayincludesuddenfluctuationsinlocalseismicactivity,tiltingandotherdeformationsoftheEarth’scrust,changesinthemeasuredstrainacrossafaultzone,andvariationsintheelectricalpropertiesofundergroundrocks.Practice1.Themedievalscholarmadealmostnoattempttoinvestigatetheanatomyofplants,theirmechanismsofgrowth,orthewaysinwhichtheyarerelatedtooneanother2.Whilesomestudentsareabletosupplementtheirfundswithmoneyfrompart-timeorvacationwork,suchworkisnotalwaysregularevenwhenavailable,andthiscancontributetoanxietyandstudyproblems.3.Already,wastepaperconstitutes70%ofpaperusedforpackagingandadvancesinthetechnologyrequiredtoremoveinkfromthepaperhaveallowedahigherrecycledcontentinnewsprintandwriting.arentheticalsentenceTheonlywayIknowofdealingwiththisgeneralhumanconceitistoremindourselvesthatmanisabriefepisodeinthelifeofasmallplanetonalittlecorneroftheuniverse,andasweknow,otherpartsofthecosmosmaycontainbeingsassuperiortoourselvesaswearetojellyfish.Practice:1.Theconvergenceofthosetwogrowingtrendsdroppingoutandloggingonexacerbatestheseriousconsequencesofadropinpoliticalinvolvementandariseinsocialisolation.2.Becausethesummer-timeworkofscientisttendstocapturethepublic’simagination,withrevelationsabouttheozoneholeorwhalenumbers,peopletendtooverlooktheeffortsofthe20orsowinterersateachbasemostlytradespeoplewhokeepthebasesgoinglongafter“theboffins’(researchscientists)havemigratedtowarmerclimates.hrases1.Asuccessfultest-takershouldsotrainhimselfastorelyuponhisowncomprehensionabilityintherealTOEFLreadingtest.“so….asto….”-“这样……以便…..”注意：so….asto….可以转换成soasto但含义略有不同，请比拟：1.Shegotupearlysoastobeintimefortheschoolbus.(为了能搭校车，她起得很早。)〔表示“目的”〕2.Shegotupsoearlyastobeintimefortheschoolbus.(她起的很早，所以搭上了校车。)〔表示“结果”〕2.anythingbut根本不；nothingbut只不过是；allbut几乎，差一点；除……以外其余都butfor要不是；but＋从句，假设不是……例1.：Aloneinadesertedhouse,hewassobusywithhisresearchworkthathefeltanythingbutlonely.[译文]：虽然他孤独一人住在这幢房子里，但他埋头于研究工作，一点也没有感到孤独。[注释]：句中anythingbut意为except。例2.Heseldomtalkedofanythingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind;itissimplythemodebyallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexplanation.[译文]：科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活的的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨的表达方式例3.Thepartywasallbutoverwhenwearrived.[译文]：我们到达时，聚会已近尾声。[注释]：此句中allbut意为nearly,almost。例4.Butfortherain,wewouldhavehadaniceholiday.[译文]：要不是因为下雨，我们的假日一定过得很惬意。“名词，＋or＋名词”结构中or后的名词是同位语，应译为“即……；或者称……”例：Moreover,technologyincludestechniques,orwaystodothings,aswellasthemachinesthatmayormaynotbenecessarytoapplythem.[译文]：再者，除机器外技术还包括技艺，即制作方法，而运用这些技艺并不一定都需要机器。3.“...，onlyto＋动词”意为“……，结果却……”例:Theydon’thavetopayforexpensiveseatsatthetheatre,thecinemaortheopera,onlytodiscover,perhaps,thattheshowisdisappointing.4.notnearly永远不例：Foodsupplywillnotincreasenearlyenoughtomatchthis,whichmeansthatweareheadingintoacrisisinthematterofproducingandmarketingfood.[译文]：食品供给将远远赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正面临危机。5.notsomuch...as...与其说……不如说……例1.Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.[译文]：他们说，科学的开展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改良了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西例2.TheconveniencesthatAmericansdesirereflectnotsomuchaleisurelylifestyleasbusylifestyleinwhichevenminutesoftimearetoovaluabletobewasted.[译文]：美国人所需要的各种便利条件与其说是反映一种沉着不迫的生活方式，还不如说反映一种忙碌的生活方式。在这种忙碌的生活方式中甚至几分钟时间都得珍惜。[注释]：1)notsomuchas连在一起写，那么意为“连……都不(肯)”如：Hedidn’tsomuchasthankmeforreturninghismoneythatIfind.我把找到的钱还给他，他却连谢都不肯谢。2)该句型有时也用notsomuch...but...如：Theimportantthingisnotsomuchtheactualpopulationoftheworld,butitsrateofincrease.重要的与其说是世界的实际人口量，还不如说是人口的增长率。3).要注意“notsomuch...but...”与“notso＋形容词＋but＋从句”之意的区别，后者意为“虽然……但是……”例如：Thebridgewasnotsocrowdedbutthebicyclescouldgothrough.这桥上虽然很拥挤，但是自行车还能穿过去。6.muchless,stillless引导的词组或从句，表示一种追加的否认less是由little的否认意义而来的，所以这两个词组只能用于否认句中，意为“更不必说”。tosaynothingof,nottospeakof,nottomention,letalone意为“更不消说”，也是一种追补的说法。但它们与muchless和stillless有所不同，这些词组可以随前一句的意思而定。