新教材2024高考英语二轮专题复习专题一阅读理解第二部分怎样准解题第三讲主旨大意题-高屋建瓴明意旨课件

第三讲主旨大意题——高屋建瓴明意旨主旨大意题主要考查形式有三种：文章大意类、段落大意类及标题归纳类。主旨大意题在近三年全国卷中每套题均有涉及，虽然比重不大，

但是难度较高，

是大部分学生容易失分的题目类型，

应给予足够的重视，

争取阅读得满分。【近3年全国卷考情分析】清迷点·扫盲点练重点·练难点清迷点·扫盲点技法1最佳标题类——文章主线定标题标题归纳题要求在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强，不改变原文的意义和感情色彩；覆盖性强，能概括全文并体现文章的主旨。【经典感悟】[典例1]

[2023·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读B]Turningsoil,pullingweeds,andharvestingcabbagesoundliketoughworkformiddleandhighschoolkids.Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlow­incomeschools.Theprogramaimstohelpstudentsdevelopscienceskills,environmentalawareness,andhealthylifestyles.Jaramillo'sstudentsliveinneighborhoodswherefreshfoodandgreenspacearenoteasytofindandfastfoodrestaurantsoutnumbergrocerystores.“Thekidsliterallycometoschoolwithbagsofsnacksandlargebottlesofsoftdrinks，”shesays.“Theycometousthinkingvegetablesareawful,dirtisawful,insectsareawful.”Thoughsomeareinitiallyscaredoftheinsectsandturnedoffbythedirt,mostareeagertotrysomethingnew.UrbanSprouts'classes,attwomiddleschoolsandtwohighschools,includehands­onexperimentssuchassoiltesting,flower­and­seeddissection,tastingsoffreshordriedproduce,andworkinthegarden.Severaltimesayear,studentscookthevegetablestheygrow,andtheyoccasionallymakesaladsfortheirentireschools.Programevaluationsshowthatkidseatmorevegetablesasaresultoftheclasses.“Wehavestudentswhosaytheywenthomeandtalkedtotheirparentsandnowthey'reeatingdifferently，”Jaramillosays.Sheaddsthattheprogram'sbenefitsgobeyondnutrition.Somestudentsgetsointerestedingardeningthattheybringhomeseedstostarttheirownvegetablegardens.Besides,workinginthegardenseemstohaveacalmingeffectonJaramillo'sspecialeducationstudents,manyofwhomhaveemotionalcontrolissues.“Theygetoutside，”shesays,“andtheyfeelsuccessful.”27．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．RescuingSchoolGardensB．ExperiencingCountryLifeC．GrowingVegetableLoversD．ChangingLocalLandscape【答题微点】1．设题特点：标题是文章中心思想的精炼表达，主要考查考生把握主题和理解中心思想能力，要求考生在理解文章的基础上运用判断、归纳、概括等方法，对文章的主题进行提炼或高度概括，最终准确地选出文章的标题。2．常见设问方式：①Whichisthebesttitleforthetext?②Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?③Whichofthefollowingcanbethebest/mostsuitabletitleforthepassage?图解技巧1文章主线定标题第一步读文章，理清结构第二步析选项，斟酌判断A本文提到了学生在学校种植蔬菜，但其目的并不是为了拯救学校花园，而是为了培养学生对蔬菜的兴趣移花接木，偷换概念B本文未提及体验乡村生活相关内容无中生有，生搬硬套C本文主要讲述了AbbyJaramillo发起UrbanSprouts项目，带领学生种植蔬菜的故事，学生们开始对园艺感兴趣。选项蔬菜种植爱好者全面、精练地概括了文章内容。涵盖性强，覆盖全文D本文未提及“改变当地景观”相关内容无中生有，生搬硬套第三步对比选项得出答案【名师指津】技法2全文大意题——定位主题知文意文章大意是作者在文章中所要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通过行文逻辑和各种细节来阐明的中心话题。掌握寻找文章主题的3个小技巧，可以快速确定文章大意。【经典感悟】[典例2]

