考研英语语法之非谓语动词

-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-CompanyOne1-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-CompanyOne1考研英语语法之非谓语动词非谓语动词非谓语动词是指那些在剧中不能单独充当句子位于成分的动词形式。基本形式有四种：不定式（infinitive）、动名词（gerund）、分词（participle）、和独立主格结构（absolutestructure）。一、不定式动词不定式是非谓语动词中使用最广泛的一种，在句子中，它除了做谓语外，可以担当其他任何成分，可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语。它在句中其名词、形容词和副词的作用。语态一般式（尚未发生）进行式（正在发生）完成式（先于谓语动词发生）主动todotobedoingtohavedone被动tobedonetobebeingdonetohavebeendone举例：Itisn’tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim’scaroutquitesafely.Heseemstobeeatingsomething.Accordingtoyourmarketreport,demandseemstobereturning.Thelocalhealthorganizationisreportedtohavebeensetuptwenty-fiveyearsagowhenDr.Audiobecameitsfirstpresident.不定式的语法功能：1)作主语Thetraditionalrulewasthatit’ssafer(tostaywhereyouare),butthat’sbeenfundamentallyinverted.Thepeoplewho’vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho’vestayedtoolong.2)作宾语Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplates(patterns)intowhichtheyplugeachday’sevents.Hefeelsithisdutytohelpothers.3)作表语Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:thewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed.4)作定语Tommadethedecisiontogoaroundtheworldinthreeyearsallalone.Shehastheambitiontolearnotherlanguages.ThepressuretocompetecausesAmericanstobeenergetic,butitalsoputsthemunderaconstantemotionalstrain.5)作状语Asadthingaboutlifeiswhenyoumeetsomeoneandfallinlove,onlytofindoutintheendthatyouhavewastedyearsonsomeonewhowasn’tworthit.6)作补语Themanwasseentofallheavilytothegroundandnevergetupagain.注：使役动词如make、let、have等以及感官动词hear、see、feel、watch、notice等之后所加的不定式要省略to，但是在被动语态中不可省略。例如我们说seesbplayontheground，但被动态中我们说sbisseentoplayontheground。不带to的动词不定式1.在do…but/except结构中，当but或except前有实义动词do的某种形式时，后接不带to的动词不定式。Thetrainislate,andIcandonothingbutwait.比较：TherewassoseriousamatterthatIhadnochoicebuttocallinthepolice.2.在hadbetter,wouldrather/sooner…than…,rather…than,wouldjustassoon,mightjustaswell,cannot(help)but…等之后都必须接动词原形。Tomcannotbutaskhissupervisortohelphimsolvethedifficultyhehasencounteredindoingtheproject.3.在dofarmorethan后面不定式省略to。Inthecourseofadaystudentsdofarmorethanjustattendclasses.4.在感官动词或使役动词，如hear,listento,feel,see,lookat,watch,notice,observe,perceive,let,make,bid,have,note,leave等之后，不定式作宾语补足语时不带to。Shefeltsomeonepatheronthehead.for+名（代）词+不定式It’sjustinconceivableforachildtodothatjob.Thatisforyoutodecide.It’stimeforustogo.Hestoodasideforhertopass.不定式的完成式：1.不定式的一般式todo不能表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作，若要表达此意，需用tohavedoneAlbertEinstein,thegreatAmericanscientist,isestimatedtohavehadtheincredibleIQof200.2.表示非真实的过去，本打算做但实际上没有实现的动作，如mean,intend,think,plan,hope,wish,purpose,would/shouldlike,was/were等。Imeanttohavetelephoned,butIforgot.Iplannedtohavevisitedyoulastnight,butIwastoobusy.Iwastohavevisitedyoulastnight.Iwastohavetelephoned,butIforgot.二、动名词语态一般式进行式主动doingbeingdone被动havingdonehavingbeendone举例：Workingwithapersonalsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.ThereisnosignthatMr.Jospin,whokeepsafirmcontrolonthepartydespitehavingresignedfromleadershipofit,wouldintervenepersonally.以主动态表被动义：deserve,need,require,want,bear,take(需要),stand(忍受),worth等。Themethoddeservesrecommending.Yourhairneedscutting.Thatnovelisnotworthreading.动名词的语法功能：1)作主语Homeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder–kitchenrage.2)做宾语Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.3)作表语Thehighcostofrawmaterialsiskeepingpricesup.Wastingtimeisrobbingoneself.4)作定语Astrophysicistsworkingwithground-baseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoon-borneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,andmayreporttheirfindingssoon.动名词的复合结构：名词属格或物主代词+动名词Sophia’shavingseenthemdidnotsurpriseus.It’snouseyourtryingtodeceiveme.Ican’tbearhisstayingupsolate.Excusemyinterruptingyou.三、分词现在分词：动词原形+ing过去分词：动词原形+edBuildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofsocialinfluence(byconductingthousandsofcomputersimulationsofpopulations),manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingto(people’sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced).现在分词与过去分词区别从语态角度讲，现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动1.Whathesaidwasverytouching.2.Iwastouchedbythesight.从时态角度讲：现在分词表动作正在进行，过去分词表动作的完成。1.fallingleaves,fallenleaves2.therisingsun,therisensun3.developingcountries,developedcountries现在分词与动名词的区别：1）现在分词是动词的一种非限定形式，主要起形容词和副词的作用，在句子中做定语、表语、状语，有时也用在复合结构中。Thisisanamusingstory.Thebookisinteresting.Thestudentscameintotheclassroom,laughingandtalking.Iheardhimsingingintheroomlastnight.2）动名词也是动词的另一种非限定形式，顾名思义，它既源于动词，又具有名词的功能，因此它在句子中起名词的作用，可单独或以动名词短语的形式做主语、宾语、定语、表语。Learningaforeignlanguagewellisnoeasyjob.Myfavoritesportisskating.Haveyoufinishedcorrectingthestudents’paper?

