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四级阅读(第一套)
PassageOne
Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Thatpeopleoftenexperiencetroublesleepinginadifferentbedinunfamiliar
surroundingisaphenomenonknownasthe“first-night”effext.Ifapersonstaysin
thesameroomthefollowingnighttheytendtosleepmoresoundly.YukaSasakiand
hercolleaguesatBrownUniversitysetouttoinvestigatetheoriginsofthiseffect.
Dr.Sasakiknewthefirst-nighteffectprobablyhassomethingtodowithhowhumans
evolved.Thepuzzlewasthatbenefitwouldbegainedfromitwhenperformance
mightbeaffectedthefollowingday.Shealsoknewfrompreviousworkconductedon
birdsanddolphinsthattheseanimalsputhalfoftheirbrainstosleepatatimesothat
theycanrestwhileremainingalertenoughtoavoidpredators(捕食者).Thisledher
towonderifpeoplemightbedoingthesamething.Totakeacloserlook,herteam
studied35healthypeopleastheysleptintheunfamiliarenvironmentofthe
university'sDepartmentofPsychologicalSciences.Theparticipantseachsleptinthe
departmentfortwonightsandwerecarefullymonitoredwithtechniquesthatlooked
attheactivitypftheirbrains.Dr.Sasakifound,asexpected,theparticipantssleptless
wellontheirfirstnightthantheydidontheirsecond,takingmorethantwiceaslong
tofallasleepandsleepinglessoverall.Duringdeepsleep,theparticipants5brains
behavedinasimilarmannerseeninbirdsanddolphins.Onthefirstnightonly,the
lefthemispheres(半球)oftheirbrainsdidnotsleepnearlyasdeeplyastheirright
hemispheresdid.
Curiousidthelefthemisphereswereindeedremainingawaketoprocess
informationdetectedinthesurroundingenvironment,Dr.Sasakire-ranthe
experimentwhilepresentingthesleepingparticipantswithamixofregularlytimed
beeps(蜂鸣声)ofthesametoneandiiTegularbeepsofadifferenttoneduringthe
night.Sheworkedoutthat,ifthelefthemispherewasstayingalerttokeepguardina
strangeenvironment,thenitwouldreacttotheirregularbeepsbystirringpeoplefrom
sleepandwouldignoretheregularlytimedones.Thisispreciselywhatshefound.
46.Whatdidresearchersfindpuzzlingaboutthefirst-nighteffect?
A)Towhatextentitcantroublepeople.C)Whatcircumstancesmaytriggerit.
B)Whatroleithasplayedinevolution.D)Inwhatwayitcanbebeneficial.
47.WhatdowelearnaboutDr.YukaSasakidoingherresearch?
A)Shefoundbirdsanddolphinsremainalertwhileasleep.
B)Shefoundbirdsanddolphinssleepinmuchthesameway.
C)Shegotsomeideafrompreviousstudiesonbirdsanddolphins.
D)Sheconductedstudiesonbirds'anddolphins'sleepingpatterns.
48.WhatdidDr.Sasakidowhenshefirstdidherexperiment?
A)Shemonitoredthebrainactivityofparticipantssleepinginanewenvironment.
B)Sherecruited35participantsfromherDepartmentofPsychologicalSciences.
C)Shestudiedthedifferencesbetweenthetwosidesofparticipants5brains.
D)Shetestedherfindingsaboutbirdsanddolphinsonhumansubjects.
49.WhatdidDr.Sasakifindabouttheparticipantsinherexperiment?
A)Sheanalyzedthenegativeeffectofirregulartonesonbrains.
B)Sherecordedparticipants,adaptationtochangedenvironment.
C)Sheexposedherparticipantstotwodifferentstimuli.
D)Shecomparedtheresponsesofdifferentparticipants.
50.WhatdidDr.Sasakifindabouttheparticipantsinherexperiment?
A)Theytendedtoenjoycertaintonesmorethanothers.
B)Theytendedtoperceiveirregularbeepsasathreat.
C)Theyfeltsleepywhenexposedtoregularbeeps.
D)Theydifferedintheirtoleranceofirregulartones.
