高一必修一地理知识总结

高一必修一地理知识总结(Seniorone,compulsorygeography

knowledgesummary)

Secondunitatmosphere

I.compositionandverticalstratificationoftheatmosphere

1)compositionoftheloweratmosphere:dryair(nitrogen-

oxygen-organismsbasiccomponents,biologicallife

sustainingactivitiesofthebasicmaterial,carbondioxide,

photosynthesisofbasicrawmaterialsandozoneabsorptionof

solarultraviolet"earthlifeumbrella"),watervaporandsolid

impurities(necessaryforChengYuntorain)

2)verticalstratificationoftheatmosphere(Textbook29,page

2.1)

Theinfluenceofhightemperatureandatmosphericmotionon

humanactivities

2000-3000kmofionosphereintheupperatmospherereflects

radiowaves

Stratospheric50-55kmrisewithaltitude,advection,ozone

absorption,ultravioletwarming,andconduciveto

high-altitudeflight

Thelowlatitude:17-18km,10-12km,Zhongwei:latitude:8-9

kmwithincreasingaltitudeanddecreasingconvectionweather

phenomenoniscomplicated,mostcloselyrelatedtohumanbeings

Two:atmosphericthermalaction

(1)theweakeningeffectofsolarradiation

Absorption:selective,watervaporandcarbondioxideabsorb

infraredrays,ozoneabsorbsultravioletlightandabsorbsless

forvisiblelight

Reflection:withoutselectivity,thethickertheclouds,the

strongerthereflex.Duringthecloudysummermonths,the

temperatureisnotveryhigh

Scattering:selective,shortwavelengthvioletlight

scattering,soclearskyisblue

(2)theinsulationeffectontheground

Theatmosphericabsorptionoflongwaveradiationontheground,

andtheheatretentiontemperatureincrease,duetothe

atmosphericabsorptionduetosolarradiationarerelatively

poor,butforthelongwaveradiationabsorptioneffectis

strong,sothegroundradiationismostlyabsorbedbythe

atmosphere

Theatmosphericreverseradiationisakindofatmospheric

radiation,whichisdirectedtowardthegroundandcompensates

fortheheatoftheground

Two:atmosphericthermalconditions

Thethermalactionoftheatmosphere

1)thermodynamiccirculation:aircirculationcausedbyuneven

groundtemperatureisoneofthesimplestformsofatmospheric

motion.

Itcanbeseenfromthefigure,nearthegroundtothedirection

oflowpressureisobar(down)bending,highpressuredirection

totheisobars(up)raised

2)horizontalmovementoftheatmosphere-wind

Impact:theisobarmoreintensiveplace,thenthehigherthe

wind(Figure2.10,2.11,2.12)

Intheroleofasinglehorizontalpressuregradientforceunder

theverticaldirection:isobar,pointingtolowpressure

TheCoriolisforceonthehorizontalpressuregradientforce

andunderthewinddirectionandparalleitotheisobars

Intheroleofthreeforces:thewinddirectionandtheisobars

formanincludedangle,alwaystowardthelowerpressurebyhigh

pressuredirection.

Three:GlobalAtmosphericCirculation

1)threecirclesofcirculation(Textbook37,2.14)

Theformationofthesevenzonesandsixwindpressureonthe

surfaceoftheearth,windzonewithsunpointmovingnorthand

Southandthenorthandthesouth,inthenorthernhemisphere,

thesummertothenorth,thelocationofthenorthtotheSouth;

inwinter,thesoutherlyposition(Figure2.15).