Wehadbetterputoffdiscussingittillnextweek.当现在分词和动名词充当不同的功能时，很容易区分：1.Mymothergoesshoppingeveryday.2.Mymotherdoesshoppingeveryday.3.BeingaqualifiedmiddleschoolEnglishteacherisnoteasy.4.Beingacollegestudent,Imuststudyhard.当现在分词和动名词充当相同的功能时，例如表语和定语，区别就比较困难：5.Thesituationisencouraging.6.Readingislearning.现在分词多表示主语或逻辑主语的具体特征或行为，动名词则表示抽象的、一般的行为。7.aleadingcomrade定语=acomradewholeads8.aswimmingpool定语=apoolusedforswimming现在分词多表示所修饰对象的动作，它与被它修饰的名词倒过来是主谓结构，而动名词则表示所修饰词的用途，和所修饰的词逻辑上没有主谓关系。9.asleepingbaby=ababywhoissleeping10.asleepingcar=acarusedforsleeping又如：dininghall,teachingfacilities分词的语法功能1）做定语Blueskiesarenotalwaysaguaranteeofcontinuingfineweather.AdamandEvewereinducedtoeattheForbiddenFruitbySatan.Amangettingupassoonasthecockcrowsisahard-workingman.MostofthepeopleinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientistsfromSouthAfrica.2）做状语Whileplayingthepiano,shegotveryexcited.Notrecognizingthevoice,herefusedtogivethepersonhisaddress.Eventhoughdefeatedagain,thescientistsdidn’tgiveup.Thesuitcasewaslocked,lefttoTom.Hehurriedtothehall,followedbytwoguards.Seenfromthespaceship,theearthisablueplanet.3）作表语Travellingisinterestingbuttiring.Thepupilswillgetconfusediftheyaremadetolearntoomuch.4）做宾补Theparentscanheartheirdaughtersinging.Ididn’tmakemyselfheardbecausealotofpeoplecriedinthehall.练习：Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought,Whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.TheprocesssweepsfromhyperactiveAmericatoEuropeandreachestheemergingcountrieswithunsurpassedmight.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryos(theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth)forresearchortoknowinglyendangeranembryo’slife,NBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch.四、独立主格结构独立主格是一种书面文体的状语表达形式。1.像一个句子，有自己的主语，却没有完整、独立的谓语，但与变了形的谓语形式在逻辑上构成主谓或主系关系；2.在形式上与主句没关系，常用逗号与主句隔开（不绝对）；3.在功能上相当于一个带有自己主语的非限制性状语从句，但没有连词的引导。举例：Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.Themeetinggoneover,everyonewantedtogohomeearlier.Theywillsendyouthebookfor﹩10,postageincluded.Forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewelldevelopedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobornot.Theplanwasthatthecontendingpartiesshouldreachanearlyagreementonbasicprinciples,thedetailstobeworkedoutlater.独立主格生成法：1.有be动词去掉be动词2.无be动词，加-ingJimmywalkedslowlytotheplayground.Hisfacewascoveredwithtears.→Jimmywalkedslowlytotheplayground,hisfacecoveredwithtears.Thetaxispedaway.Itslightsdisappearedintodistance.→Thetaxispedaway,itslightsdisappearingintodistance.特殊：以下三种情况不能去掉be动词，而要变成being1.独立主格的逻辑主语为代词时：ItwasSunday.Wewenttochurch.→ItbeingSunday,wewenttochurch.2.Therebe句型中：Therewasnobus.Wehadtogohomeonfoot.→Therebeingnobus,wehadtogohomeonfoot.3.表示正在被做Thedinnerisbeingcooked.Wehavetowaitforawhile.→Thedinnerbeingcooked,wehavetowaitforawhile.独立主格结构基本形式名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词Thetestfinished,ourholidaybegan.名词/代词+形容词Hecameintotheroom,hisearsredwithcold.名词/代词+副词Classover,allstudentswenttoplayontheplayground.名词/代词+不定式Moretimetobegiven,wewillmakefulluseofit,名词/代词+介词短语Themurderergotintothehouse,aknifeinhishand.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday–everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring–meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middleclassIndiacomparedtothetribes.Otherthingsequal,amanwhoexpresseshimselfeffectivelyissuretosucceedmorerapidlythanamanwhosecommandoflanguageispoor.with/without的复合结构做独立主格（独立主格作伴随状语时，可用with的复合结构，也可不用）1.with+名词/代词+形容词/方位副词(做宾补)Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,aprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.2.with+名词/代词+介词短语(做宾补)Acarefulbalancehastobestruck:ifyoushowalabor-savingdevice,followitupwithacompl