综合英语教学课件

Contents123456ActiveReading1ListentoaVOAeducationreportaboutAmericanpeople’slearningmandarin.WarmingUpTask1:TrueorFalse?Task2:Answerquestions.ScriptsTask1:Listentothereportanddecidethefollowingstatementstrue(T)orfalse(F).____1.SaintMary'steachessuchforeignlanguagesasSpanish,German,MandarinandFrench.____2.SaintMary'sbecamethefirstschoolinthecountrytojointheConfuciusClassroomprogram.____3.TheConfuciusClassroomprogramisinaboutfiftycountries.____4.Foreignlanguageteachinginpublicschoolsrosesharplyinrecentyears.WarmingUpFTFFTask2:Listentothereportagainandanswerthefollowingquestions.1.AccordingtoCarlyIrvine,whydoAmericanslearnMandarin?2.AccordingtoSaintMary'sprincipal,FrankPhillips,whydostudentslearnMandarin?3.WhatisZhengLin’sopinionaboutforeigners’learningMandarin?4.WhydoAmericanscriticizethefederalpolicy?WarmingUp1.AccordingtoCarlyIrvine,whydoAmericanslearnMandarin?

SinceChinaandAmericaareworkingsocloselyandtherelationshipisgrowingmoreandmore,itwillbeveryimportantinthefuturetoknowChinese.

2.AccordingtoSaintMary'sprincipal,FrankPhillips,whydostudentslearnMandarin?

KnowingChinesewillhelpstudentsinaworldwhereChinaisquicklygainingeconomicpower.

WarmingUp3.WhatisZhengLing’sopinionaboutforeigners’learningMandarin?

ThisisachanceforthemtoknowmoreaboutChina,especiallythelatestdevelopment.Chinaisquitedifferentfromwhatitwastwentyyearsago.4.WhydoAmericanscriticizethefederalpolicy?

Foreignlanguageteachinginpublicschoolsdroppedsharplyandtherearelanguageteachershortages,becauseafederallawthatonlymeasuresprogressinmathandreadinghashurtlanguageteaching.WarmingUpScriptsSomeschoolsintheUnitedStatesandothercountriesofferChineselanguageclasseswithgovernmentsupportfromChina.(CLASSROOMSOUND)SaintMary'sSchoolisaprivatecollegepreparatoryschoolinMedford,Oregon,inthePacificNorthwest.CARLYIRVINE:"WojiaoCarly."CarlyIrvineisinherfourthyearoflearningMandarin.CARLYIRVINE:"SinceChinaandAmericaareworkingsocloselyandourrelationshipisgrowingmoreandmore,IthinkitwillbeveryimportantinthefuturetoknowChinese."WarmingUpSaintMary'salsoteachesSpanish,GermanandLatin.ItaddedMandarinintwothousandfive.Twoyearsago,itbecamethefirstschoolinthecountrytojointheConfuciusClassroomprogram.TheprogrampaysabouthalfthecostsofateachersenttoaschoolintheUnitedStates.China'sEducationMinistryalsoprovidesbooksandothermaterials.SaintMary'sprincipal,FrankPhillips,saysknowingChinesewillhelpstudentsinaworldwhereChinaisquicklygainingeconomicpower.ZhengLing,ateacheratSaintMary's,camefromChinain2008.WarmingUpZHENGLING:"PeopledonotknowmuchaboutChina,especiallythelatestdevelopment.SoIthinkthisisachanceforthemtoknowmoreaboutChina,whatChinaisreallylike.It'squitedifferentfromwhatitwastwentyyearsago."TheConfuciusClassroomprogramisinaboutfortycountries,includingmorethanfiftyAmericanschoolsanduniversities.ArecentreportsaidmoreschoolsintheUnitedStatesareteachingChineseandArabic,althoughthenumbersarestilllow.WarmingUpButitsaidforeignlanguageteachinginpublicelementaryandmiddleschoolsdroppedsharplyinrecentyears.FewerschoolsteachFrench,German,RussianorJapanese.Therearelanguageteachershortages.Butsomeschoolssayafederallawthatonlymeasuresprogressinmathandreadinghashurtlanguageteaching.ThefederalgovernmentpaidforthesurveybytheCenterforAppliedLinguistics.WarmingUpTextLessonstobelearnt1I'vebeenspendingseveralyearslearningChineseformyworkhereinBeijing,sothelatestnewsthatthere'stobeanewcampaigntointroducethelanguageintoUSschools,andarecentreportestimatingthatover500schoolsintheUKareteachingitpromptsmetotellyousomethingwhichyoumaynotwanttohear:LearningChineseisreally,reallytough.Text2UKexportstoChinaareexpectedtoquadruple