Theinfluenceoflandseadistributiononatmospheric

circulation

(3)monsooncirculation(Figure2.18)

RegionEastAsia,SouthAsia,SoutheastAsia

Climatetype,temperatemonsoonclimate,subtropicalmonsoon

climate,tropicalmonsoonclimate

Thedifferenceoflandseathermalpropertiesofsea-land

thermodynamicproperties,theseasonalmovementofatmospheric

pressureandwind

Winddirection;winternorthwestwind(Asiancontinent);

northeastwind(mainlandAsia)

Thesummerwind(Pacificsouthwestwind)(Indiaocean)

Four:commonweathersystem

1)frontalsystems-coldandwarmfronts(Fig.2.19,2.20)

Thewarmfront

Theconceptofcoldairgroupmovestowardstheradiatorand

theradiatormovestowardstheairmass

Weatherfeatures,singleairmasscontrolbeforetransit,clear

weather,singleairmasscontrol,lowtemperature,clear

Duringthetransit,cloudy,rainandsnow,wind,cooling,

continuousprecipitation

Afterthecrossing,theairpressurerises,thetemperature

drops,theweatherisfine,thetemperaturerises,theair

pressuredropsandtheweatherturnsforthebetter

Precipitationdistributiongenerallyoccursinfrontof

precipitation,precipitationgenerallyoccursbeforethefront

Atmosphericexamplesincludenorthernsummerrainstorm,winter

andspringgale,coldwaveandduststorm

2)lowpressureandhighpressuresystemscyclonesand

anticyclone(takingthenorthernhemisphereforexample,

figure2.21)

Cyclonicanticyclone

Lowatmosphericpressure(lowcenter,foursideshigh),high

pressure(centerhigh,fourlow)

Thehorizontalmovementaroundtheconvergencetothecenter

(North"inversetothesurroundingdivergence(Center)along

theNorthSouthinverse)

Verticalmovementupanddown

It'srainyandsunnyandsunnyanddry

Forexample,thetyphoonintheYangtzeRiverBasininnorthern

drought,“aninvigoratingautumnclimateweather

Five.Theformationandchangeofclimate

1)formationfactorsofclimate(solarradiation,ground

conditions,atmosphericcirculation,humanactivities)

Airtemperaturecharacteristicsofdifferentclimatetypes

ThetemperaturedistributionofL,isgenerallylowlatitude

andhightemperature,hightemperatureandlowtemperature;

mountainlowerthanthefootofthemountain;streamthrough

theregionthroughtheregionofhightemperaturethancold

Linthesamelatitudearea,becauseofthedifferentunderlying

surface,thetemperaturesituationindifferentplacesis

different,andtheinfluenceislargerthanthatofoceanand

land

ComparisonofcontinentalclimateandoceanicclimateofL

(northernhemisphere)

Climatetypediurnaltemperaturerangetemperaturemaximum

temperatureminimumtemperaturemonthmonth

ContinentalJulyJanuary

MarinesexsmallAugustFebruary

Precipitationconditionsofdifferentclimatetypes

Ltheequatorialregionisdominatedbyconvergenceandhas

abundantrainfal1throughouttheyear

Ltropicto30ºbetweenthenorthandsouthlatitude;in

thesubtropicalhighandthewindzoneunderthecontrolof

perennialdrought

L,WestBank,two,toEuropeasanexample,theMediterranean

region(subtropical),summerinthecenterofthesubtropical

highedge,sinkingairdryandlittlerain,thewinterdueto

thesubtropicalhightothesouth,hereiscontrolledbythe

Westerlies,multicycloneactivity,humidandrainy.InEurope

(WenDai),thewesterlywindprevailsalltheyearround,with

moreprecipitationineachmonth,andevenmoreevenly

L,ontheeastcoast,inEurasiaasanexample,inthecontrol

ofthemonsooncirculation,wintercoldanddryairfromthe

mainland,notaffectedbysummerprecipitation,warmairfrom

thesea,moreprecipitation

Ltheinteriorofthecontinent,takingtheEurasiancontinent

asanexample,iscontrolledbythecontinentalairmass

throughouttheyear,withlessprecipitation

Lpolarregionsaredominatedbyconvergenceanddowndraft,

withlessprecipitationthroughouttheyear

2)thetypeofclimate(textbook,page47,figure2.26)

3)thejudgmentofthe10mainclimatictypes(Textbook48,page

2.27)

