2022年上海市崇明区高考英语二模试卷（附答案详解）

2022年上海市崇明区高考英语二模试卷

1.ToShakeorNotToShakeHands

Asweemergefromthepandemic(大流彳亍病),we'restartingtoseethereturnofan

age-oldcustom：thehandshake.Manyofuswent(1)shakingsomeoneelse'shandsfor

abouttwoyears.Butasvaccination(接种疫苗)ratesgoupandsocialdistancing

restrictionsfall,we'restartingtopressthefleshagain.

Noteveryoneishappythatthehandshakeismakingitswayback.⑵it'sadeep-rooted

wayofexpressingfriendshipandrespect,somemedicalexpertswishitweregoneforgood.

"It'sneverbeensafe,"saidDr.GregoryPoland,aMayoClinicphysicianandprofessor.

"Handshakingcarriestheriskoftransmittingahostofundesirableconditions,"Poland

said.Handshaking(3)havestartedasanancientcustomtodemonstratetoastrangerthat

youhadnoweaponinyourhand.But"youare,infact,bearingatsomelevel,abioweapon”

onyourunwashedhand,Polandsaid.

"It'sunfortunatethatweneededapandemictoshakesomesenseintopeopleonhow

diseaseistransmitted,'*saidDr.MarkSklansky,who'sworriedthattheopportunity(4)

(kill)thehandshakeisslippingthroughourfingers.

Shakinghandsasasymboloffriendshipandtrust⑸(practice)byBabyloniankings

andancientRomansandpromotedby18th-centuryQuakers.Sofar,it⑹(become)an

internationalcustomofagreement,respectandcongratulationsinmodernbusiness,politics

andsports.Butrightnow,weareinasociallyawkwardtimeofhandshakeuncertainty,(7)

somepeoplearecomfortableshakinghandsandsomearenot.Ifwearenotcomfortable

acceptinga(n)⑻(offer)handshake,wecanbereadytorespondinapolite

manner.Insteadofrefusingdirectly,wecankeepourhandstoourside,maintaineye

contact,smile,nodorslightlybowwhile(9)(say)somethinggraciouslike,uFm

currentlynotshakinghands,butit'ssoverynicetomeetyou."

Sklanskyisconvincedthatevenlong-heldculturalcustomscanchangeovertimeifwe

realize(10)unhealthytheyare.

(1)

⑵

⑶

⑷

(5)

(6)

⑺

(8)

(9)

(10)

2.A.accessibleB.accommodateC.committedD.conductedE.figureF.function

G.leadershipH.populationLreservedJ.specificK.survival

MakingFashionAccessible

PeoplewithDownsyndrome(唐氏综合症)haveshorterarmsandlegs,rounderbodies

andcommonsensitivitiestotagsandfabrics(布料)，whichmakeitdifficulttofind

everydayclothes,likejeans,thatfitthemandfeelgood.

AresearchstudyattheUniversityofDelaware'sInnovation,HealthandDesignLabis

being(1)tocreatetheUnitedStates'firstsizeguideforpeoplewithDownsyndrome.The

lab'smissionistoprovideawholecommunitywithaccesstooutfitsthathelpthem(2)

withmoreindependenceandconfidence.

Attheendofthestudy,thenearly1,000participatingchildrenwithDownsyndromewill

eachreceivefreecustom-madejeansthat(3)theirsizeandlimitedmotorfunctions.

Thelab,whichopenedinSeptember2018,ispoweredbythevisionand(4)ofMartha

Hall.Hallstartedhercareerdesigningcocktaildresses.Butaftershesawtheworka

professorwasdoingforchildrenwithmotordisabilities,shegotinspiredand(5)herselfto

improvingminorities'qualityoflifethroughfunctionalclothingafterwards.Thelab

projectsaddresseverythingfrominclusiveclothingandathleticweartomedicaldevices

thatcanincreasethe(6)chancesofprematurebabies.

Somebrandshavetriedtomakesensorysensitiveclothinglines⑺,butthey'renotusing

accuratesizeguides,saidHall.ThafswhereHall'sstudentresearcherscomein.Withthe

Downsyndromesizeguideandjeanproject,theyinterviewcaregiverstolearnthe

children's(8)needs.

