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AliJavaheri
Analyst,EmergingTechnologyali.javaheri@
EMERGINGSPACEBRIEF
CarbonNanotubes
OriginallypublishedonJanuary18,2024
pbinstitutionalresearch@
Trendingcompanies
Overview
Carbonnanotubes(CNTs)arenanoscalesheetsofgraphenerolledintoacylindricaltube.CNTshavespecialfeaturesandabilities,someofwhicharesimilartographitewhileotherscomefromtheirtube-like,one-dimensionalshape.Dependingontheirspecificstructure,CNTscanbehavelikemetalsorsemiconductors,whicharekeyinelectronicdevices.MetallicCNTs,inparticular,canconductelectricityover1000xbetterthancommonmetals,suchascopper.Theyhaveauniquewayofconductingelectricitythatmakesthemextremelyefficientandmobile,surpassingmany
standardsemiconductors.
CarbonnanotubesVCdealactivity
37
35
3534
CNTsaremuchstrongerthansteel,andtheyconductheatbetterthandiamond.Theyalsohaveaveryhighsurfacearearelativetotheirsize,whichmakesthemquitelightandstrong.CNTsarealsohighlystableandcanresistmostchemicalreactions,unlesstheyareexposedtohighheatandoxygen.Theseproperties
makeCNTsexcellentforawiderangeofapplications,includingvariouselectroniccomponents,sensors,batteries,andmaterialsforprotectingagainstelectricity.1
22
19
Background
ThehistoryofCNTsisatapestryofdiscoveryanddebate.Thematerial’sorigins
canbetracedbackto1952whenSovietscientistsL.V.RadushkevichandV.M.
Lukyanovichpublishedimagesofnanometer-sizedcarbontubes,thoughthisearlyworkwaslargelyoverlookedduetolimitedaccesstoSovietscientificresearchfor
201820192020202120222023*
Dealvalue($M)Dealcount
Source:PitchBook•Geography:Global*AsofJanuary9,2024
Westerncolleagues.2Theterm“carbonnanotubes”wascoinedbySumioIijimain
1991whenheobservedneedle-likecarbonstructuresunderanelectronmicroscope,whichheidentifiedasmultiwalledcarbonnanotubes.Single-walledvariantswere
discoveredshortlyafterin1993.Thetheoreticalpredictionsandsubsequent
experimentalconfirmationsofCNTs’uniqueelectricalpropertiesfueledasurgeinresearchandpotentialindustrialapplications,makingthemacornerstoneofnanotechnologyandmaterialsscience.3
1:“CarbonNanotube,”ScienceDirect,WaqarAhmed,etal.,n.d.,accessedJanuary10,2024.
2:“ABriefIntroductionofCarbonNanotubes:History,Synthesis,andProperties,”IOPPublishing,JunqiChen,etal.,2021.
3:“SumioIijima,”InternationalBalzanPrizeFoundation,n.d.,accessedJanuary10,2024.
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EmergingSpaceBrief:CarbonNanotubes
Technologiesandprocesses
Typesofcarbonnanotubes
Single-walledandmultiwalledcarbonnanotubesarethetwomaintypesofCNTs,withthethirdtypebeingtheless-commondouble-walledCNT.
Single-walledcarbonnanotubes(SWNTs):Thesenanotubesarecomposedofa
singlelayerofgraphenerolledintoacylindricalshape.Theyareknownfortheir
remarkableelectricalproperties,whichcanvaryfrommetallictosemiconducting
dependingontheirgeometryanddiameter.SWNTstypicallyhavediametersrangingfromabout1to2nanometers.Duetotheiruniformstructure,theyofferhighaspectratiosandexceptionalmechanicalstrength,makingthemidealforapplicationsin
nanoelectronics,sensors,andvariouscompositematerials.4
Multiwalledcarbonnanotubes(MWNTs):Thistypeofnanotubeconsistsof
multiplelayersofgraphene,eachformingaconcentrictubearoundtheother,
resemblingasetofnestedcylinders.Theygenerallyhavediametersrangingfrom7to100nanometers.MWNTsareknownfortheirincreasedthermalandelectricalconductivitycomparedwithSWNTs,buttheyhavefeweruniformelectronic
properties.Theirmultilayeredstructureprovidesenhancedmechanicalstrength,whichisbeneficialforapplicationsinmaterialsreinforcement,energystorage,andnanodevices.5
Double-walledcarbonnanotubes(DWNTs):ThisvariantisaspecialtypeofMWNTthathasexactlytwoconcentricgraphenelayers.TheycombinesomepropertiesofbothSWNTsandMWNTs,offeringabalancebetweenthestrengthandflexibility
ofMWNTsandtheelectricalpropertiesofSWNTs.DWNTsarelesscommonthantheothertwotypesandareparticularlyinterestingforresearchduetotheiruniqueelectronicandmechanicalproperties,whichmakethemsuitableforapplicationslikenano-electromechanicalsystemsandhigh-strengthmaterials.6
Carbonnanotubesynthesistechniques7
Chemicalvapordeposition(CVD):CVDisapopularmethodforproducingCNTs,especiallyvaluedforitsprecisecontrolovernanotubecharacteristicslikelength,diameter,alignment,andpurity.Thismethod,typicallyoperatingattemperaturesbelow800degreesCelsius(C),involvesthechemicalbreakdownofhydrocarbonsonasubstrate,ofteninthepresenceofmetalliccatalystslikenickel,cobalt,or
iron.TypesofCVDincludethermalcatalyticchemicalvapordeposition,plasma-enhancedCVD,andothers.Itsadvantagesareitssimplicity,lowtemperature,highpurity,andsuitabilityforlarge-scale,alignedgrowthofCNTs.