PassageTwo
Questions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
It'stimetoreevaluatehowwomenhandleconflictatwork.Beingoverworkedor
over-committedathomeandonthejobwillnotgetyouwhereyouwanttobeinlife.
Itwillonlyslowyoudownandhinderyourcareergoals.
Didyouknowwomenaremorelikelythanmentofee)exhausted?Nearlytwiceas
manywomenthanmenages18-44reportedfeeling"verytired^^or“exhausted”,
accordingtoarecentstudy.
Thismaynotbesurprisinggiventhatthisistheagerangewhenwomenhave
children.It'salsotheagerangewhenmanywomenaretryingtobalancecareersand
home.Onereasonwomenmayfeelexhaustedisthattheyhaveahardtimesaying
“no."Womenwanttobeabletodoitall—volunteerforschoolpartiesorcook
deliciousmeals一andsotheiranswertoanyrequestisoften“Yes,Ican.^^
Womenstruggletosay"no”intheworkplacefbrsimilarreasons,includingthe
desiretobelikedbytheircolleagues.Unfortunately,thisinabilitytosay"no”maybe
hurtingwomen'shealthaswellastheircareer.
Attheworkplace,menuseconflictasawaytopositionthemselves,whilewomen
oftenavoidconflictorstrivetobethepeacemaker,becausetheydon'twanttobe
viewedasaggressiveordisruptiveatwork.Forexample,there'saproblemthatneeds
tobeaddressedimmediately,resultinginadisputeoverwhoshouldbetheonetofix
it.Menaremorelikelytofacethatdisputefromtheperspectiveofwhatbenefitsthem
most,whereaswomenmayapproachthesamedisputefromtheperspectiveofwhat's
theeasiestandquickestwaytoresolvetheproblem一evenifthatmeansdoingthe
boringworkthemselves.
Thisdifferenceinhandlingconflictcouldbethedecidingfactoronwhogets
promotedtoaleadershippositionandwhodoesnot.Leadershavetobeableto
delegateandmanageresourceswisely—includingstaffexpertise.Shoulderingmore
oftheworkloadmaynotearnyouthatpromotion.Instead,itmayhighlightyou
inabilitytodelegateeffectively.
51.Whatdoestheauthorsayistheproblemwithwomen?
A)Theyareoftenunclearaboutthecareergoalstoreach.
B)Theyareusuallymorecommittedathomethanonthejob.
C)Theytendtobeover-optimisticabouthowfartheycouldgo.
D)Theytendtopushthemselvesbeyondthelimitsoftheirability.
52.Whydoworkingwomenofchild-bearingagetendtofeeldrainedofenergy?
A)Theystruggletosatisfythedemandsofbothworkandhome.
B)Theyaretoodevotedtoworkandunabletorelaxasaresult.
C)Theydotheirbesttocooperatewiththeirworkmates.
D)Theyareobligedtotakeuptoomanyresponsibilities.
53.Whatmayhinderthefutureprospectsofcareerwomen?
A)Theirunwillingnesstosay“no”.
B)Theirdesiretobeconsideredpowerful.
C)Anunderestimateoftheirownability.
D)Alackofcouragetofacechallenges.
54.Menandwomendifferintheirapproachtoresolvingworkplaceconflictsin
that
A)womentendtobeeasilysatisfied
B)menaregenerallymorepersuasive
C)mentendtoputtheirpersonalinterestsfirst
D)womenaremuchmorereadytocompromise
55.Whatisimportanttoagoodleader?
A)Adominantpersonality.C)Thecouragetoadmitfailure.
B)Theabilitytodelegate.D)Astrongsenseofresponsibility.
2017年12月四级阅读(第二套)
PassageOne
Questions46and50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Aginghappenstoallofus,andisgenerallythoughtofasanaturalpartoflife.It
wouldseemsillytocallsuchathinga“disease.”
Ontheotherhand,scientistsareincreasinglylearningthatagingandbiologicalage
aretwodifferentthings,andthattheformerisakeyriskfactorforconditionssuchas
heartdisease,cancerandmanymore.Inthatlight,agingitselfmightbeseenas
somethingtreatable,thewayyouwouldtreathighbloodpressureoravitamin
deficiency.
