通用学术英语综合教程-读写 课件 大学英语IV-4-1- Double-edged Design

通用学术英语综合教程（读写）EnglishforGeneralAcademicPurposesREADING&WRITING

Chapter1Double-edgedDesignReading1Reading2LearningObjectivesTounderstandvariousinterpersonalfunctionsofreportingverbsToidentifythelinguisticfeaturesofhypotheses,researchobjectivesandresearchquestionsTohaveagoodcommandoftenseandvoiceinwritingPBSEreports

BrainsoverBrawn?HarvestingHumanOrgansfromPigsUCASReading1BrainsoverBrawnDanielLieberman

UCASReading1UCASBeforeYouReadWhileYouReadAfterYouReadLanguageFocusAcademicLiteracySkillsReading1UCASBeforeYouReadWhileYouReadAfterYouReadLanguageFocusAcademicLiteracySkillsReading1UCASBeforeYouReadWhileYouReadAfterYouReadLanguageFocusAcademicLiteracySkillsReading1UCASBeforeYouReadWhileYouReadAfterYouReadLanguageFocusAcademicLiteracySkillsReading1UCASBeforeYouReadWhileYouReadAfterYouReadLanguageFocusAcademicLiteracySkillsReading1UCASBeforeYouReadWhileYouReadAfterYouReadLanguageFocusAcademicLiteracySkillsBeforeYouRead

TheMagicofRealityWarming-upgDiscusswithyourpartnerthepossiblemeaningsofthefollowingpictures.Theory:HowtochoosetheFastestLineattheGroceryStoreUCASMenuBeforeYouRead

TheMagicofRealityWarming-upg1.Workinpairs.DiscusswhetherthefollowingstatementsareTrueorFalse,andexplainwhy.Theory:HowtochoosetheFastestLineattheGroceryStoreUCASMenuStatementsTrue/FalseInnaturalenvironment,itisalwaysthe“fittest”thatmanagestosurvive.TrueFalseNaturalselectionproducesperfection.TrueFalseTechnologicalinventionshavemadeourbodystronger.TrueFalseOurbodieshavewelladaptedtothemodernlifestyle.TrueFalseInfuture,wemaybeabletoengineerourbodybetterthannaturedoes.TrueFalse2.Workingroups.Doyouthinkchanginglifestyleshaveledtoincreasingincidentofcertain

diseasesintoday’sworld?Howareyougoingtoproveyourview?WhileYouReadTheMagicofRealityQueuingTheory:HowtochoosetheFastestLineattheGroceryStoreUCASWhatisthegenreofthereadingpassage?Whatistheauthor’smainargument?Theory:HowtochoosetheFastestLineattheGroceryStoreMenuArgumentationWemustcultivateourbodiestoadapttoculturalevolution.WhileYouReadUCASMenuDysevolutionFocus:HowchanginghabitsaremakinghumanssickProposedbyprofessorDanielLiebermanfromHarvardUni.Examples:Jawsizehasdecreasedinthepastfewcenturiesashumanseatmoresoft,processedfood(Kahnetal.,2020).Ratesofmyopiaareontheriseandthechangewastoorapidtobegenetic(Morgan,2019).References:Kahn,S.,Ehrlich,P.,Feldman,M.,Sapolsky,R.,&Wong,S.(2020).Thejawepidemic:Recognition,origins,cures,andprevention.

Bioscience,

70(9),759-771.Morgan,I.G.,&Rose,K.A.(2019).Myopia:isthenature‐nurturedebatefinallyover?.

ClinicalandExperimentalOptometry,

102(1),3-17.AfterYouReadTheMagicofRealityQueuingTheory:HowtochoosetheFastestLineattheGroceryStoreUCASMenuWhatdoes“survivalofthefitter”mean?Doesevolutionstillmatterintoday’sworld,whyorwhynot?Whydoestheauthorsay“humanevolutionneverwasatriumphofbrainsoverbrawn?”

Naturalselectioncanbedescribedas“survivalofthefitter”;itdoesn’tproduceperfection,butonlyweedsoutthoseunluckyenoughtobelessfitthanothers.Yes,itexplainswhyourbodiesarethewaytheyareincludingwhywegetsick,andthusinformsusaboutbetterwaysinwhichweshoulduseourbodiesinfuture.Cleverasweare,wecannotalterthebodiesweinheritedinmorethansuperficialways,anditisdangerouslyarroganttothinkwecanengineerfeet,livercells,brains,orotherbodypartsanybetterthannaturealreadydoes.AfterYouReadUCASMenuVocabularyAdaptationcontingentinnovationtranscendperpetuateNoneoftheseshiftswere

drastic,allofthemwerechanceevents________on

previouschanges,and,moreoftenthan

not,theyweredrivenbyclimatechange.Indoingso,

we___________aperniciousfeedbackloop—revolution—betweencultureandbiology.Ifthereisanyonemostusefullessontolearnfromourspecies’richandcomplex

evolutionaryhistory,itisthatculturedoesnotallowusto________ourbiology.Unintendedby-productsofthesecultural