前一句是肯定，那么追加的也是肯定意义。如果前一句是否认，那么追加的也是否认意义。例1.Icouldnotagreeto,muchlessparticipateinsuchproceedings.[译文]：我不能同意这种行为，更谈不上参加这些行动了。例2.Heknowslittleofmathematics,andstilllessofchemistry.[译文]：他几乎不懂数学，更不用说化学了。)例3.InoldChina,therewashardlyanymachine-buildingindustry,tosaynothingofanelectronicindustry.[译文]：在旧中国，几乎没有什么机器制作工业，更不用说电子工业了。例4.Idon’tknowalgebraorgeometry,nottomentioncalculus.[译文]：我连代数几何都不懂，更不必说微积分了。例5.Ican’taddtwoandtwo,letalonedofraction.[译文]：我2加2都不会，更不用说做分数题了。注意：《美国成语词典》认为letalone只能用于追加的否认，但是，有的词典认为，该短语也可以引导追加的肯定。例如：Therewerefivepeopleinthecar,letalonetheluggageandthetwodogs.车里已经坐了五个人了，行李和那两条狗就不带走了。7.nomore...than...和……一样都不……例1.Theheartisnomoreintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.[译文]：心脏和胃一样都无智力可言，因为它们都是由大脑控制的。例2.Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.[译文]：他们没有理由限制你服用多少维他命，就像他们不能限制你喝多少水一样more...than...与其……不如……例1.Heisamanwhoismorebravethanwise.[译文]：与其说他是一个聪明的人，不如说他是一个勇敢的人。[注释]：1).more...than常用来比拟同一个人或者同一个事物的两种不同特征。又如：Heismoremadthanstupid.他与其说是笨，不如说是疯。morethan＋从句(句中有can或could)：实在不能……。例如：Someofthesuggestionsaremorethanwecanaccept.有些建议我们实在不能接受。3).notmore＋名词＋than＋句词：与……一样(是)，如：Abigelephantisnotmoreananimalthanalittlecatis.大象和小猫也一样是动物。4).(be)moreofa...thana...：与其说是……不如说是……，〔先翻译后面局部〕如：Heismoreofapoliticianthanascholar.与其说他是个学者，不如说是个政客。9.nolessthan简直是，实在是〔先翻译后面〕例1.Itisnolessthanblackmailtoasksuchahighprice.[译文]：如此索要高价，简直是敲诈ppositons同位语从句指位于一些抽象名词〔如fact,opinion,idea,effect,news,claim,thought,conclusion,information等〕之后的、而且是用that来引导的句子。在这种情况下的句子叫同位语从句，它所包含的语法成分是完整的，即：主语+谓语〔+宾语〕，但是在内容含义上是对位于其前的中心词进行具体的说明或解释。例1.ThenewsthatChinaSucceededinitsentryintotheWTOisindeedveryexiting.例2.Themethodsthatacommunitydevisestoperpetuateitselfcomeintobeingtopreserveaspectsoftheculturallegacythatthatcommunityperceivesasessential.ttributiveclauses1.Thecommissionacknowledgedthatneithervastamountsofmoneynoralargestaffcanensurethesafetyofpeoplewholiveinthevicinityofanuclearplant,butitapprovedtheinstallationbecauseitbelievedthatallreasonableprecautionshadbeentaken.2.Evidenceforthisinconsistentlevelofperformancecomesfrommodernresearchesandpracticeswhichhaveshownthatwithskilledtrainingandopportunityfordevelopment,peoplewithintellectualdisabilityhavemuchgreaterpotentialforacquiringskillsandforparticipationincommunitylifethanpreviouslyhadbeenthoughtpossible.Complexsentences1.Thousandsoftonswereextractedbefore1875,whenitwasfirstnoticedthatthetarcontainedfossilremains.2.Duringmostoftheirlives,surgeglaciersbehavelikenormalglaciers,travelingperhapsonlyacoupleofinchesperday.3.AfloodoficewouldthensurgeintotheSouthernSea.Withthecontinuedriseinsealevel,moreicewouldplungeintotheocean,causingsealevelstoriseevenhigher,whichinturnwouldreleasemoreiceandsetinmotionaviciouscycle.4.Sincethen,over100tonsoffossils,1.5millionfromvertebrates,2.5millionfrominvertebrates,havebeenrecovered,oftenindenselyconcentratedtangledmasses.5.Advocatesoforganicfoodsatermwhosemeaningvariesgreatlyfrequentlyproclaimthatsuchproductsaresaferandmorenutritiousthanothers.6.Therearenumerousunsubstantiatedreportsthatnaturalvitaminsaresuperiortosyntheticones,thatfertilizedeggsarenutritionallysuperiortounfertilizedeggs,thatuntreatedgrainsarebetterthanfumigatedgrains,andthelike.Practice:1.Foracademicswhoseexperienceisprimarilyofstudyon-campus,thereissomechallengeindistanceeducation,becausetheassumptionswhichunderpinindividualizedlearningmaybequitedifferentfromthosewithwhichtheyarefamiliar.2.Undoubtedly,thenativeraspberry,forexample,could,withsuitableselectionandbreedingprograms,bemadetoyieldahigh-classfruit;butAustraliansalreadyenjoygoodraspberriesfromotherareasoftheworldandunlesssomededicatedamateurplantbreedertakesupthetask,theAustralianraspberriesarelikelytoremainunimproved.SolutionsforbothAW&Sen.Material:OldTOEFLActualVocabularyExample001.Mostoftheseleaderswereinvolvedinpubliclifeasreformers,activists/workingforwomen'srighttovote/,orauthors,//andwerenotrepresentativeatallofthegreatofordinarywomen.