bytheendofthedecade,anditsgovernmentwantseveryschool,collegeanduniversitytobetwinnedwithanequivalentinstitutioninChina.Withthedominance

ofEnglishasaninternationallanguagesettodeclineoverthenext40years,it'snotsurprisingthatthisfallismatchedbyariseofinterestinlearningChinese.Text3Chinesecultureisoneofthegreatwondersoftheworld.Itsphilosophy,art,foodandliteratureshowbothsubtletyandhumanityinequalmeasure.4ButIhavetosaythatiflearningisajourney,it'ssometimeshardtokeepyoureyeonyourdestinationwhentherearesomanydistractionstoslowyoudownonthepathtowardsfluency.5You'veheardoftheLongMarch?Well,thatisastrollinthepark,comparedtowhatit'sliketolearnChinese.Text6So,if1.3billionChinesedon'thaveaproblemwiththeirownlanguage,whydodumbforeignerslikemefinditsohardtolearn?7Firstofall,learningthousandsofcharactersisachore,andthere'snothingforitbuttolearnthembyheart.Evenusingadictionaryhasitsownsetofproblems.Forexample,howdoyoulookupthemeaningofacharacter?

Text

I'vespenthourstryingtomatchwhatIthinkistheradicalwiththelistinthemiddleofmyChinese-Englishdictionary,thenhuntingdownthecharactermatchedwithitspinyin(Romanalphabet)equivalent,thenturningtothedictionaryentryitself,andlookingforthecharacterandeliminating

allthosewithinappropriatemeaningsuntilIfindtherightone.Ittakesalotofpatience,itcanbeverydisappointing,andmydisgracefulstrikerateisscarcely20charactersanhour.Text8Languageexpertsestimatethatyou"only"needtolearnabout5,000characterstobeliterate.(Ijustlovethat"only"!)Theyalsosayit'sdesirabletoseeandreviseacharacteraboutseventimesindifferentcontextsinordertoretainitanduseitproductively.9

Soyoudothemath.Text10LearningChineseisalreadytough,butlearningwithanunqualifiedteachermakesitevenmoredifficult.Inourfirstlesson,welearntourfirstChinesecharacter家.OurteachertoldusthatChinesepeopleareabletoseetheoriginalrepresentationofmeaninginthecharacter.Shedrewitonthewhiteboard.Itmeanshome.Good.Shethenexplainedthatit'smeanttoillustrateapigunderaroof.That'sgoodtoo.Thensheasked,"Canyouseethepig?"Text11No?12"Thereitis,can'tyousee?"13Iseenopig.14"Andcanyouseetheroof?"15Well,Isupposeso,butonlyifIwasshortsighted,dyslexicor,possibly,drunk.ButtopleasemyteacherIsaid,yesIcanseetheroof,justabitofablur,that'sall.Text16"That'sthepigundertheroof.Thatmeanshome!"saidmyteachertriumphantly,asifshehadachievedherveryfirstsuccessinteachingusChinese.17Butshehadn't.18HaveIfinishedwiththebadnews?Text19Notyet.Thetonesystemmeansthatasinglecharactercanhavedifferentmeaningsaccordingtothetoneusedtopronounceit.Andit'seasytogethopelesslywrong,andevenworseifyoutravelaroundthecountry,asthetonescanvaryfromprovincetoprovince.20Soisthereanygoodnews?Text21Well,IconcedethatgrammariseasierthanmanyEuropeanlanguages.Therearenoverbtensestomanipulate,nosingularandplurals,norelativeclauses.(Confusingly,there'salsonodifferenceinpronunciationofthecharacterforheandshe.Forme,it'safairlybasicdistinction,butmaybeI'mbeingMs.Picky.)Text22Butbackinclassagain,Inoticedthatbythewordsinthevocabularylistthereisapartofspeechmarked,noun,adjective,verb.WhenIlookbackatmyvocabularynotes,Iseethatsomewordscanfunctionasnounsandasverbs,andotherssuchasguo,baorlearecalledparticles,whateverthatmeans,butdon'thaveanidentifiablefunctioninthetermsweusetodescribelanguage.Theyhavemeaning,andwithoutthemthemeaningofthesentenceischanged.ButitseemsstrangetouseasysteminventedtoanalyzeEuropeanlanguages.SowhyareweusingasystemforanalyzingChinesewhichissolimited?Text23ThenIbegintowonderhowcanChineseexpresscomplexconcepts?Takeonecharacterandithasadenotationalmeaning,whichyoucanusuallyfindinadictionary.Combinethischaracterwithanotherandyou