Toproducethesizechart,thelabusesathree-dimensional(三维的)scannerthatscans

eachparticipant'sbodyandcreatesa3Dcolored(9)withexactmeasurements.Onceall

participantsarescannedjhecompanythatcreatedthemachinewilltakethe

第2页，共26页

measurements,createasizeguideandselltheguidetocompanies,whichwillbeableto

designclothingbasedonaccuratemeasurementsforthis(10)ofpeople.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

Artificialintelligence(AI)hasamazingpotentialtochangetheworld,andwe'veonlyjust

beguntoscratchthesurface.AsAImaturesandpeoplemovefurtherawayfromdistinct

programmingandmonitoringofsystems,unidentifiedbias(偏见)mightmakedecisions

continueforalongtimethatcause(3)harmforindividualsandsociety.Thisbiasmight(4)

inputdataoreventhealgorithms(算法)themselves.

Alltoooften,datasetsareincompleteandthesamplerepresentedinthedatasetdoesnot(5)the

populationthattheAImodelismakingpredictionsabout-thisisknownascoverage

bias.Someothertypesofbiasrelatedtoinputdataincludesamplingbias,wheredataisnot

collectedrandomlyfromthetargetgroup,andparticipationbias,whereusersfromcertain

groups(6)surveysatdif'ferentratesthanusersfromothergroups.StilLanothermore

challengingbiastoidentifyisconfirmationbiasthatoccurswhenadecisionmakeroranalyst

hasastrong£7)belieforexperiencethataffectstheirabilitytoconsideralternatives.Thiscould

leadonetomorestrongly(8)datathatconfirmsapreexistingbelief.

BiasresultingfromAIalgorithmsthemselves,oralgorithmicbias,isequally(9).Oneexampleof

algorithmicbiasisimplicitbiasorunconsciousbias,wheredatascientists(10)make

associationsorassumptionsbasedontheirmentalmodelsandmemoriesthataffectdata

modelingdecisions.Implicitbiascan(11)howdataiscollectedandclassified,orhowsystems

aredesignedanddeveloped.Asmachineslearn,theirconclusionsanddecisionsaffect

people.Ethical(道德的)AImustunderstandtheseimpactsandcreategovernanceandtesting

methodsto(12)mistakesandinaccuracies.

TocreateethicalAI,companiesneedtoputthe(13)oftheindividualatthecenterofdata

innovation.Thismeansthinkingabout(14)rightsashumanrightsanddevelopinga

comprehensiveapproachtodatajncludinghowweuseAI.

Having(15)datapracticesforAImeanshavinggoodAIgovernance.Thisgovernancenotonly

focusesondataandanalyticsbutalsounderstandstheimpactsofanygivenanalysisandmakes

sureit's(16)andaccurate.GoodAIgovernanceincludesdataresponsibilityaswellasa

commitmenttotransparency(透明性).

Noneofthiswillbeeasy,buttrueinnovationneveris.Bycomingtogetherandworkingonthe

problemofbiasnow,beforeitbecomesa(n)(17)force,businessescanhelpbringoutthebest

AIhastooffertheworld.

3.A.theoreticalB.psychological

C.disproportionateD.unintended

4.A.arisefromB.contributetoC.takeoverD.makeup

5.A.inspireB.matchC.protectD.restrict

6.A.quitB.administerC.compareD.analyze

7.A.distinctB.predictableC.originalD.widespread

8.A.restoreB.implyC.missD.favor

9.A.embarrassingB.dangerousC.relevantD.ridiculous

10.A.intentionallyB.temporarilyC.automaticallyD.appropriately

11.A.influenceB.helpC.attractD.predict

12.A.admitB.defineC.addressD.publicize

13.A.belongingsB.expressions

C.characteristicsD.needs

14.A.civilB.digitalC.legalD.natural

15.A.frequentB.responsibleC.peculiarD.graceful

16.A.fairB.quickC.appealingD.adequate

17.A.leadingB.innovativeC.culturalD.destructive

D

UnitedStatesgovernmenthealthofficialsaremovingforwardwithaplandesignedtokeep

electroniccigarettesoutofthehandsofyoungpeople.Theplanwouldrestrictsalesofmost

flavorede-cigarettesatdrugstores,gasolinestationsandotherbusinessesthatsellthem.

TheU.S.FoodandDrugAdministration,orFDA,firstproposedthenewruleslast

第4页，共26页

November.Theyarethelatestgovernmentefforttofightwhathealthofficialscallanepidemic

（泛滥）ofyoungpeopleusingthedevices.

Lastweek,theFDAannouncedthate-cigarettemakerswouldneedtorestrictsalesofmost

flavoredproducts.Saleswouldbelimitedtostoresthataskpeoplefortheirageuponentryor

haveaseparate,age-restrictedareaforvapingproductsore-cigarettes.Companieswouldalso

beexpectedtouseoutsideidentity-confirmationtechnologyforsalesinvolvingtheinternet.