BiophysicistAlexZhavoronkovbelievesthatagingshouldbeconsideredadisease.
Hesaidthatdescribingagingasadiseasecreatesincentivestodeveloptreatments.
“Ituntiesthehandsofthepharmaceutical(制药的)industrysothattheycanbegin
treatingthediseaseandnotjustthesideeffects,“hesaid.
“Rightnow,peoplethinkofagingasnaturalandsomethingyoucan'tcontrol,he
said."INacademiccircles,peopletakeagingresearchasjustaninterestareawhere
theycantrytodevelopinterventions.Themedicalcommunityalsotakesagingfor
granted,andcandonothingaboutitexceptkeeppeoplewithinacertainhealthrange.”
Butifagingwererecognizedasadisease,hesaid,“Itwouldattractfundingand
changethewaywedohealthcare.Whatmattersisunderstandthatagingiscurable/9
“Itwasalwaysknownthatthebodyaccumulatesdamage/9headded.6tTheonlyway
tocureagingistofindwaystorepairthatdamage.Ithinkofitaspreventivemedicine
forage-relatedconditions.^^
LeonardHayflick,aprofessorattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,said
theideathatagingcanbecuredimpliesthehumanlifespancanbeincreased,which
someresearcherssuggestispossible.Hayflickisnotamongthem.
"There5remanypeoplewhorecoverfromcancer,stroke,orheartdisease.Butthey
continuetoage,becauseagingisseparatefromtheirdisease/9Hayflicksaid."Evenif
thosecausesofdeathwereeliminated,lifeexpectancywouldstillnotgomuch
beyond92years.”
46.Whatdopeoplegenerallybelieveaboutaging?
A)Itshouldcausenotalarmwhatsoever.
B)Theyjustcannotdoanythingaboutit.
C)Itshouldberegardedasakindofdisease.
D)Theycandelayitwithadvancesinscience.
47.Howdomanyscientistsviewagingnow?
A)Itmightbepreventedandtreated.C)Itresultsfromavitamindeficiency.
B)Itcanbeasriskyasheartdisease.D)ItisaniiTeversiblebiologicalprocess.
48.WhatdoesAlexZhavoronkovthinkof"describingagingasadisease”?
A)Itwillpromptpeopletotakeagingmoreseriously.
B)Itwillgreatlyhelpreducethesideeffectsofaging.
C)Itwillfreepharmacistsfromtheconventionalbeliefsaboutaging.
D)Itwillmotivatedoctorsandpharmaciststofindwaystotreataging.
49.Whatdowelearnaboutthemedicalcommunity?
A)Theynowhaveastronginterestinresearchonaging.
B)Theydifferfromtheacademiccirclesintheirviewonaging.
C)Theycancontributetopeople'shealthonlytoalimitedextent.
D)Theyhavewaystointerveneinpeople'sagingprocess.
50.WhatdoesProfessorLeonardHayflickbelieve?
A)Thehumanlifespancannotbeprolonged.
B)Agingishardlyseparablefromdisease.
C)Fewpeoplecanliveuptotheageof92.
D)Heartdiseaseisthemajorcauseofaging.
PassageTwo
Questions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Femaleapplicantstopostdoctoralpositionsingeoscienceswerenearlyhalfas
likelytoreceiveexcellentlettersofrecommendation,comparedwiththeirmale
counterparts.ChristopherIntagliatareports.
Asinmanyotherfields,genderbiasiswidespreadinthesciences.Menscore
higherstartingsalaries,havemorementoring(指导),andhavebetteroddsofbeing
hired.Studiesshowthey'realsoperceivedasmorecompetentthanwomeninSTEM
(Science,Technology,Engineering,andMathematics)fields.Andnewresearch
revealsthatmenaremorelikelytoreceiveexcellentlettersofrecommendation,too.