createaconceptwhichisnewanddifferent.Combinethemwithmorecharactersandyoufurtherdevelopthisconcept.TextText24IsthissodifferentfromEnglish?Well,yes,becausebythistime,youneedtointerpretthecombinationofcharacterstounderstandwhatitmeans.Itdoesn'tmeanthesumofitsisolated,denotationalmeanings,butthesumofitsconnotationalmeanings!25Buteveryonewhousesthelanguagehastoagreeontheconnotationsofeachofthecharacters,andiftheydon't,thensurelyimprecisionanddefectivecomprehensionarise.SohowdoesChineseexpresscomplexandpreciseconcepts?26LearningChineseislikeplayingchessordoingthecrossword.It'stotallyabsorbing,completelycaptivating,and–it'snottherightword,buthowelsecanIsayit?–Ienjoymyself.It'snotjustagradualprocessoflanguageacquisition.Itinspiresongoing

questionsaboutthemeaningofcommunicationandthepoweroflanguage.It'saverybeautiful,profoundlyinspiringandthought-provokingchallenge.Ihavetokeepgoing,asthejourneywillfascinatemeasmuchasthearrivalatmydestination.Text27Buthowlongwillittake?28SomestatisticssuggestthataneducatedEnglishspeakerneeds1,300hourstoachieveaproficiencycorrespondingtoaneducatednativespeakerofChinese,whileitwouldonlytakeabout480hourstoachieveacomparablelevelinFrenchorSpanish.Othersreckonthat1,300hoursisn'tsufficient,andthatit'scloserto2,200hours.Text29That'squiteafewlessonstobelearnt.30

MichaelPhelps,thegreatOlympicchampionswimmerattheBeijingOlympicGames,islearningChinesetoo.Duringaninterviewin2008,hemadethememorablecommentthat"It'seasiertowineightgoldmedalsattheOlympicGamesthanitistolearnChinese."31It'snoexaggeration.He'sright.Text汉语学习须知1

有最新消息说美国正在策划一项新的在学校推广汉语的活动，而且最近的一则报道称，在英国估计有500多所学校在教授汉语。为了便于在北京工作，我已经花了好几年时间学习汉语。上面这两则消息使我想告诉你们一些也许你们不太想听的话：汉语真的特别、特别难学。Text2

到2010年，英国对中国的出口预计将会增加三倍，所以英国政府要求英国的每一所小学、职业学校和大学都要和中国相应的教学机构结成伙伴关系。在接下来的40年里，英语作为国际语言的主导地位是注定要衰落的。所以，伴随着英语的衰落，人们对学习汉语的兴趣日益高涨。Text3

中国文化是世界上的一个伟大奇迹。中国的哲学、艺术、饮食和文学既显示出精妙的艺术，又闪烁着人性的光辉。4

但是我要说一句。如果我们把学习汉语比作一段旅程的话，那么有的时候你很难把注意力集中在目的地上，因为在通向熟练掌握汉语的路上，有太多的东西让你分心，让你走走停停。5