TheFDAwillalsoworktoremovevapingproductsthatclearlyappealtochildren.Companies

thatdonotfollowthenewrequirementsriskhavingtheirproductspulledfromthe

U.S.market,theFDAsaid.TherestrictionswillnotincludethreeflavorsthattheFDAsays

appealmoretoadultsthanteenagers.

Anti-smokingactivistshavequestionedwhetherthenewFDArestrictionswillbeenoughto

stoptheriseinteenagevaping.TheFDAhaslittlepoweroverhowstoressellvaping

products.Instead,criticssaytheagencyislargelytellingcompaniestoself-police.

ErikaSwardiswiththeAmericanLungAssociation,whichhascalledontheFDAtoremoveall

flavorede-cigarettesfromthemarket.SwardsaidtheFDA'sdecisiontoleaveoutthreeflavors

isamistake.Studiesshowthoseflavorsareusedbynearlyhalfofteenagerswhovape.

Thenewrulesareexpectedtoheavilyaffectsmallbusinesses.Groupsrepresentingthosestores

havefoughtagainsttheplansinceitwasfirstproposedlastNovember.Therestrictionsare

expectedtohavelessofaneffectonvapespecialtyshops.Thatisbecausemanyofthemalready

requirestoreworkerstoaskpeopleforidentitydocuments.

18.WhydidFDAproposethenewrules?

A.Topreventteenagersvaping.

B.Tostopstoressellinge-cigarettes.

C.Toreducevapespecialtyshops.

D.Tolimittheflavorsofe-cigarettes.

19.Accordingtothenewrules,mostflavorede-cigarettesarelimitedtostoresthat.

A.haveaseparateareaforteenagers

B.imposerestrictionsonmaximumpurchases

C.followagecontrolrequirements

D.involvebothofflineandonlinesales

20.Whatisanti-smokingactivists*attitudetowardsthenewrules?

A.Optimistic.B.Suspicious.C.Curious.D.Uninterested.

21.WhatcanbelearnedaboutthenewrulesproposedbyFDA?

A.Smallbusinessesdisapproveofthem.

B.Companiesfailingtoobeythemwillbefined.

C.Theybansomecompaniesfromproducinge-cigarettes.

D.Theyremovethreeflavorede-cigarettesfromthemarket.

E

第6页，共26页

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第8页，共26页

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F

China'spolicyofplantingtreesislikelyplayingasignificantroleinitsclimateimpacts.An

internationalteamhasidentifiedtwoareasinthecountrywherethescaleofcarbondioxide

absorptionbynewforestshasbeenunderestimated.Takentogether,theseareasaccountfora

littleover35%ofChina'sentirelandcarbon"sink"，thegroupsays.

Acarbonsinkisanyareathatabsorbsmorecarbonthanitreleases,suchasforests,thereby

loweringtheconcentrationofCC)2访theatmosphere.

Chinaisoneoftheworld'smajorsourcesofhuman-producedcarbondioxide.Butithasstated

anintentiontopeaktheemissionsbefore2030andthentomovetocarbonneutralityby2060.

"AchievingChina'snet-zerotargetby2060willinvolveamassivechangeinenergyproduction

andalsothegrowthofsustainablelandcarbonsinks,"saidco-authorProfYiLiuattheInstitute

ofAtmosphericPhysics(IAP),ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing,China."The

afforestation(植树造林)activitiesdescribedinourNaturepaperwillplayaroleinachieving

thattarget,"hesaid.

China'sincreasingleafinesshasbeenevidentforsometime.Billionsoftreeshavebeenplanted

inrecentdecades,totackledesertificationandsoilloss.

ThenewstudymodifiesestimatesforhowmuchCO?alltheseextratreescouldbetakingupas

theygrow.Thelatestanalysisexaminedahostofdatasources.Theseconsistedofforestry

records,satelliteremote-sensingmeasurementsofvegetationgreenness,soilwater

availability,andobservationsofCC)2，againmadefromspacebutalsofromdirectsamplingof

theairatgroundlevel.

Thetwopreviouslyunder-appreciatedcarbonsinkareasarecentredonChina'ssouthwest,in

Yunnan,GuizhouandGuangxiprovinces；anditsnortheast,particularlyHeilongjiangandJilin

provinces.