“Say,youknow,thisisthebeststudentFveeverhad,“saysKuheliDutt,asocial
scientistanddiversityofficeratColumbiaUniversity'sLamontcampus."Compare
thoseexcellentletterswithamerelygoodletter:"Thecandidatewasproductive,or
intelligent,orasolidscientistorsomethingthat9sclearlysolidpraise/butnothing
thatsinglesoutthecandidateasexceptionaloroneofakind.^^
Duttandhercolleaguesstudiedmorethan1,200lettersofrecommendationfor
postdoctoralpositionsingeoscience.Theywerealleditedforgenderandother
identifyinginformation,soDuttandherteamcouldassignthemascorewithout
knowingthegenderofthestudent.Theyfoundthatfemaleapplicantswereonlyhalf
aslikelytogetoutstandingletters,comparedwiththeirmalecounterparts.That
includeslettersofrecommendationfromallovertheworld,andwrittenby,yes,men
andwomen.ThefindingsareinthejournalNatureGeoscience.
Duttsaystheywerenotabletoevaluatetheactualscientificqualificationsofthe
applicantsusingthedatainthefiles.Butshesaystheresultsstillsuggestwomenin
geoscienceareatapotentialdisadvantagefromtheverybeginningoftheircareers
startingwiththoselessthanout-standinglettersofrecommendation.
“We'renottryingtoassignblameorcriticizeanyoneorcallanyoneconsciously
sexist.Rather,thepointistousetheresultsofthisstudytoopenupmeaningful
dialoguesonimplicitgenderbias,beitatadepartmentalleveloraninstitutionallevel
orevenadisciplinelevel."Whichmayleadtosomerecommendationsfortheletter
writersthemselves.
51.Whatdowelearnaboutapplicantstopostdoctoralpositionsingeosciences?
A)Therearemanymoremenapplyingthanwomen.
B)Chancesforwomentogetthepositionsarescarce.
C)Moremalesthanfemalesarelikelytogetoutstandinglettersof
recommendation.
D)Maleapplicantshavemoreinterestinthesepositionsthantheirfemale
counterparts.
52.Whatdostudiesaboutmenandwomeninscientificresearchshow?
A)Womenengagedinpostdoctoralworkarequicklycatchingup.
B)Fewerwomenareapplyingforpostdoctoralpositionsduetogenderbias.
C)MenarebelievedtobebetterabletoexcelinSTEMdisciplines.
D)WomenwhoarekeenlyinterestedinSTEMfieldsareoftenexceptional.
53.Whatdothestudiesfindabouttherecommendationlettersforwomenapplicants?
A)Theyarehardlyeversupportedbyconcreteexamples.
B)Theycontainnothingthatdistinguishestheapplicants.
C)Theyprovideobjectiveinformationwithoutexaggeration.
D)Theyareoftenfilledwithpraiseforexceptionalapplicants.
54.WhatdidDuttandhercolleaguesdowiththemorethan1,200lettersof
recommendation?
A)Theyaskedunbiasedscholarstoevaluatethem.
B)Theyinvitedwomenprofessionalstoeditthem.
C)Theyassignedthemrandomlytoreviewers.
D)Theydeletedallinformationaboutgender.
55.WhatdoesDuttaimtodowithherstudy?
A)Raiserecommendationwriters9awarenessofgenderbiasintheirletters.
B)Openupfreshavenuesforwomenpost-doctorstojoininreaserachwork.
C)AlertwomenresearcherstoalltypesofgenderbiasintheSTEMdisciplines.
D)Startapublicdiscussiononhowtoraisewomen'sstatusinacademiccircles.
2017年12月英语四级阅读(第三套)
46-50BBACD
46.Whatdowelearnfromthepassageaboutcitiesinsub-SaharanAfrica?
B)Theyaregrowingfastwithoutbecomingricher
定位:第一段第二句及第四句。第二句What'sindisputableisthatit9sgrowingvery
quickly对应growingfast,第四句sub-SaharanAfricaarenotgettingrichertheway
citiesintherestoftheworldhave.
47.Whatdoestheauthorimplyabouturbanisationinotherpartsoftheworld?
B)Itstartedwhenpeople'sincomewasrelativelyhigh.
定位:第二段第二句:MostofAfricaisurbanizingatalowerlevelofincomethan
otherregionsoftheworlddid.下文又提到因为收入低,所以缺少投资的钱。
48.Whyissub-SaharanAfricaunappealingtoinvestors?