你听说过万里长征吗？和学汉语相比，那简直就是在公园里漫步，不值一提。Text6

那么，既然13亿中国人在学汉语时没有什么问题，为什么像我这样的笨老外会觉得汉语这么难学呢？7

首先，学习几千个汉字就是一件苦差事，除了把它们牢记在心之外，没有别的办法。甚至在查字典的时候也会碰到一堆问题。比如说，你怎么才能在字典里查到一个字的意思呢？Text为此我曾经花了很多时间。首先我要确定这个字的偏旁部首，然后在我的汉英词典中的部首表里找到这个部首，然后再按照偏旁部首找到标有拼音（罗马字母）的这个字，然后再查找字典的词条找那个字，把那些意思不对的统统排除，直到找到那个正确的字为止。这个过程需要很大的耐心，会让人灰心丧气。说起来很丢人，我自己查汉字的速度每小时还不到20个字。Text8

据语言专家估计，你“只”需要掌握5,000个汉字就能读写汉语了。（我太喜欢这个“只”字了！）他们还说要记住一个字并且能够灵活运用，最好要在不同的语境下看到并温习这个字大概7次。9

要花多少时间，你自己算吧。Text10

学习汉语已经够难的了，可是如果碰上一个不合格的老师，那就是雪上加霜了。在我们的第一堂汉语课上，我们学了第一个汉字“家”。我们的老师告诉我们，中国人能够在这个字里看到它原来所代表的含义。她把这个字写在白板上。这个字的意思是“家”。没问题。然后她解释说这个字象征着屋顶下的一头猪。这也没问题。然后她问：“你们能看到猪吗？”Text11

看不到？12“就在这里，你们看不到吗？”13

我没看见猪。14“那么，你们能看到屋顶吗？”15

嗯，如果我近视、有阅读障碍或者喝得酩酊大醉的话，没准我能看到。但是为了取悦我的老师，我说我看到了，我能看见屋顶，就是有点模糊，没别的。Text16“猪在屋顶下面，那就意味着家！”我的老师得意洋洋地说，就好像她第一次成功地教我们学会了汉语。17

其实，她根本没成功。18

我要说的坏消息都说完了吗？Text19

还没呢。汉语是有音调的，这意味着一个字的意思会随着音调的变化而变化。你一不小心就会犯下无法挽回的错误。如果你在中国各地游玩，情况会更糟糕，因为你会发现每一个省的音调都不一样。20

那么我有什么好消息要告诉大家吗？Text21

好吧，我得承认汉语的语法比很多欧洲语言的语法要简单。汉语没有什么动词时态，没有单复数，也没有关系从句。（令人费解的是，汉语中“他”和“她”的发音居然是一样的。我觉得这应该是语言里最基本的区别。但也许是我太挑剔了。）Text22

再回到课堂上，我注意到单词表中的每个单词旁都标注了词性，比如名词、形容词、动词。再看看我的单词笔记，我发现有些词既可以用作动词也可以用作名词，还有些像“过”、“吧”、“了”这样的词被称为虚词。不管“虚词”是什么意思，我们无法用我们描述语言的术语来描述虚词的功能。汉语中的这些虚词是有意义的。如果没有这些词，整个句子的意思就变了。但是用一套原本用来分析欧洲语言的体系来分析汉语似乎有点奇怪。那么为什么我们还要用这么一套有局限性的体系来分析汉语呢？Text23

然后，我就开始想：中国人是如何表达复杂概念的呢？以任何一个汉字为例，这个字会有它的字面意思，你可以在字典中找到它的字面意思。把这个汉字和另外一个汉字组合在一起，你就创造出一个新的、完全不同的概念。再把这两个字与更多的汉字组合，你就可以进一步扩展这个概念。Text24

这和英语有很大的不同吗？对，是有很大不同，因为到了这个阶段，你需要先分析这些字的组合，然后才能理解其含义。而要弄清这些组合在一起的字的意思，不能把每个字的字面意思简单地叠加在一起，而要综合领会那些字的内涵。25

但是所有使用汉语的人需要就每个汉字的内涵达成共识，否则就会导致理解偏差。那么中国人到底是如何表达复杂而精确的概念的呢？Text26

学习汉语就像下国际象棋或者是玩填字游戏，让人不由自主地全心投入、神魂颠倒，反正我是乐在其中——用“乐在其中”来形容可能并不准确，可我想不出什么更好的词了。学习汉语不仅仅是一个语言习得的渐进过程，它也让我不停地去思考交流的意义和语言的力量。汉语学习是一个极其美妙、极其鼓舞人心、引人深思的挑战。我必须不断前进，因为这段旅程本身和到达目的地同样让我着迷。Text27