[2023·浙江卷阅读B]Livewithroommates?Havefriendsandfamilyaroundyou?Chancesarethatifyou'relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle，noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadytojumponthatbandwagon.IexperiencedthiswhenIstartedswitchingtoazerowastelifestylefiveyearsago，asIwaslivingwithmyparents，andIcontinuetoexperiencethiswithmyhusband，asheisnotcompletelyzerowastelikeme.I'velearnedafewthingsalongthewaythough，whichIhopeyou'llfindencouragingifyou'redoingyourbesttofigureouthowyoucanmakethechangeinanot­always­supportivehousehold.Zerowastewasaradicallifestylemovementafewyearsback.IremembershowingmyparentsavideoofBeaJohnson，sharinghowcoolIthoughtitwouldbetobuygrocerieswithjars，andhavesolittletrash！Afewdayslater，Icamebackwithmyfirstjarsofzerowastegroceries，andmydadcommentedonhowsillyitwasformetocarryjarseverywhere.Itcameoffasabitdiscouraging.Yetasthemonthsofreducingwastecontinued，IdidwhatIcouldthatwaswithinmyownreach.Ihadmyownbedroom，soIworkedonremovingthingsIdidn'tneed.SinceIhadmyowntoiletries(洗漱用品)，Iwasabletostartpersonalisingmyroutinetobemoresustainable.Ialsoofferedtocookeverysooften，soIportionedoutabitofthecupboardformyownzerowastegroceries.Perhapsyourhouseholdwon'tentirelymaketheswitch，butyoumayhavesomecontroloveryourownpersonalspacestomakethechangesyoudesire.Asyoumakeyourlifestylechanges，youmayfindyourselfwantingtospeakupforyourselfifotherscommentonwhatyou'redoing，whichcanturnitselfintoawholehouseholddebate.Ifyouhaveindividualswhoarenotonboard，yourwordsprobablywon'tdomuchandcanoftenleaveyoufeelingmorediscouraged.Sohereismyadvice:Leadbyaction.27．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Howtogetonwellwithotherfamilymembers.B．Howtohaveone'sownpersonalspaceathome.C．Howtoliveazerowastelifestyleinahousehold.D．Howtocontrolthebudgetwhenbuyinggroceries.【答题微点】1．设题特点：文章大意题是考查考生深层理解文章以及在速读中准确定位文章主旨大意的能力。文章中的每一段都是围绕某一主题展开的，

把每个段落的主题句综合起来就可以概括出全文的中心思想。2．常见设问方式：①Whatisthemaintheme/topic/ideaofthis/thepassage/text?②Whatdoesthetext/passagemainlyfocuson?③Thepassage/textismainlyabout________．④Themainideaofthepassageis________．⑤Whatdoesthestorymainlytellus?图解技巧2定位主题知文意第一步读文章，概括文意第二步析选项，斟酌判断A如何与其他家庭成员相处融洽。文中虽然提到了减少与家人在零废物生活方式上分歧的技巧，但家庭关系并不是本文的核心。以偏概全，观点片面B如何在家中拥有自己的个人空间。文中未提及相关内容。无中生有，生搬硬套C如何在家庭中过零浪费的生活方式。文章第一、二段讲述了在家庭生活中实行“零浪费”生活方式可能遭遇反对，第三、四段讲述了作者自身经历，第五、六段讲述了作者给读者的建议。可知，文章主要内容与如何在家庭生活中实现“零浪费”生活方式有关，故C项正确。涵盖性强，覆盖全文D购买杂货时如何控制预算。文中未提及相关内容。无中生有，生搬硬套技法3段落大意题——首尾兼顾定段意段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对某个段落基本内容的简缩和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。【经典感悟】[典例3]