A)Itlacksadequatetransportfacilities.
定位:第二段最后——句:...theonlylightrailmetrosystem...keepinvestorsaway.
49.InwhatwaydoesauthorsayAfricancitiesaredifferent?
C)Theyhavedevelopedattheexpenseofnature.
定位:第三段第一句和第四句
50.WhatmightbeasolutiontotheproblemsfacingAfricancities?
D)Amoreresponsiblegovernment
定位:末段第五句。
51-55BCADD
51.ItusedtobecommonlyacknowledgedthattosucceedinAmerica,onehadto
have___.
B)anambitiontogetahead
第一段中:
Forthepastseveraldecades,itseemsthere'sbeenageneralconsensusonhowtoget
aheadinAmerica:Getacollegeeducation,findareliablejob,andbuyyourown
home.
52.WhatisthefindingofthelatestNationalJournalpollconcerningtheAmerican
dream?
C)Americans5ideaofithaschangedoverthepastfewdecades.
第二段中:
Overwhelmingly,theresultsshowthattoday,theideaoftheAmericandream一and
whatittakestoachieveit——looksquitedifferentthanitdidinthelate20thcentury.
53.WhatdoAmericansnowthinkoftheroleofcollegeeducationinachieving
success?
A)Itstillremainsopentodebate.
第四段中:
Inthepastsevenyears,Americanshavegrownmorepessimisticaboutthepowerof
educationtoleadtosuccess...theyseegoingtocollegeasafairlyachievable
goal...donotneedafour-yearcollegeeducationinordertobesuccessful.
54.Howdosomepeopleviewcollegeeducationthesedays?
D)Ithelpsbroadentheirminds.
第六段:
Whilesome...seecollegeasawaytogainnewperspectiveandlifeexperiences.
55.WhatisonefactoressentialtosuccessinAmerica,accordingtoWillFendley?
D)Aclearaimandhighmotivation.
第七段中:
Sixty-year-oldWillFendley...thinks"personaldrive^^isfarmoreimportantthanjust
goingtocollege.ToFendley,asenseofdriveandpurpose,aswellasaneffective
high-schooleducation...
2017年12月|四级写作
写作第一套:亲子关系
Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonhowto
besthandletherelationshipbetweenparentsandchildren.Youshouldwriteatleast
120wordsbutnomorethan180words.
参考范文:
Howtobesthandletherelationshipbetweenparentsandchildren?
Nowadays,awide-spreadphenomenonoccurfrequentlythatparentsmakealotof
decisionsfortheirchildren,evenformostcriticalissuesoftheirlife,suchas
education,workorevenmarriage.Thoughmanyparentsregardtheirchildrenasthe
appleoftheireye,theyhavenoenoughknowledgehowtobesthandlethe
relationshipwiththeirchildren.
Wemayfindseveralreasonstoexplainthisphenomenonabove.Firstofall,parents,
withtheirformerlifeexperience,alwaysthinkthattheyareabletomakeabetter
decisionthanteenagersdo.Next,theypaytoomuchattentiontotheironlychildinthe
familywithoutcaringfortheirchildren'sfeeling.What'smore,theyasserttheonly
waytorealizetheirunfulfilleddreamsislettingtheirchildrendothingsthattheywant
themto.
Howtosolvesuchseriousproblems?Tobeginwith,parentsshouldadaptsome
strategicchangesinchildreneducation.Theyshouldconsciouslydeveloptheir
children'scapabilitiestothinkontheirown.Inaddition,childrenshouldcopewith
thedifficultiestheyencounterindependentlyandmayalsosearchforparents'
necessaryguideonlyatcriticalmoments.
Positiveparent-childbondsfosterautonomy,curiosity,self-esteemandbetter
decision-makingskills.Solefstakeactionstoimproveparent-childrelationship
beforeit'stoolate.
写作第二套:师生关系
Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonhowto
besthandletherelationshipbetweenteachersandstudents.Youshouldwriteatleast
120wordsbutnomorethan180words.