Laserablation:Inlaserablation,high-poweredlaservaporization(typicallyYAGtype)heatsablockofpuregraphiteinafurnaceataround1,200degreesCinanargonatmosphere.Metalparticlesareoftenaddedascatalysts.Thismethodis
4:“Single-WalledCarbonNanotubes:Structure,Properties,Applications,andHealth&Safety,”OCSiAl,MarinaFilchakovaandVladimirSaik,May12,2021.
5:“ApplicationsofMulti-WalledCarbonNanotubes,”Nanografi,EmiliaColdwell,May17,2021.
6:“DoubleWalledCarbonNanotubes(DWCNTs)-NanografiBlog,”Nanografi,ArslanSafder,June21,2019.
7:“CarbonNanotubes:Properties,Synthesis,Purification,andMedicalApplications,”NanoscaleResearchLetters,AliEatemadi,August13,2014.
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EmergingSpaceBrief:CarbonNanotubes
knownforproducingSWNTswithhighpurityandquality.Thediameterofthe
nanotubesdependsonthelaserpower.Anotablebenefitisitshighyieldandlowmetallicimpurities,butthismethodisnoteconomicallyadvantageousforlarge-scaleproductionandthenanotubesproducedmaynotbeuniformlystraight.
Carbonarcdischarge:Thistechniqueinvolveshightemperatures(above1,700
degreesC)andusesarcdischargebetweenhigh-puritygraphiteelectrodesina
heliumenvironment.ItiseffectiveforcreatingfewerstructuraldefectsinCNTsandcanproducebothSWNTsandMWNTs.ThemethodboastshighyieldsofSWNTs
withanaveragediameterof1.4nanometers.Themainadvantageisitspotentialforlarge-quantityproduction,butitofferslittlecontrolovernanotubealignmentandrequirespurificationduetometalliccatalysts.
Purification8
Thepurificationofcarbonnanotubes(CNTs)involvesaseriesofstepstoremove
impuritieslikeamorphouscarbon,metalcatalystparticles,andothercarbonaceousmaterials.Thesestepsincludeacidtreatment,oftenusingconcentratedacidslike
nitricorhydrochloricacid,todissolvemetalparticles.FiltrationandcentrifugationtechniquesareemployedtoseparateCNTsfromlargergraphiteparticlesand
solvents.Additionally,thermaloxidationisusedtoeliminateamorphouscarbon,
whilesizeexclusionchromatographyandultrasonicationaidinseparatingand
dispersingnanotubes.Thesemethodsvaryincomplexityandeffectiveness,andarecrucialforachievingthehighpurityrequiredforspecificapplicationsofCNTs.Thedevelopmentofsingle-step,nondestructivepurificationprocessesthatmaintainthepropertiesofCNTsisacrucialareaforfutureresearch.
Applications
Biologicalandbiomedicalresearch:CNTshaveshownpromiseinimproving
mechanicalpropertiesofbiodegradablepolymericnanocompositesfortissue
engineeringapplicationswithmaterialssuchasbone,cartilage,muscle,andnerve
tissue.DuetotheircompatibilitywithbiomoleculeslikeDNAandproteins,CNTshavebeenutilizedinfluorescentandphotoacousticimaging,localizedheatingforcancertherapy,andbiosensorsfordetectingvariousbiologicalsubstances.
