Moral and Character Education道德与素质教育(-40)

MoralandCharacterEducationWilliamG.Huitt,Ph.D.ValdostaStateUniversityLastrevised:August2000MoralandCharacterEducationThreemajorissuesintheeducationofyoungpeopletodayVisionIdentificationofwhatispossibleforbothselfandsociety;includesthediscoveryand/ordefiningofone'slifemissionanddesiredlifestyleMoralandCharacterEducationThreemajorissuesintheeducationofyoungpeopletodayCompetenceDevelopmentoftheknowledge,values,attitudes,andskillsnecessaryforsuccessinagivensocietyorcultureMoralandCharacterEducationThreemajorissuesintheeducationofyoungpeopletodayCharacterThemoralqualityanddirectionofone’sdecisionsandbehaviorDefinitionsofCharacterThefollowingtwodefinitionsprovideexamplesofanormativeviewofcharacter:“engaginginmorallyrelevantconductorwords,orrefrainingfromcertainconductorwords”Wynne,E.,&Walberg,H.(Eds.).(1984).Developingcharacter:Transmittingknowledge.Posen,IL:ARL.

DefinitionsofCharacterThefollowingtwodefinitionsprovideexamplesofanormativeviewofcharacter:

“acomplexsetofrelativelypersistentqualitiesoftheindividualperson,andgenerallyhasapositiveconnotationwhenusedindiscussionsofmoraleducation”Pritchard,I.(1988).Charactereducation:Researchprospectsandproblems.AmericanJournalofEducation,96(4),469-495.

ImportanceofCharacterScholarlydebateonmoraldevelopmentandcharacterformationextendstoancienttimes

Aristotle'sNichomaceanEthics

Socrates'MenoImportanceofCharacterMajorthinkersinWesternCivilizationhavebeenconcernedwithmoralandcharacterdevelopmentJohnLocke,17thcenturyEnglishphilosopherJohnStuartMillandHerbertSpencer,19thcenturyEnglishphilosophersJohnDewey,20thcenturyAmericanphilosopherandeducatorImportanceofCharacterBotheducatorsandAmericanpublicbelievecharactereducationshouldbeanimportantpartofschooling

Educators--competenceinbasicskills,feelingsofself-worth,andmoraldevelopmentshouldbeprioritiesinschools(Spears,1973)Spears,H.(1973,September).Kappansponderthegoalsofeducation.PhiDeltaKappan,29-32.

ImportanceofCharacterBotheducatorsandAmericanpublicbelievecharactereducationshouldbeanimportantpartofschooling

Public--competenceinbasicskillsandinstructioninschoolsthatwoulddealwithmoralsandmoralbehavior(Gallup,1980)

Gallup,G.(1980,September).ThetwelfthannualGallupPollofpublicattitudestowardpublicschools.PhiDeltaKappan,62,39.

CharacterversusCompetenceModerneducatorshaveplacedmoreemphasisoncompetencethancharacterHowever,competenceandcharacterarenotmutuallyexclusive(Wynne&Walberg,1985)Wynne,E.,&Walberg,H.(1985).Thecomplementarygoalsofcharacterdevelopmentandacademicexcellence.EducationalLeadership,43(4),15-18.

CharacterversusCompetenceModerneducatorshaveplacedmoreemphasisoncompetencethancharacterStallings(1978)foundapositiveimpactofattemptstoimprovestudentachievementonindependence,taskpersistence,cooperation,andquestion-askingStallings,J.(1978).Whatteachersdodoesmakeadifference.InA.Newman(Ed.),IndefenseoftheAmericanpublicschool.Berkeley,CA:McCutchanCharacterversusCompetenceModerneducatorshaveplacedmoreemphasisoncompetencethancharacterEtzioni(1984)andGinsburgandHanson(1986)reportedthatstudentswhowereself-disciplinedormorereligious,hardworking,orvaluedlearningscoredhigheronachievementtestsEtzioni,A.(1984).Self-discipline,schools,andthebusinesscommunity.Washington,DC:NationalChamberFoundation.Ginsburg,A.,&Hanson,S.(1986).Gainingground:Valuesandhighschoolsuccess.Washington,DC:U.S.DepartmentofEducation.CharacterversusCompetenceModerneducatorshaveplacedmoreemphasisoncompetencethancharacterKagan(1981)andWynneandWalberg(1985)arguethatgoodcharacteroughttobethemoreprimaryfocusasitisagoalinreachofmorechildrenthanishighacademicachievementandcanresultinlessalienationfromtheschoolKagan,J.(1981).Themoralfunctionoftheschool.