__________,however,wereincreasedlevelsofinfectiousdiseasefromlarger,denser

populations,inadequatesanitation,andlessnutritiousfood.

ifthereisanyonemostinformativehuman____________

thatweevolved,itmustbeourabilitytoevolvethroughcultureratherthanjustnatural

selection.contingentperpetuatetranscendinnovationsadaptationLanguageFocusTheMagicofRealityUCASMenuVerbTenseTenseUseinAcademicWritingThreetensesaccountforthemajorityoftensesusedinacademicwriting:►Thepresentsimpletenseisthebasictense(about70%oftensedverbs).Itisused(a)todescribewhatisalready/nowknownaboutthetopic,andwhatfurtherresearchisstillneeded;(b)tociteapreviousstudyinanon-integralcitation;(c)tointroduceevidenceorsupportwith“there+be”;(d)toshowagreementwiththegeneralresultsofapreviouspaper.►Thepastsimpletenseconstitutesabout23%ofverbs.Itisused(a)tointroduceaspecificstudy,usuallycompletedbyanamedresearcher;(b)todescribethemethodsanddataofacompletedexperiment.Ifthereisapasttimemarker,suchas"atthattime”,thepastsimpletenseisrequired.►Thepresentperfecttenserepresentsabout5%ofverbs.Itisused(a)tointroduceanewtopic,oranentirereport,using“therehas/havebeen”.(b)tosummarizepreviousresearchwithgeneralsubjects,suchas“studieshavesuggested";(c)toindicateaconnectionbetweenthepastandthepresent;(d)todescribepreviousfindingswithoutreferringtotheoriginalpaper,suchas“ithasbeenshownthat”;(e)totellthehistoryofanidea,ordrawconclusions,suchas“theframeworkwehavedeveloped”.(Caplan,2012:66-72)LanguageFocusTheMagicofRealityUCASMenuTask1Fillinthespacesinthefollowingsentenceswithproperreportingverbsfromtheboxbelow.1.Somepeopleerroneouslythinkthatnaturalselectionmeans“survivalofthefittest.”(belief/assertion)2.Ourrevolutionaryhistorythus__________forhowandwhyourskeletons,hearts,intestines,andbrainsworkthewaytheydo.3.

Wemay________thatpeopleinthedevelopedworldarenowbetteroffthanhunter-gathererseverwere.4.

Evolution__________muchthatisgoodandbadaboutbeingatwenty-first-centuryhumanbeing.5.I__________it,andit’sfoolishtowaitaroundhopingthatscientistsofthefuturewillfinallyconquercancer,osteoporosis,ordiabetes.6.

Thehypothesis________________thatthewaywehavebeentreatingsomeimmunedisordersissometimesacaseofdysevolution.7.

Studiesfromallovertheglobe______thatratesofmyopiaarelessthan3percentamonghunter-gatherersandinpopulationsthatpracticesubsistenceagriculture.8.

Somescholars______thatwewouldbehealthierandhappierifweateandexercisedmorelikeourStoneAgeancestors.9.

Manyexpertshavetherefore___________thatlowerbackpainisanearlyinevitableconsequenceofevolution’sunintelligentdesignofthehumanlumbarcurve.10.

Some____________________thatonedaywewillgeneticallymodifyfoodswithcompoundsthatinhibitfatcells.contendconcludesuggestproposefindaccountthinkexplainarguedoubtargueaccounts(explanation)(belief/assertion)explains(explanation)doubt(questioning)suggests/proposes(suggestion)find(conclusion)contendconcluded(belief/assertion)suggests/proposes(suggestion)LanguageFocusTheMagicofRealityUCASMenuTask2Firstexaminetheinformationboxabouttenseuse.Thenfillinthegapsinthefollowingtwopassageswiththepropertenseoftheverbsinbrackets,andexplaintoyourpartnerthereasonsforusingsuchtense.iswerewerebroughthavemadehas(thus)broughtexplainsallowLanguageFocusTheMagicofRealityUCASMenuTask2Firstexaminetheinformationboxabouttenseuse.Thenfillinthegapsinthefollowingtwopassageswiththepropertenseoftheverbsinbrackets,andexplaintoyourpartnerthereasonsforusingsuchtense.couldbediddidturnslookappreciatearehadwerehadhavemessedupinteractAcademicLiteracySkillsTheMagicofRealityQueuingTheory:HowtochoosetheFastestLineattheGroceryStoreUCASMenuHypothesis,researchquestionsandresearchobjectivesDescriptionExampleHypothesisAspecific,clearandtestablestatementofpredictionthatdescribeswhatyouexpecttohappeninyourstudy.Notallstudieshavehypotheses.Fifth-gradestudentsparticipatinginacomputer-aidedmathematicslessonwilldemonstratehigherachievementthanstudentsusingatraditionalpaper-and-pencillesson.ResearchobjectiveA

researchobjectiveiswhatyouplantoexploreorlearnaboutinyourresearch.