Aconclusionbasedonfactors

Determinethehighest(orlowest)temperatureinthenorthand

southhemispheres,6.7.8monthsinthreemonths,thehighest

temperatureintheNorthernHemisphere

12.1.2threemonths,thehighesttemperatureinthesouthern

hemisphere

Thetemperaturedeterminetheaveragetemperatureofthe

coldestmonthaveragetemperatureofthecoldestmonthat>15

tropicalclimate

Thelowesttemperatureis0to15DEGCorsubtropicalclimate

temperateclimate

Thelowesttemperaturein15to0DEGCtemperateclimate

Thehottest05Ccoldclimate

Determinethespecificclimatetype,theannualdistribution

ofprecipitation,theannualrainfallpattern,tropical

rainforestclimate,>2000mm

Temperatetemperatemarineclimate700~1000mm

XiaYutropicalsavannaclimate(750〜1000mm)tropicalmonsoon

climate1500~2000mm)

Subtropicalandsubtropicalmonsoonclimate

Temperatetemperatecontinentalclimate

ThewinterraintypesubtropicalMediterraneanclimate

Lesstropicaltropicaldesertclimate

Arcticclimate

Six,atmosphericenvironmentprotection

(1)globalwarming

Thereason:theincreaseincarbondioxideincreasesthe

temperature

Thereasonsfortheincreaseincarbondioxideare:alarge

numberofburningfossilfuels;deforestation

Danger:risingsealevelsandfloodingland

Changingtheprecipitationconditionandthedryandwet

conditionindifferentplaces,leadingtothechangeofthe

economicstructureofthecountriesal1overtheworld

Protectivemeasures:improvingtheutilizationofenergyand

theefficiencyofenergyutilization,andadoptingnewenergy

sources

II.Effortstostrengtheninternationalcooperation

(2)destructionandprotectionoftheozonelayer

Thereason:inadditiontonaturalcauses,mainlyhuman

emissionsofchlorofluorocarbonsusedrefrigerationequipment

Hazards:endangerhumanhealth,damagetotheecological

environmentandagriculture,forestry,animalhusbandryand

fishery

Protectionmeasures:toreduceandgraduallyban

chlorofluorocarbonssuchasozonedepletingsubstances

emissions,strengtheninternationalcooperation

(3)acidrain

Concept:peoplegenerallysayrainwaterwhosepHvalueisless

than5.6iscalledacidrain

Origin:alargeamountofacidgassuchassulfurdioxideand

nitrogenoxidesdischargedfromburningminerals

Hazards:acidificationofriversandlakes,acidificationof

thesoil,damagetoforestsandcrops,erosionofbuildingsand

culturalrelics,etc.

Preventionandcontrolmeasures:themostfundamentalmeasure

topreventacidrainistoreducetheemissionsofman-made

sulfuroxidesandnitrogenoxides.Chinahasadoptedmeasures

todevelopcleancoaltechnologyandcleancombustion

technologytocontrolacidrain

Unitthirdlandandsea

1.Compositionandcirculationofcrustalmaterials

(1)amineralconsistingofrocks

Elements:frommoretolessoxygen,silicon,aluminum,iron

Combination

Mineral:themajorrockformingmineralsarequartz,mica,

feldspar,andcalcite

Accumulationofigneousrocks(granite,XuanWuyan)

Sedimentaryrock:havingabeddingstructure,oftencontaining

fossils,includinglimestone(shale,shale,sandstone,

conglomerate)

Metamorphicrocks:marble,slate

(2)thecirculationofcrustalmaterials

Frommagmatotheformationofvariousrocksandtothe

formationofnewmagmas,thisprocessisthecycleofmatter

intheearth'scrust

Two:crustalchangeandsurfacemorphology

1)geologicalaction:accordingtodifferentsourcesofenergy,

itisdividedintointernalforceandexternalforce

Internalforce:earthquake,volcaniceruption,crustal

movementandmetamorphism

Weathering:weathering,erosion,transportation,deposition,

debrisflow,landslides,landslides

2)thebasicformofcrustalmovementanditsinfluenceon

Geomorphology

Theinfluenceofcrustalmovementonthesurfacemorphology

Horizontalmovementformfoldmountains,suchastherift

valleyandthesea,theGreatRiftVailey,formedbythe

horizontalmovementoftheAtlanticmainly,supplementedby

verticalmovement

Verticalmovementcausessurfaceirregularitiesandsealand

changes

3)thebasicargumentofthetheoryofplatetectonics

(1)thegloballithosphereisdividedintosixmajorsections

(Textbook63,page3.11)