Compositematerials:CNTsareincorporatedintomaterialstoenhancetheir
mechanicalproperties,makingthemapplicableinitemsrangingfromeverydaygoodslikeclothesandsportsgeartospecializedapplicationssuchascombatjacketsand
spaceelevators.Theirhighmechanicalstrengthandconductivityhaveledtotheiruseinmanufacturingwindturbineblades,maritimesecurityboats,andsportsgoods.
Microelectronics:Carbonnanotubefield-effecttransistorsandotherelectronic
componentsmadefromCNTshavebeendeveloped,showingthepotentialtooperateatroomtemperatureandperformdigitalswitchingusingasingleelectron.Theyareconsideredalternativestotraditionalmaterialsinvariouselectronicdevices,offeringimprovementsinperformanceandsize.
8:“CarbonNanotubes:Properties,Synthesis,Purification,andMedicalApplications,”NanoscaleResearchLetters,AliEatemadi,August13,2014.
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EmergingSpaceBrief:CarbonNanotubes
Energystorageandsolarcells:CNTshavebeenappliedinenergystoragedeviceslikesupercapacitorsandbatteries,improvingcapacityandcyclability.Insolarcells,CNTscontributetoincreasedefficiencythroughtheirstrongUV,visible,andnear-infraredlightabsorptioncharacteristics,andtheyarebeingexploredaspotentialreplacementsforindiumtinoxideinphotovoltaicdevices.
Hydrogenstorage:ResearchhasfocusedonusingCNTsforstoringhydrogengasathighdensitieswithoutcondensingitintoaliquid,providingapotentialsolutionforhydrogen-poweredvehiclesbyallowingstorageinitsgaseousstate,therebyincreasingefficiency.
Environmentalremediation:CNTshavebeenusedinwatertreatmentprocessesastheyexhibitstrongadsorptionaffinitiesforvariouscontaminants.Theyarealsobeingexploredforairpurificationaswellasfordevelopingcoatingsandmaterialsforenvironmentalcleanupapplications.
Limitations
CNTsfacesignificantlimitations,particularlyintermsofscalabilityandcostas
wellasenvironmentalandhealthconcerns.Scalabilityremainsamajorissue,as
producinghigh-qualityCNTsonalargescaleisexpensive,withthecostofsingle-walledCNTsrangingfrom$75pergramto$300pergram.9Thishighcostisa
barriertotheirwidespreaduse,especiallyinapplicationsrequiringlargequantities.Additionally,ensuringconsistentqualityduringmassproductionischallenging;
issueslikeimpurityandstructuraldefectscansignificantlyaffecttheelectricalandmechanicalpropertiesofCNTs.
Environmentalandhealthconcernsalsoposelimitations.TheimpactofCNTson
humanhealthandtheenvironmentisnotyetfullyunderstood,leadingtohesitationsintheiruse,particularlyinconsumerproducts.Potentialtoxicityandtheeffectsoflong-termexposuretoCNTsrequirecarefulconsiderationandmanagement.ThesechallengesunderscoretheneedforadvancementsintheproductionofCNTs,aimedatimprovingscalabilityandcost-effectiveness,whilealsoaddressingsafetyand
environmentalconcerns.
Recentdealactivityandmarketoutlook
RecentventurecapitalactivityintheCNTmarkethighlightsthegrowinginterest
insophisticatedenergystoragesolutions,whichareessentialforthetransition
tocleanenergy.OmegaPower’ssignificant$18.0millionSeriesAfundinginJuly
2023,aimedatadvancingtheirCNT-basedlithiumbatteryelectrodes,underscoresthistrend.Additionally,Nano-C’simpressive$50.0millionfundinginJanuary
2023,cateringtoadiverserangeofapplicationsfromrenewableenergyto
semiconductors,reflectsthebroadpotentialofCNTs.However,2022markedan
exceptionalyear,largelyduetoOCSiAl’ssubstantial$300.0millionroundinMarch.Excludingthis,2022experiencedadipindealactivity,parallelingtrendsinthe
broaderventurecapitalmarketof2021.Yet,2023witnessedaresurgence,indicatingafluctuatingbutpromisingtrajectoryinCNTdealactivityoverthepastfiveyears.
9:“SingleWalledCarbonNanotubes,”CheapTubes,n.d.,accessedJanuary10,2024.
4
EmergingSpaceBrief:CarbonNanotubes
Foradeeperdiveintothedataandtoexploreadditionalinsights,visitthePitchBook
Platformor
requestafreetrial.