ProfShaunQueganfromSheffieldUniversity,UK,studiesEarth'scarbonbalancebutwasnot

involvedinthisresearch.Hesaidtheextentofthenortheastsinkwasnotasurprisetohim,but

thesouthwestonewas.Buthecautionedthatnewforests1abilitytodrawdowncarbondeclines

withtimeasthegrowthratedeclinesandthesystemsmovetowardsamoresteadystate.

RichardBlack,directoroftheEnergyandClimateIntelligenceUnit(ECIU),anon-profit

think-tankworkingonclimatechangeandenergyissues,said,^However,althoughtheforest

sinkisbiggerthanthought,nooneshouldmistakethisasprovidinga'freepass'waytoreach

netzero.Foronething,carbonabsorptionwillbeneededtomakeupforongoingemissionsof

allgreenhousegases,notjustCO2；fbranother,thecarbonbalanceofChina*sforestsmaybe

compromised(折中)byclimatechangeimpacts,aswe'reseeingnowinplacessuchas

California,AustraliaandRussia."

25.Theword"tempering"inparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto"

A.assessingB.solidifyingC.lesseningD.authorizing

26.Whatcanbelearnedaboutthenewstudy?

A.ItfindsthatChinahasstoppeditsdesertificationbyplantingtrees.

B.Itisbasedondatafromboththegroundandthesatellites.

C.ItwarnsthatChinawillpeakitsemissionsbefore2030.

D.Itoverlookstherolesthatthelandcarbonsinksplay.

27.AccordingtoProfShaunQueganandRichardBlack,.

A.forestsinksabsorblesscarbondioxidewhentheyaregrowing

B.newforestsareverylikelytoguaranteethetargetofcarbonneutrality

C.thesouthwestsinkwon'tdrawdownasmuchcarbonasthenortheastone

D.manyotherfactorsneedtobetakenintoaccountwhenassessingtheforestsink

28.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?

A.GreenhouseGasEmissionLargelyReduced.

B.RolesofCarbonSinksProvedbyNewStudy.

C.China'sForestCarbonAbsorptionUnderestimated.

D.ClimateImpactsBalancedDuetoChina'sAfforestation.

第10页，共26页

A.Lying,itseems,isbecominganacceptableandevenadmirablesocialskill.

B.Alieisonlywrongbecauseitmightbediscovered,andcausehurtandupset.

C.ButtheCahootresearchalsoshowedthatlyingisonincreasinglydifficult

ground.

D.We,asaresult,areallonthereceivingendofagreatmanymoreliesthaninthe

past.

E.Theyaresoemotionallyandintellectuallyevolvednowthattheyarelying

more,onaregularbasis.

F.Theyeitherstoppotentialloversbyaskingfortoomuch,ortheyinviteliesthat

willbediscoveredquickly.

TheTruthIsOutHumanbeingsarenotbomliars,butthemomentwecanformcomplete

sentenceswebeginlyingtoprotectthefeelingsofothers,toavoidpunishmentand

conflict,and,mostfrequently,becauselyinggivesadvantagesthetruthwouldn'tprovide.Lying

getsresults.

OnestudybyBellaDePaulo,aprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofVirginia,foundlies

playedapartin30-38percentofpeople'ssocialinteractions.Sociallyskillfulpeopletoldalot

moreliesthantheirmoreawkwardcoworkers.⑴

Nowhereisthismoreobviousthanonthesinglesscene.Firstdateshavealwaysinvolveda

certainamountofself-boast,butsomesinglesnowregardout-and-outdeceit（欺骗）asa

reasonablestrategy.

Expertsbelievethatincreasedcompetitionandthehigherexpectationsamongsingles,along

withthepopularityofInternetdating,areencouragingoutbreaksofdeceitfulness.Theproblem

isthatmanysinglesarepresentingimagesofthemselvesthatareimpossibletoliveupto,and

costingtheiralreadylimitedchancesoflong-termloveintheprocess.⑵

Ofcourse,long-termloversaren'timmune（不受影响）tothe

conflict-avoiding,problem-buryinglieeither.Onceagain,apleasantsinglesscenecoupledwith

unrealisticexpectationshasputnewpressureonless-than-faultlessrelationshipsandtempted

manyintomoreseriousdeception.AstudylastyearbyCahootfoundthatamajorityofpartners

lietoeachotherabouttheirpersonalfinancialsituation.Otherstudieshavefoundthatwomen

appreciatewiseliesabouttheirweightorlooks.