(2)theplatesareinconstantmotion,theplatesarerelatively

stableinside,theplatesborder,thecrustactive,volcanoes,

earthquakesandsoon

(3)thetensilezoneplateoftenformedtheriftorsea,Rudong

RiftValley,theAtlantic,intheextrusionplatecollision

zone,oftenformingmountains,whenOceanicandcontinental

platescollide,formingatrench,islandarc,coastmountains,

whenthecontinentalandcontinentalplatescollidetoforma

hugemountainfold

4)geologicalstructureandtectonicgeomorphology

(1)theconceptofgeologicalstructure:crustaldeformation

anddisplacementcausedbycrustalmovement

(2)commongeologicalstructureandtectonicgeomorphology;

Theshapeofthefoldedrock,theerosionofthesurface

morphology,theerosionofthesurfacemorphologyandhuman

productionrelations

Anticlineisusuallyupwardarchingintothemountains,many

anticlinetoptension,oftenerodedintovalleys,oilstorage

structure

Thesynclineusuallybendsdownwardandbecomesavalley.Many

synclineissqueezedandisnoteasytobeeroded

Thefaultonbothsidesalongthefracturerockdislocationof

theriftvalley,onthenorthslopeofHuashanbigcliff;rising

rock:Huashan,MountLu,Taishan,fallingrock:Weiheplain,

FenRiverValley,PoyangLake.Constructionisreinforcedor

avoidedincaseoffaults

5)externalforceandtopography

Erosiontransportaccumulation

Effectofsurfacewatererosion,suchasloessplateaulandform

watertomillionsofgulliesandvalleysweredeepenedand

widenedaftercorrosionproducthandling,suchassandflow

ratedecreased,graduallyaccumulatedsedimentdepositionof

sandalluvialfanandalluvialplain,theriverinthemiddle

andlowerreachesoftheRiverDelta

Windforce,winderosiongullyandwinderosiondepressionform

Gobianddesertsandaccumulation,formingsanddunes,sand

ridgesanddesertmarginloessaccumulation,suchasLoess

Plateau

Three,thetemperatureandsalinityofthesea

(1)thetemperatureofseawater;

Thewatertemperaturedistributioninthesamedirectionis

highinsummerinthesameseaareaandlowinwinter

Thewatertemperatureinthelowerlatitudesishigherandthe

watertemperatureislowerathigherlatitudes

Thelatitudeisquitehigh,thetemperatureoftheseawater

passingthroughtheseaareaishigher,andthecoldcurrent

passesthroughtheseaareawithlowerwatertemperature

Verticaldistributionofwatertemperaturefromthesurfaceto

thedeepdownward,at1000metersbelowthevertical

temperaturedifferenceissmall

(3)salinityofseawater;

Concept:thequalityofthesaltscontainedintheunitmass

ofseawater.Theaveragesalinityoftheworldoceanis3.5%

Thedistributionoftwo:intheSubtropicalOceanrespectively

tobothsidesofthelowlatitudeandhighlatitudeareais

decreasing.TheRedSeaishighest(4.1%),thelowestinthe

BalticSea(notmorethan1%)

Influencingfactors

Influencefactors

Theamountofprecipitationandevaporation,precipitation>

evaporation,salinityislower,precipitation<evaporation,

salinityishigher

Runofffromtheseahasalargenumberofriversandfreshwater

injectedintotheseaarea,salinityislow

Theseaareaissimilartothelatitudeseaarea,andthe

salinityoftheseaareapassingthroughthecoldcurrentis

low,andthesalinityoftheseaareapassingthroughthewarm

currentishigh

Four.Themovementofthesea

(1)themainformsofseawatermotionarewaves(waves,

tsunamis);tides;currents

(2)theformationanddistributionofoceancurrents(FIGS.