但是完成这段旅程要花多少时间呢？28

有统计数据表明，一个受过教育的英语为母语的人需要花1,300小时才能达到一个受过教育的中国人的汉语水平。但如果是学法语或西班牙语的话，要达到同等语言水平只需要480小时。也有人认为1,300小时还不够，要差不多2,200小时。Text29

这得上不少课。30

麦克尔·菲尔普斯，这位在北京奥运会上大放异彩的游泳冠军也在学习汉语。在2008年的一次采访中，他的一番评价令人印象深刻：“在奥运会上拿8块金牌比学汉语要容易。”31

这并非夸张。他说的一点儿都没错。TextWords&Phrasesquadrupledominancesubtletyfluencydumbradicaleliminatewhiteboardrepresentationunqualifiedproductivelyretainreviseliterateidentifiableparticlepickymanipulateconcedetriumphantlyblurinappropriatedisgracefulscarcelydyslexicshortsightedillustrateconnotational

isolateddenotationalWords&Phrasesimprecisiondefectivecrosswordabsorbing

ongoingprofoundlythought-provokingproficiencysufficientMichaelPhelps

麦克尔·菲尔普斯quadruple v.ifanumberoranamountquadruples,orifyouquadrupleit,itesfourtimesbiggerthanitwas(使)成四倍e.g.1.ThenumberofAustraliansagedbetween65and84willdoubleby2050,andthenumberofthoseagedover85willquadruple.

澳大利亚65岁至84岁的人口数量到2050年会翻一番，而年龄85岁以上的数量会是原来的四倍。2.Oilpricesquadrupledinthe1970s.20世纪70年代石油价格上涨了四倍。Words&Phrasesdominance n.[U]asituationinwhichonepersonorthinghasmoreinfluenceorpowerthananyother

优势；支配地位e.g.

1.Hispartyisgainingdominanceinthecountry.

他的政党在国内得势。2.Withthisvictory,theteamhasmaintaineditsdominanceofEuropeanfootball.

有了这场胜利，这个球队继续称雄欧洲足球。Wordfamily:dominate

v.

dominant

a.

Words&Phrasessubtletyn.[U]thequalityofbeingcomplicated,delicate,ordifficulttonotice,ofteninaskilfulorattractiveway细微；微妙e.g.1.

Ithinkthetranslatormissedthesubtletyoftheoriginal.

我认为译者没有把原文中的微妙之处翻译出来。2.Foralongtime,globalproductshavebeen—withvaryingdegreesofsubtlety—madeintheimageofwhatUSconsumerswanted,ordreamed.

很长一段时期内，全球产品——有不同程度的细微差别——一直是按照美国消费者所要求或梦想的形象制造出来的。Wordfamily:subtle

a.

Words&Phrasesfluencyn.[U]theabilitytospeakaforeignlanguageverywell流利；流畅e.g.

1.Neitherfluencynoraccuracyiseasytocomebyinlearningaforeignlanguage.

学习外语要达到流利或精确的程度都是不容易的。2.

What's

your

method

ofimproving

the

fluency

inspeaking?

你用什么方法把口语练得这么流利呢？Wordfamily:fluent

a.Words&Phrasesdumba.

1)stupid笨的；傻乎乎的e.g.

1.Yougavehimyourphonenumber?That’sadumbthingtodo.

你把你的电话号码给他了？真是做了一件蠢事。2.“Whatisit?”Iasked,playingdumb.

“这是什么呀？”我装傻问道。2)unabletospeak,becauseyouareangry,surprised,shockedetc.哑口无言的e.g.Hestaredattheburnt-outcarindumbdisbelief.

他望着烧焦的汽车，满腹疑虑，说不出话来。Words&Phrasesradicaln.&a.

1)

n.[C]

anyofthebasicsetofapproximately214Chinesecharacters

constitutingsemanticallyorfunctionallysignificantelementsinthecompositionofothercharactersandusedasameansofclassifyingcharactersindictionaries

偏旁，部首e.g.Youcanlookupacharacterunderitsradical.