Quantitativeperspective
194
552
companies
deals
43
deals(TTM)
-10.4%YoY
$1.5M
mediandealsize
(TTM)
29.5%YoY
492
investors
$9.8M
medianpost-moneyvaluation(TTM)
-35.9%YoY
$2.5B
capitalinvested
$180.4M
capitalinvested
(TTM)
-77.7%YoY
*AsofJanuary9,2024
Topcarbonnanotubescompaniesbytotalraised*
Company
Totalraised($M)
Latestdealvalue($M)
Lastdealdate
Dealtype
HQlocation
Yearfounded
OCSiAl
$300.0
$300.0
March29,2022
Late-stageVC
Leudelange,Luxembourg
2009
Susn
$273.2
$84.0
April1,2020
M&A
Shenzhen,China
2011
Nantero
$169.0
N/A
August2,2021
M&A
Woburn,US
2001
CNano
$155.8
$134.8
July15,2019
IPO
Zhenjiang,China
2007
Nano-C
$128.0
$50.0
January5,2023
Late-stageVC
Westwood,US
2001
Prometheus
$115.8
$100.0
September23,2021
Early-stageVC
SantaCruz,US
2018
Canatu
$75.6
$17.7
November1,2022
Late-stageVC
Vantaa,Finland
2004
ChangxinChemicalTechnology
$75.3
N/A
January6,2023
IPO
Dezhou,China
2009
JEIOCo
$71.1
$97.1
November18,2022
IPO
Incheon,SouthKorea
1994
Nanocomp
Technologies
$54.7
$2.2
December31,2021
Grant
Merrimack,US
2004
Source:PitchBook•Geography:Global•*AsofJanuary9,2024
5
EmergingSpaceBrief:CarbonNanotubes
TopcarbonnanotubescompaniesbyExitPredictoropportunityscore*
Totalraised($M)
Opportunityscore
Success
probability
M&A
probability
IPOprobability
Yearfounded
HQlocation
Company
Picopack9576%53%23%$5.8Daejeon,SouthKorea2016
Carbice
93
85%
82%
3%
$16.5
Atlanta,US
2011
AlignedCarbon
89
81%
80%
1%
$3.6
SantaClara,US
2018
Cens
88
79%
77%
2%
$4.9
TelAviv,Israel
2014
OCSiAl
87
94%
60%
34%
$300.0
Leudelange,Luxembourg
2009
UPCatalyst
83
75%
74%
1%
$5.0
Tallinn,Estonia
2019
MattrixTechnologies
80
73%
72%
1%
$8.0
Gainesville,US
2018
AwexomeRay
72
85%
79%
6%
$14.3
Anyang-si,SouthKorea
2018
MeijoNanoCarbon
71
65%
62%
3%
$7.2
Nagoya,Japan
2005
NovaSolix
68
56%
43%
13%
$22.7
Newark,US
2015
Source:PitchBook•Geography:Global•*AsofJanuary9,2024
Note:ProbabilitydatabasedonPitchBook
VCExitPredictorMethodology
.
Topcarbonnanotubescompaniesbynumberofactivepatents*
Company
Activepatentdocuments
Totalraised($M)
HQlocation
Yearfounded
Nantero
431
$169.0
Woburn,US
2001
BrewerScience
395
N/A
Rolla,US
1981
HyperionCatalysisInternational
222
N/A
Cambridge,US
1982
Nano-C
154
$128.0
Westwood,US
2001
Nanocomp
Technologies
128
$54.7
Merrimack,US
2004
BNNTMaterials
98
$5.5
NewportNews,US
2010
MolecularRebar
Design
96
N/A
Austin,US
2012
Canatu
83
$75.6
Vantaa,Finland
2004
C2CNT
63
N/A
Calgary,Canada
1987
Thermoheld
58
N/A
Bayreuth,Germany
2002
Source:PitchBook•Geography:Global•*AsofJanuary9,2024
6
EmergingSpaceBrief:CarbonNanotubes
Topcarbonnanotubesinvestors*
Investor
Investments
HQlocation
NationalScienceFoundation
21
Alexandria,US
UnitedStatesDepartmentofDefense
20
Washington,US
USDepartmentofEnergy
12
Washington,US
UnitedStatesAirForce
10
UniversalCity,US
180DegreeCapital
5
Montclair,US
CRV
5
SanFrancisco,US
NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration
5
Washington,US
NIHSeed
5
Bet
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