3.31,3.32)

Windcurrent:NorthandSouthEquatorialwarmcurrent,westerly

drift,northernIndiaOceanmonsooncurrent

Accordingtothecausesofdensityflow:waterflowonboth

sidesoftheStraitofGibraltar,theRedSeaandIndiaocean

totheBeringStrait

Distributedcompensatingflow:Perucoldcurrent

Cold:fromhightolowlatitudeoceancurrents,seawater

temperaturethroughthetemperaturelowerthan

Warm:fromlowlatitudetohighlatitudeoceancurrents,sea

watertemperaturethanthroughhightemperature

Thenorthernhemisphere:clockwisecirculation

Distributionofthesouthernhemisphere:counterclockwise

circulation

Midhighlatitudesofthenorthernhemisphere:

counterclockwisecirculation

OceancurrentsinthenorthernIndiaOcean:clockwiseinsummer

andcounterclockwiseinwinter

(3)theinfluenceofoceancurrentsonthegeographical

environment

Warmcurrent:increasingtemperatureandhumidityislikea

latitudinalregion.Theseatemperatureandtemperatureofthe

warmcurrentarerelativelyhigh,andthetemperatemarine

climateinWesternEuropeisdirectlyrelatedtotheNorth

Atlanticwarmcurrent,ifthereisnoPekingUniversity

Atlanticclimate,theUnitedKingdomandNorwayharborwill

havemorethanhalfofthefrozenperiod,Russia'sMurmansk

harborneverfrozenontheNorthAtlanticcurrentand

Coldcurrent:coolanddamp,asinalatituderegion,andthe

salinityandtemperatureoftheseaareaaftercoldcurrentare

relativelylow,

Thecoldcurrentalongthecoastplaysanimportantroleinthe

formationofthedesertenvironmentalongthewesterncoastof

AustraliaandthePacificcoastofPeru

Theformationoffishinggroundsattheconfluenceofcoldwarm

current:Japan，sHokkaidofishingground,Newfoundland's

fishinggroundsinCanada,andBritain

ThefishinggroundsofthemarinestateofBeihai

Theinfluenceofupwelling:theformationoffishinggrounds

inPeruandfishinggroundsinsoutheasterntheAtlantic

Marineenvironmentalpollution:acceleratingthespeedof

purificationisconducivetothespreadofpollutants,but

otherareasmayalsobepolluted,soitalsoexpandedthescope

ofpollution

Nautical:downwindanddownstream;forexample,duringthe

northernhemisphere'swinter,fromthePersianGulftotheRed

Sea,thetankerwindsalongtheArabiaseaandflowsdownwind

fromtheAtlantictotheMediterraneanthroughtheStraitof

Gibraltar

Five:land,waterandwatercycles

(1)thetypesoflandwaterbodies:thefreshwaterresources

(riverwater,freshwater,lakewater,shallowgroundwater)

whicharewidelyusedbymankind

Surfacewaters:rivers,lakes,water,glaciers

Groundwater:diving,confinedwater

Staticwaterresources:glaciers,inlandlakes,deep

groundwater

Dynamicwaterresources:surfacewaterandshallowgroundwater

Atpresent,theglacieristhemaindistributioninthefresh

waterontheearth,thepolesandmountainareas,directuse

ofgroundwaterisless;secondfreshwaterbody,butmainlyfor

thedeepgroundwater,itisdifficulttodevelop;dynamicwater

isthefocusofthedevelopmentandutilizationofpeople,among

whichthemostimportantriver.