Theword"representative"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?

(A)typical

(B)satisfied

(C)supportive

(D)distinctive【词】

involved:1.Complicated;intricate:繁杂的：复杂的；错综的：theinvolvedprocedureofgettingalicense.SeeSynonymsatcomplex获取执照所需的繁杂的手续参见complex2.Curledinward;coiledorinvolute.内卷的：向内卷的；盘绕的或内卷的3.Confused;tangled.纠缠的：纠缠不清的；绞在一起的4.Connectedbyparticipationorassociation:受牵扯的：因参与或合作而有关联的：involvedinaconspiracy.卷进一场密谋Emotionallycommitted:感情上投入的：Hejoinedtheirorganizationbutneverreallygotinvolved.他参加了他们的组织但在情感上他从未真正投入Representative:代表三个代表：threerepresentatives〔其实老外还是不懂〕Ordinary:1.Commonlyencountered;usual.SeeSynonymsatcommon通常的：通常遇见的；普通的参见common2.Ofnoexceptionalability,degree,orquality;average.一般的：没有超乎寻常的能力、程度或品质的；一般的3.Ofinferiorquality;second-rate.平庸的：质量较差的；二流的Havingimmediateratherthandelegatedjurisdiction,asajudge.常任的，本身有权的：拥用直接的裁判权而不是被授权的，如法官可以查词典区分：ordinaryandcommon【句】平行并列句双斜杠处分为两句S1