你可以根据部首查找汉字。

Words&Phrases2)

a.

(usedofopinionsandactions)farbeyondthenorm激进的e.g.1.

Iknowyouareradicalinyourthinking,butdon'tgotoofar.

我知道你思想激进，但不要太过分。2.Hisradicalideasarelikelytoproducefireworksatthemeeting.

他的激进思想很可能在会上引起激烈的争论。Words&Phraseseliminatevt.

1)decidethatsb.orsth.isnotresponsibleforsth.

排除e.g.We’veeliminatedthepossibilitythatthefirewassetonpurpose.

我们已经排除了蓄意纵火的可能性。2)getridofsth.thatisnotwantedorneeded

消除；剔除e.g.Children’sanxietycanbeeliminatedwithmoreparentalcare.(CET4-2003-12)父母多一些关爱就可以消除孩子的焦虑。Words&Phrasesinappropriatea.notsuitableinaparticularsituation不适合的；不恰当的e.g.

1.Thewordisinappropriateinthiscontext.

这个词不适合这个语境。2.Hiscommentswerewhollyinappropriateonsuchasolemnoccasion.

他的言论完全不适合这样一个庄严的场合。Antonym:appropriate

Words&Phrasesdisgracefula.extremelybadorshocking糟糕的；可耻的e.g.

1.Itwascriticizedasadisgracefulwasteofmoney.这被指责为一种浪费金钱的可耻行为。2.Pleaseaccountforyourdisgracefulconduct.

请对你的可耻行为作出解释。Antonym:gracefulWordfamily:grace

n.Words&Phrasesscarcelyad.

1)onlyjust仅仅；才e.g.Wehadscarcelybegunthediscussionwhensomeonebrokein.2)almostnot,oralmostnone几乎不；几乎没有e.g.

1.Therewasscarcelyanytrafficatthistimeoftheday. 那天的这个时候路上没什么车。2.Hismotheraskedhimquestionstowhichsheseemed

scarcelyinterestedinknowingtheanswers.他的母亲问了他一些问题，但似乎对他如何回答没什么兴趣。Wordfamily:scarce

a.Words&Phrases我们刚开始讨论就被人打断。literatea.1)abletoreadandwrite有读写能力的e.g.

1.Thoughnearlytwentyhewasbarelyliterate.

他都快二十了，还是睁眼瞎。2.Everyliteratepersonshouldreadthisnovel.

每个识字的人都应该阅读这本小说。3.Onlyafewofthenation'speasantsareliterate.这个国家的农民中只有少数人能识字。Words&Phrases2)well-educated有文化的，受过良好教育的e.g.

1.Jordanisahighly

literate

andlargelystablecountry,withwell-developedsecurityandintelligenceoperations.

约旦是一个教育程度较高并且很大程度上比较稳定的国家，有良好的治安和智能的管理。2.

OneproblemisthattheAfghanarmycannotgrowanyfasterbecauseofashortageofliteraterecruitsfortheofficercorps.

有个问题是，由于招募不到受过教育的军官，阿富汗军队无法更快发展。Antonym:illiterateWords&Phrasesrevise1)v.(BrE)readandlearninformationthatyouhavestudiedinordertoprepareforanexamination.(TheAmericanwordisreview.)复习e.g.Studentsspenttheireveningsinthelibraryrevisingfortheexam.

学生们晚上在图书馆复习功课准备考试。2)vt.change,improve,ormakeadditionstosth.suchasabook,law,orpieceofwriting修改；修正e.g.Thelawhasbeenrevisedseveraltimes.

这部法律修改了多次。Wordfamily:revision

n.Words&Phrasesretainvt.1)

keepinone'smind

记住e.g.

1.Iwillretainalastingmemoryofourfriendship.

我要永久铭记我们的友情。2.

Shehasagoodmemoryandfindsiteasytoretainmatters.

她记忆力好，很容易记住事情。3.IonlyretainedafewFrenchwordsandphrases.我只记住了几个法语单词和短语。Words&Phrases2)keepsomeoneorsth.保留；保住；保持e.g.