参考范文:
WithbothparentshavingadailyjobinmostChinesefamiliesinrecentyears,
teachersandstudentsareevenbecomingthemainpartsinteachingactivities.Henceit
isneversonecessarytobesthandletherelationshipbetweenteachersandstudents.
Tobeginwith,teachersneedtobeawarethattheyarethebasistomaketheteaching
processfunctionwell.Aseducators,theyshouldundertaketheimportant
responsibilitytoeducatestudentsfromdifferentbackgroundsandwithdifferent
academiclevels.Onlybybeingpatientandthoughtfulcantheycultivatethefuture
hopeofourcountryandcontinuethedevelopmentofhumansociety.Furthermore,
studentsontheotherhandarethemainpartoflearning.Itiscriticalforthemto
respecttheirteachers,whichisbecominglesspopularnowadays,astheycanlearnthe
coreoftextbooksandlifefromsomeoneonlyiftheytrusthim.
Inall,theharmoniousrelationshipbetweenteachersandstudentswillgaingoodresult
anditwillbringunaccountablefunctiontoeducationcareer.
写作第三套:医患关系
Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonhowto
besthandletherelationshipbetweendoctorsandpatients.Youshouldwriteatleast
120wordsbutnomorethan180words.
参考范文:
Howtohandletherelationshipbetweendoctorsandpatients?
Inrecentyears,therelationshipbetweendoctorsandpatientshasbecomeincreasingly
tenseandcomplicated.Thedisputeshaveintensifieddaybyday.Thereisalackof
necessaiyunderstandingandtrustbetweendoctorsandpatients.Thenormalhealth
careactivitiesaredeeplyaffected.Therelationshipbetweendoctorsandpatientshas
becomeanunprecedentedcommonconcernofthewholesocietyatthisstage.
Howtobesthandletherelationshipbetweendoctorsandpatients?Firstlyofall,
doctorsshouldhavemedicalethicsandhumanities,whichrequireextremeenthusiasm
forpatientsandtheirtechnicalexcellence.Secondly,doctorsandpatientsshould
communicatewitheachother.Furthermore,patientsshouldknowmoreknowledgeof
medicine.Besides,thegovernmentshouldprovidemorelegalprotectiontohelp
balancethedoctor-patientrelationship.
Althoughwehavealongwaytogo,wehavereasonstobelievethatthedoctor-patient
relationshipinChinaisgraduallyimproving.
2017年12月六级阅读(第一套)
PassageOne
Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Youmayhaveheardthatcoca-colaoncecontainedaningredientcapableofsparkingparticular
devors:cocaine,thecocainthenamereferredtotheextractsofcocaleafthatthedrink'soriginator
chemistjohnpemberton,mixedwithhissugarysyrup(it),atthetimecocaleafextractmixedwith
winewasacommontonic(iljo),andpemberton'ssweetbrewwasawaytogetaroundlocallaws
prohibitingthesaleofalcohol,buttheotherhalfofthenamepresentsanotheringredient,less
infamous(名声不好的,perhaps,butalsostrangelypottent:thekolanut.
Inwestafrica,peoplehavelongchewedkolanutsasstimulants,becausetheycontainthatalso
occursnaturallyintea,coffe,andchocolate.Theyalsohaveheartstimulants.
Historianpaullovejoyrelatesthatthecultivationofkolanutsinwestafricaishundredsofyears
old.theleafy,spreadingtreeswereplantedongraaspartoftraditionalrituals,eventhoughthe
nuts,whichneedtostaymoist,canbesomewhatdelicatetotransport,traderscarriedthem
hundredsofmilesthroughouttheforestsandgrasslands.
Europeansdidnotknowofthemuntilthe1500swhenPortugueseshipsarrivedonthecoastof
whatisnowsierraleone.andwhilethePortuguesetookpartinthetrade,ferryingnutsdownthe
coastalongwithothergoodsby1620,whenenglishexplorerrichardjobsonmadehiswayupthe
Gambia,thenutswe
hiseyes.