（3）Inthiscontext,mightapolicyofhonestyatallcostsupsetthedelicatebalanceofdeceitthat

we'veinvolvedinbychanceoverthepastfewyears?Couldlying,assomepeoplesuggest,be

littlemorethanthelatestsocialart?

Possibly.AfterallJewofusfeelthatlyingiswronganymore.(4)Butthenthat,ofcourse,isthe

realissue.Wemightbegreatandfrequentliarsthesedays,butwe'renotanybetteratrecovering

orforgiving,ifwediscoverthatwe'vebeenliedto.

29.A.AB.BC.CD.DE.

EF.F

30.A.AB.Bc.cD.DE.

EF.F

31.A.AB.BC.CD.DE.

EF.F

32.A.AB.BC.CD.DE.

EF.F

33.Directions：Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)

ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.

BuildingTrustinVirtualEnvironmentsResearchintothesciencebehindhuman

communicationtellsusthatupto90percentofwhatwetelloneanotherisnonverbal.It's

thecountlesseye,facialandbodymovementsweflashoneanotherthathelpusunderstand

someone'sintentionanddetermineifweshouldtrustthem.

Thechallengeweallfaceisfiguringoutwaystobuildtrustinvirtual

environnients.Sure,wehavesomeinteractionsonvideoconferences,butthephysicalcues

(暗示)we'vebecomeaccustomedtoreactingtoarerestrictedandmasked.Thisis

forcingustodevelopnewwaystotrustoneanother.Goodleadersareworkingtoengineer

thoseopportunitiestobuildtrustintheirnowvirtualteams.

Therearelessonswecanlearnfromglobalmultinationalcompaniesthathavefiguredout

howtomakevirtualrelationshipsworkoverthepastfewdecades.Ifyouhavevital

businesspartners,orevenemployeesworkingoverseas,youhave,atbest,limited

opportunitiestomeettheminperson.Whatthesecompanieshavelearnedisthatactions

speaklouderthanwords,andpeoplebaseasimpleanalysisoftrustworthinesson

deliveringoncommitments.Peoplethatdoaretrustworthy；peoplethatdon'taren't.

Whenyouhirevirtualworkersandgetanewvirtualteammember,thereisthequestionof

whethersomeonehasthebackgroundandexperiencetheyclaimtohave.Thatmeanswe

allneedtoleanontoolsandtechniquestohelpcertify(证实)someone's

第12页，共26页

background.Somecompanieshavebuilttalentdatabasesinwhichpeoplecansearchtheir

teammatesandconfirmtheirimpressivebackgrounds.Knowingthatyouareworkingwith

acertifiedsuperstarbuildstrust.

Findingwaystogetsomeonetoprovetheirtrustworthinessbydoingwhattheysaythey

willandbackinguptheirclaimsofexperiencewillgoalongwayinhelpingyouadaptto

thenewrealitythatweworkin.

34.赶紧拖一下地板上的水，以免有人滑倒。（incase）

35.那个曾经一贫如洗的小山村近几年发展迅猛。（witness）

36.你昨天不该听任你的孩子在餐厅里为所欲为的，那肯定打扰到了其他顾客。（which）

37.面对实验一次又一次失败，这个科学家并没有气馁，而是不断改进实验，最终取得

了突破。（face）

38.Directions：WriteanEnglishcompositionin120-150wordsaccordingtotheinstructions

givenbelowinChinese.

假设你是中华中学的高三学生徐晶，最近，学校拟定了今年高三毕业典礼方案的讨

论稿如下，并公布在了校园网，征求师生意见。你看到后很想发表你的意见，写一

封邮件给负责的王老师，内容须包括：

•你认为方案中需要改进的地方及改进建议；

•你的理由。

中华中学2022届高三毕业典礼方案（讨论稿）

时间：2022年7月25日（星期一）

地点：学校小礼堂

参与对象：全体高三教师与学生、学校校级领导

典礼内容：高三教师代表发言、高三学生代表发言、颁发毕业证书

注：文中不得提及你的真实姓名或学校。

答案和解析

1.【答案】【小题1】without

【小题2]Though/Although/While

【小题3]may/might

【小题4]tokill

【小题5】waspracticed

【小题6]hasbecome

【小题7】when

【小题8】offered

【小题9】saying

【小题10]how

【解析】（1）without.考查介词。句意：我们中的许多人在大约两年的时间里都没有和

别人握手。表示“没有"，后跟动名词，所以用介词without,故填without。

（2）Though/Although/While.考查连词。句意：尽管它是表达友谊和