1.Theyaretryingtoretainskilledstaff.他们试图留下有技能的员工。2.Thissmalltownstillretainsitsoldworldcharacter.这个小镇仍然保持着古色古香的特色。3.Weshallretainourrights.我们将保留我们的权利。Words&Phrasesproductivelyad.inawayofachievinggoodresults富有成效地e.g.

1.Thetalkhasbeencarriedonproductively.

谈话进行得颇有成效。2.Threequartersofworkersfelttheyworkedlessproductivelyinabadmood.

3/4的员工认为心情不好时工作效率会降低。Wordfamily:productive

a.

1)achievinggoodresults富有成效的e.g.Theyworkhard,buttheireffortsarenotveryproductive.

他们很努力，但效果不佳。Words&Phrases2)makingorgrowingthingsinlargequantities,especiallysothattheycanbesold多产的e.g.

1.Duringthemostproductivetimeinhercareer,shewrotefivenovels.

在创作生涯最多产的时期，她写了五本小说。2.Rosswasmostproductivewhenwritingunderpressure.

罗斯在压力下进行写作时就特别多产。Wordfamily:productivity

n.

produce

v.

product

n.

Words&Phrasesunqualifieda.nothavingtheeducationorexperiencetodoaparticularjob不能胜任的；不合格的e.g.

1.Thecommitteeneedstobeshakenouttogetridofsomeunqualifiedmembers.该委员会需要彻底改组，去除某些不合格的成员。2.HeisunqualifiedtoteachEnglish.

他不适合教英语。Antonym:qualified

Wordfamily:qualify

v.

qualification

n.

Words&Phrasesrepresentationn.[C]asign,symbol,orpictureofsth.

象征；表示e.g.

1.Thedoveisarepresentationofpeace.鸽子是和平的象征。2.Thispaintingisarepresentationofastormatsea.

这幅画表现的是海上风暴。3.Picassoisstrivingforsomeabsoluterepresentationofreality.毕加索在努力寻求对现实的某种彻底的表现。Wordfamily:represent

v.Words&Phraseswhiteboard

n.[C]awhiteplasticboardinaclassroomthatateacherwritesonwithinkthatcanbewashedoff（教室里用的）白板e.g.Wenowusewhiteboardsinsteadofblackboardsinourclassrooms.

现在我们的教室里都用白板取代黑板了。Words&Phraseswhiteboardblackboardillustratevt.

1)showwhatsth.islike,ortoshowthatsth.istrue

举例说明；阐明e.g.

1.Theexamplesillustratehowwecarryoutmarketsurveys.

这些例子说明了我们是如何开展市场调查的。2.Duringthelecture,thespeakeroccasionallyillustratedhispointbyrelatinghisownexperiences.(CET4-2005-01)

在讲座中，发言人偶尔会讲述亲身经历来阐明他的观点。Words&Phrases2)drawthepicturesinabook,orputpicturesinabook插画e.g.

1.Thecookbookisbeautifullyillustratedwithcolourphotographs.

这本烹饪书里配有许多彩色照片作为插画。2.Ourtextbookisverywellillustrated.

我们的课本插图丰富。Wordfamily:illustration

n.Words&Phrasesshortsighteda.

1)notabletoseethingsclearlyiftheyarefarawayfromyou近视的e.g.Hefinallyrealizedthathewasshortsightedandwenttotheoptician.

他终于明白他眼睛近视了,于是去配了眼镜。2)dealingwiththingsthatarehappeningnowbutfailingtoconsiderwhatwillhappeninthefuture目光短浅的的；缺乏远见的e.g.Ifweletherleavethisroominthisway,we'reallshortsightedfools.

如果就这样让她离开这个房间，那我们可都是些鼠目寸光的傻瓜。Antonym:farsightedWords&Phrasesdyslexica.affectedbydyslexia诵读困难的e.g.

1.Einsteinwasdyslexic,butheturnedouttobeprettybright.

爱因斯坦有阅读障碍，但他相当聪明。2.Thedyslexicchildwillhavehis/herownsetofsymptoms,bothstrengthsandweaknesses.