[2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D]OnMarch7，1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren'talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon'tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople'sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people'serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(转折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow­upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn'tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision­makingareenormous.32．WhatisParagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A．Themethodsofestimation.B．Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C．Thecausesofpeople'serrors.D．ThedesignofGalton'sexperiment.【答题微点】1．设题特点：段落大意题主要考查考生用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。2．常见设问方式：①WhatdoestheauthortellusinParagraph...?②Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout________．图解技巧3首尾兼顾定段意第一步首尾兼顾定段意第一段铺垫背景，点出了文章话题，即Francis的论文和研究揭示了群体智慧效应的现象。第二段则详细解释了群体智慧效应的形成机制，人们估算的误差并不总是相同，有人倾向于高估，有人倾向于低估，当样本规模足够大的时候，人们之间的误差互相抵消，因此形成了群体智慧效应。因此，通过介绍群体智慧效应的形成机制，第二段主要是为了解释群体智慧效应的底层逻辑。第二步析选项，斟酌判断A估计的方法。原文未提及相关内容无中生有，生搬硬套B这一效应的底层逻辑。精确概括本段核心主旨涵盖性强，覆盖全段C人们产生误差的原因。原文未提及相关内容无中生有，生搬硬套D高尔顿实验的设计。原文未提及相关内容以偏概全，观点片面练重点·练难点[2023·河北省唐山市第三次模拟]It'snosecretthatourjobscanhaveamajorimpactonourlivesoutsideofwork.Butwhatmanyemployersdon'trealizeisthathowemployeesspendtheirtimeatworkcanhavesubstantialspillovereffectsontheirchildren.Toexploretheimpactofparents'workontheirchildren'sdevelopment,myteamconductedastudythatfollowedmorethan370low­wage,working­classfamiliesovermorethantenyears.Weintentionallyfocusedonlow­wagefamilies,astheygenerallyreceivefarlessattentioninthework­familyliteraturewhilefacingsomeofthegreatestchallenges.We,therefore,couldgetmoreauthenticdata.Wecompletedin­homeinterviewsandfirst­handobservationsofparent­childinteractionswithstrictassessmentsandreportsfromparentsandteachers.Thedatashowedthatparentswhoexperiencedmoreautonomyonthejobandwhohadmore­supportivemanagersandcoworkerswereinturnwarmerandmoreengagedwheninteractingwiththeirkids.Checkingbackinwiththesefamiliesyearslater,weconsistentlysawthatthechildrenofemployeeswhohadhadmore­positiveworkexperiencesintheirfirstyearsasparentshadbetterreadingandmathskills,andbettersocialskills.Soitisimportanttopromoteworkers'physicalandmentalhealth.Someorganizationstendtofocusonhigh­levelpolicychangessuchasflexibleschedulingoptions,morepaidleave,etc.Andtobesure,thesesystemicinitiativesarecertainlyimportant.Butourresearchsuggeststhatensuringworkersfeelrespectedandsupportedintheirdailyworkisoftenjustascritical.Thatmeansemployersshouldgiveemployeesthetimeandspacetosharetheirexperiencesandideas.Inthisway,employerswillensureworkersfeelbuoyantintheirdailywork.Theworkerswillfeelbrightandlively,enjoyingmoreautonomyandrespect.Ultimately,howcompaniestreattheirworkerstodaywilldeterminehowthenextgenerationgrowsuptomorrow.Thatmeansbuildingworkplacesthatvaluethewelfareofworkingparents—andthatoftheirkids,too.1．Whydidthestudychoosethelow­wagefamilies?A．Totackletheirproblems.B．Togivethemmoreattention.C．Tolearnmoretruthaboutthepoor.D．Tomakethestudymoreconvincing.答案与解析：D推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Weintentionallyfocusedonlow­wagefamilies,astheygenerallyreceivefarlessattentioninthework­familyliteraturewhilefacingsomeofthegreatestchallenges.We,therefore,c