(2)therelationshipbetweenlandandwater

Watersupplytype,rechargetime,rechargecharacteristics,

distributionareaofChina

Rain,summerandfall,waterchangesintheEastandSouth

Glaciermeltwaterismainlysuppliedinsummerandhastime,

andwaterquantityisstableinNorthwestChina

Lakewaterisregulatedthroughouttheyearandthewateris

stableintheEast

Groundwaterisstablethroughouttheyearandhascomplementary

relationswithrivers

(3)watercycle

Energysources:solarenergyandgravitationalenergy

Types:largecirculationbetweenlandandsea(evaporation

(includingtranspirationofplants),watervaportransport,

infiltration,

Surfaceandsubsurfacerunoffarefourlinks,(Figure3.37),

landcirculation,oceancirculation

Six:biological

(1)thedistributionandenvironmentoflivingthings

Illumination:lightlovingplantsandshadeplants

Heat:fromtheequatortothepoles,theheatdecreases

Fromthefootofthemountaintothetopofthemountainthere

islessheat

Water:fromcoastaltoinland,waterdecreasesandforms

differentvegetationzones

(2)environmentalinstructions:Camelspinesindicatedry

desertareas;lotusrepresentswaterwetenvironments;Petunia

canindicatesulfurdioxidepollutionintheatmosphere

(3)theroleoforganismsinthegeographicalenvironment

Thephotosynthesis(theconversionofsolarenergyintobiomass,

inorganicintoorganicmatter),themigrationofchemical

elementstobiologicalcycle,contactorganicandinorganic,

andchangetheoriginalcompositionoftheatmosphere,the

changeofchemicalcompositionofwater,theformationin

sedimentaryrocks,acceleratedrockweathering,promptingthe

formationofsoil.Theenvironmentalbenefitsofgreenplants

(smokedust,airfilter,reducepollution,reducenoise,

beautifytheenvironment)

Seven:soil

(1)theconceptofsoil:referstothesurfaceofthelandhas

acertainfertility,cangrowloosesurfaceofplants

(2)theessentialattributesofsoil:fertility,andthe

abilitytogrowplants

(3)thecompositionofthesoil:Minerals(thesourceofmineral

nutrientsinthesoil),organicmatter(itscontentisan

importantindicatorofsoilfertility),waterandair(each

other，sgrowthanddecline,affectingheat)

(4)soilformation;

Formationprocess:rockweatheringprocess,lowerplantgrowth

process,higherplantgrowthprocess,soil

Biologicaltransformationofparentmaterial:accumulationof

organicmatterandenrichmentofnutrientelements,therefore,

organismsplayaleadingroleintheformationofsoil

Eight,theintegrityanddiversityofthegeographical

environment

(1)theoverall(Figure3.53):theelementsofthegeographical

environmentisnotisolated,butawhole,suchasChina，s

northwestregionduetofarawayfromthesea,theSeawarmair

isdifficulttoreach,formingadrycontinentalclimate,

becauseofthearidclimate,lessprecipitation,somuchless

surfacewater,riverbecauseofthedryclimate,water,therole

ofweak,butstrongweathering,formedavastdesertandGobi,

climatechangewillleadtosparsevegetation;overall

performancechangesinonefactorwillcausetheenvironment

changes,suchasclimatewarming,causedthepolarmelting

glaciers,risingsealevelswilleventuallydrowncityriver

lowlands

(2)regionaldifference

Thelawofdifferentiationformsthebasis,theinfluencing

factors,thedistributionlaw,themaindistributionareas

Fromtheequatortothepoles,heatradiationfromthesun

extendsalongthelatitude,longitude,lowlatitudesandhigh

latitudesintheNorthernHemisphere

Fromcoastaltoinland,water,landandseadistributionextend

alonglongitude,latitudechange,midlatitudearea

Verticalvariationsofheat,moistureandaltitudevary

regularlyfromthePiedmonttothetopofthemountain

Fourthunitnaturalresourcesandnaturalenvironment

First,thecharacteristicsofclimateresources

(1)characteristics:universalexistence,numerical

characteristics,largevariability

(2)developmentandutilization

Climate,resourcesandAgriculture:theclimaticresourcesof

alandoftendeterminetheagriculturaltypesandcropping

systemsinthearea

Climate,sunshine,andstreetorientation:theanglebetween

thestreetandthemeridianof30~60degrees

Developingresourcesandprevailingadominantwinddirection:

industriallayoutatthenextwind

Usethearchitecturalwindandtheprevailingmonsoonzone:the

industriallayoutisinthesuburbsperpendiculartothe

monsoonzone

Theminimumwindfrequencyknowninurbanplanning:theupper

winddirectionofindustriallayoutattheminimumwind

frequency

Theclimateresourcesandtraffic:theconstructionofhighway

andrailway(specialattenti