每个有诵读困难的孩子都有他自己的一系列症状，有优点也有缺点。

Wordfamilydyslexian.

amedicalconditionaffectingthebrainthatmakesitdifficultforsomeonetoreadandspellwordscorrectly诵读障碍症Words&Phrasesblur1)n.[C]ashapethatisdifficulttoseeclearly,forexamplebecauseitismovingveryfast模糊不清的东西；看不清的事物e.g.Everythingesablurwhenyoutravelbeyondacertainspeed.

当你超过一定的速度行进时，一切都变得模模糊糊的。2)v.eglassy;loseclearvision变模糊e.g.1.Hereyesblurredwithtears.

她的视线因泪水变得模糊。2.Hisnovelsblurtheboundariesbetweencriticismandfiction.

他的小说模糊了文学批评与小说之间的界限。Words&Phrasestriumphantlyad.

inatriumphantmanner喜不自胜地；激动不已地e.g.Sheopensthewardrobeandtriumphantlypullsouthertoy.

她打开衣橱，得意洋洋的把玩具拉出来。Wordfamily:triumph

n.

triumphanta.

joyfulandproudespeciallybecauseofavictoryorsuccess洋洋得意的e.g.Hersmilewastriumphant.她的微笑露出成功的喜悦。Words&Phrasesconcedevt.admitthatsth.istrue承认e.g.

1.Wehadtoconcedethatthesalespromotionwasnotassuccessfulasexpected.

我们必须承认促销没有预期那么成功。2.Thecandidateconcededthathehadlosttheelection.

这位候选人承认他已经在竞选中失败。3.Hereluctantlyconcededthathewasnotfitenoughtoplayinthematch.

他不情愿地承认自己的状态不足以应付这场比赛。Wordfamily:concession

n.Words&Phrasesmanipulatevt.

1)skilfullyhandle,control,orusesth.（熟悉地）操作；使用e.g.Iwatchedthepilotexpertlymanipulatingthecontrolsinfrontofhim.

我看着飞行员专业地操作他面前的控制装置。2)influencesb.,orcontrolsth.,inacleverordishonestway

影响；操纵e.g.Acleverpoliticianknowshowtomanipulatethepublicopinion.

聪明的政客知道如何操纵公众舆论。Words&Phrasespickya.

fastidious,especiallyexcessivelyso

吹毛求疵的；爱挑剔的e.g.

1.Sheispickyaboutwhatsheeatsbecausesheisonadiet.

她正在节食，所以对饮食很挑剔。2.Ihatefemalebosses–theyaresopicky.

我讨厌女性上司——她们太吹毛求疵。Wordfamily:pick

v.Synonym:criticalWords&Phrasesparticlen.[C](linguistics)anadverborprepositionusedwithaverbtoformaphrasalverb小品词；虚词e.g.

1.Inthesentence‘Hequicklyputonhisclothes’,‘on’isaparticle.

在句子“Hequicklyputonhisclothes（他迅速穿上衣服）”中，“on”是一个虚词。2.Prepositionsandconjunctionsareparticles.介词和连词是小品词。Words&Phrasesidentifiablea.abletoberecognized,oreasytorecognize能被识别的；易识别的e.g.1.Creatinganidentifiablestyleisveryimportantinourbusiness.创建容易识别的风格对于我们的企业很重要。2.Recordsshallremainlegible,readilyidentifiableandretrievable.记录应保持清晰、易于识别和检索。Wordfamily:identifyv.identificationn.Words&Phrasesdenotationala.(adjectiveformofdenotation)外延意义的；指称意义的Wordfamily:

denotationn.

theactualmeaningofaword,ratherthanthefeelingsorideasconnectedwiththeword（明示的）意义e.g.Theword"yellow"—its

denotation

isthatitisacertaincolor.

“黄色”这个词，它的表面意义就是一种颜色。Seealso:connotational.Words&Phrasesisolateda.1)happeningonlyonce,orexistingonlyinoneplace

个别的；孤立的e.g.Thisisnotanisolatedincident.2)feelingaloneandunhappy,withnofriendstosupportyou孤单的，孤独的e.g.Youngmothersoftenfeelisolated.年轻的母亲总是感到孤立无援。3)anisolatedbuilding,villageetc.isfarawayfromanyothers(建筑、村庄等)孤零零的，偏僻的e.g.Notmanypeoplevisitthisisolatedspot.

来这个偏远地区的人不多。Wordfamily:isolate