Thisarticleaimstoexplorethefactorscontributingtosustainedbehaviourchangefollowingalifestyleintervention.ResearchquestionAclear,focusedandarguablequestionthatguidesyourresearch.Whatfactorsmaketeensmorelikelytohaveapoorbodyimage?AcademicLiteracySkillsTheMagicofRealityQueuingTheory:HowtochoosetheFastestLineattheGroceryStoreUCASMenuTask3Firstreadtheinformationboxbelowandthenidentifyhypotheses,researchobjectives,andresearchquestionsfromthefollowingstatementsbyfillingtheircorrespondingnumbersintotheboxbelow.Thendiscussthecommonlinguisticfeaturesofeachelement,ifany.1.

Lifestyleinterventioncanpreventordelaydiabetesamongpersonswithimpairedglucosetolerance(IGT).2.

Wewonderedwhetherencouragingchildrentochewmoregumcanhelpreducetheincidenceofdentalproblems.3.

Thepurposeofourresearchwastostudytheassociationbetweentypesofobesityand10-yearcoronaryheartdiseaseriskamongmiddle-agedChinesepopulation.4.

Howeffectivearedietandexerciseinterventionsamongoverweight/obesepersons?5.

Wedesignedthiscommunity-basedcohortstudytoinvestigateriskfactorsforcardiovasculardisease(CVD)amongadultAfricanAmericanmenandwomenlivingintheJackson,Mississippimetropolitanarea.6.

Whataretheprimarycausesoflower-backpainamongyoungAmericanadults?7.

Thispaperaimstoconducttheempiricalanalysisofreasonswhye-Healtheffectsontreatmentdaysofpatientswithlifestyle-relateddiseases.8.

Educationmayhavegreaterbenefitsforpersonsathighriskofcoronaryheartdisease(CHD)thanforthoseatlowrisk.AcademicLiteracySkillsTheMagicofRealityQueuingTheory:HowtochoosetheFastestLineattheGroceryStoreUCASMenuTask3Firstreadtheinformationboxbelowandthenidentifyhypotheses,researchobjectives,andresearchquestionsfromthefollowingstatementsbyfillingtheircorrespondingnumbersintotheboxbelow.Thendiscussthecommonlinguisticfeaturesofeachelement,ifany.oftenastatement;hedgingdevicessuchas“can”and“may”maybeused.oftenastatement;wordslike“purpose”and“aim”maybeused;mayinvolvetheinfinitive.canbephrasedeitherasastatementmakinganinquiryorasaquestion.1,83,5,72,4,6AcademicLiteracySkillsTheMagicofRealityUCASMenuTask4ReadthefollowingexcerptfromthesummaryofapaperpublishedonNaturein2010involvingtheparadoxofthemodernshoe.Followtheexampleoftheresearchobjective,andidentifytheresearchquestion,hypothesis,andconclusionintheexcerpt.Payattentiontohowthewriterusesdifferentverbtenses.Foot-strikepatternsinhabituallybarefootversusshodrunners(1)Humanshaveengagedinendurancerunningformillionsofyears,butthemodernrunningshoewasnotinventeduntilthe1970s.(2)Formostofhumanevolutionaryhistory,runnerswereeitherbarefootorworeminimalfootwearsuchassandalsormoccasinswithsmallerheelsandlittlecushioningrelativetomodernrunningshoes.(3)Wewonderedhowrunnerscopedwiththeimpactcausedbythefootcollidingwiththegroundbeforetheinventionofthemodernshoe.(4)Weassumedthatfore-foot-andmid-foot-strikegaitswereprobablymorecommonwhenhumansranbarefootorinminimalshoes,andmayprotectthefeetandlowerlimbsfromsomeoftheimpact-relatedinjuriesnowexperiencedbyahighpercentageofrunners.(5)Ourexperimentshowsthathabituallybarefootendurancerunnersoftenlandonthefore-foot(fore-footstrike)beforebringingdowntheheel,buttheysometimeslandwithaflatfoot(mid-footstrike)or,lessoften,ontheheel(rear-footstrike).(6)Incontrast,habituallyshodrunnersmostlyrear-footstrike,facilitatedbythee