Bythelate19thcentury,kolanutswerebeingshippedbythetonnetoeuropeandtheusMany
madetheirwayintomedicines,intendedasakindofenergyboost,onesuchpopularmedicinal
drinkwasvinmaafrenchproductconsistingofcocaextractmixedwithredwine,itascreatedby
afrenchchemist,angelomariani,in1863.sowhenpembertoncreatedhisdrink,itrepresentedan
ongoingtrend,whencocaineeventuallyfellfromgraceasabeverageingredient.kola-ectractcolas
becamepopular.
Thefirstyearitwasavailable,coca-colaaveragednineservingsadayacrossalltheatlantais
whereitwassold.asitgrewmorepopular,thecompanysoldrightstobottlethesoda,soitcould
traveleasily.todayabout1.9billioncokesarepurchaseddailyit'sbecomesoiconicthatattempts
tochangeitstastein1985-sweeteningitinamoveprojectedtoboostsalesproveddisastrous,
withwidespreadangerfromconsumers.Mcoca-colaclassicHreturnedtostoreshelvesjustthree
monthsafterthe"newcoke"wasreleased.
Thesedays,thecoca-colarecipeisacloselyguardedsecret,butit'ssaidtonolongercontainkola
nutextract,relyinginsteadonartificialimitationstoachievetheflavour.
46.whatdowelearnaboutchemistjohnpemberton?
a)Heusedastrangelypotentingredientinafoodsupplement
b)hecreatedadrinkcontainingalcoholwithoutbreakinglaw
c)hebecamenotoriousbecauseofthecocadrinkhedeveloped
d)heriskedbreakinglocallawtomakeadrinkwithcocaleaves
47.whatdoesthepassagesayaboutkolanuts?
a)theircommercialvaluewasfirstdiscoveredbyPortuguesesettler
b)theycontainsomekindofenergyboostnotfoundinanyotherfood
c)manywereshippedtoeuropeinthelate19thcenturyformedicinalus
d)theywerestrangetotheeuropeanswhenfirstimportedfromwestafrica
48.howcomekola-extractcolasbecamepopular?
a)cocainehadbecomenotorious
c)weresetuptosellthem
b)alcoholicdrinkswereprohibited
d)rightsweresoldtobottlethesoda
49.whatisknownaboutthetasteofcoca-cola?
a)itwassodesignedastocreateaddictioninconsumers
b)itstillreliesontraditionalkolanutextract
c)ithasbecomemorepopularamongtheold.
d)ithasremainedvirtuallyunchangedsinceitscreation
50.whatisthepassagemainlyabout?
a)theevolutionofcoca-cola
c)themedicinalvalueofcoca-cola.
b)thesuccessstoryofcoca-cola
d)thebusinessstrategyofcoca-cola.
Passagetwo
Questions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage
Twentyyearsago,theurbanlandinstitutedefinedthetwotypesofcitiesthatdominatedtheus
landscape:smallercitiesthatoperatedaroundstandard9-5businesshoursandlargemetropolitan
areasthatranall24hoursoftheday.analyzingandcomparingcitiesusingthelensofthisbasic
dividegivesinterestingcontexttohowinvestmentcapitalflowsandhousingpriceshave
Inrecentyears,manymid-sizedcitieshavebeguntoadoptamiddle-of-the-roadapproach
incorporatingtheexcitementandopportunityoflargecitieswithsmallcities*quietafter
midnight.thesel8-hourcitiesarebeginningtomakewavesinrealestaterankingsandattractmore
reaestateinvestment,whatisunderlyingthisnewmovementinrealestate,andwhydothesecities
havesomuchappeal
18-hourcitiescombinethebestof24-hourand9-5cities,whichcontributestodowntown
revitalization,fordecades,manydowntowncoresinsmalltomid-sizedcitieswereabandoned
afterworkhoursbyworkerswholivedinthesuburbs,movementoutofcitycenterswas
widespreadanddowntowntenantswerepredominantlymadeupoftheworkingpoor,this
generatedlittle
ommercefordowntownbusinessesintheevenings,whichmadebusinessandgeneratingtax
renenueformunicipalupkeepdifficult.withtheriseofanewconceptinurbanplanningthataims
andmoreconverincreasingpopularityforurbanareastrealestatepushesinmajorcitieslik
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