Daedalus,110(3),151-165.

Wynne,E.,&Walberg,H.(1985).Thecomplementarygoalsofcharacterdevelopmentandacademicexcellence.EducationalLeadership,43(4),15-18.CharacterversusCompetenceEmphasisonCharacterEducationhasbeguntochangeNationalSchoolBoardsAssociationproposedaprojectdesignedtoenhancecharacterdevelopmentNationalSchoolBoardsAssociation(1987)Buildingcharacterinthepublicschools.Strategiesforsuccess.NSBALeadershipReports,1987-2.Alexandria,VA:Author.

heightennationalawareness

encourageestablishmentandimprovementofcharacterdevelopmentprogramsinpublicschoolsCharacterversusCompetenceEmphasisonCharacterEducationhasbeguntochangeGeorgiaDepartmentofEducationhasimplementedprograminvaluesandcharactereducationGeorgiaDepartmentofEducation.(1997).Valuesandcharactereducationimplementationguide.Atlanta,GA:Officeofpolicyandcommunications.ImpactingMoral&CharacterDevelopmentFourmajorquestionsneedtobeaddressedwhenfocusingoncharacterdevelopment:1.Whatisgoodcharacter?2.Whatcausesorpreventsgoodcharacter?3.Howcangoodcharacterbemeasured?4.Howcangoodcharacterbestbedeveloped?

ComponentsofCharacterKnowThinkValueCommitPlanPersonalSocialBehaveImpactingMoral&CharacterDevelopment1.Whatisgoodcharacter?Personalhonestandtruthfulautonomousresponsibleself-managementandself-disciplinecourageousintegrityImpactingMoral&CharacterDevelopment1.Whatisgoodcharacter?SocialsociablebenevolentcompassionatecourteoustrustworthyImpactingMoral&CharacterDevelopment2.Whatcausesorpreventsgoodcharacter?1.heredity2.earlychildhoodexperience3.modelingbyimportantadults&olderyouth4.peerinfluence5.generalphysicalandsocialenvironment6.communicationsmedia7.contenttaughtintheschools,churches,etc.8.specificsituationsandrolesCampbell,V.,&Bond,R.(1982).Evaluationofacharactereducationcurriculum.InD.McClelland(ed.),Educationforvalues.NewYork:IrvingtonPublishers.

ImpactingMoral&CharacterDevelopment3.Howcangoodcharacterbemeasured?CognitiveknowledgeAgeappropriatecognitiveandmoraldevelopmentValuesexpressedCommitmentsexpressedWrittenplans

Personalandsocialovertbehaviorstudentdiscipline;studentsuiciderates;crimes;pregnancyratesofteenagegirls;academiceffort;prosocialactivitiesImpactingMoral&CharacterDevelopment4.Howcangoodcharacterbestbedeveloped?

Effectivecommunicationandsharedvaluesamongfamilies,schools,religiousorganizations,andcommunitiesImpactingMoral&CharacterDevelopment4.Howcangoodcharacterbestbedeveloped?

Schoolseffectivelyimpactingmoralsandcharacterare:Wynne,E.(1989).Transmittingtraditionalvaluesincontemporaryschools.InL.Nucci,

Moraldevelopmentandcharactereducation:Adialogue(pp.19-36).Berkeley,CA:McCutchan.

1.directedbyadultswhoexercisetheirauthoritytowardfacultyandstudentsinafirm,sensitive,andimaginativemanner,andwhoarecommittedtobothacademicsandpupilcharacterdevelopment;ImpactingMoral&CharacterDevelopment4.Howcangoodcharacterbestbedeveloped?

Schoolseffectivelyimpactingmoralsandcharacterare:Wynne,E.(1989).Transmittingtraditionalvaluesincontemporaryschools.InL.Nucci,

Moraldevelopmentandcharactereducation:Adialogue(pp.19-36).Berkeley,CA:McCutchan.

2.staffedbydedicatedfacultywhomakevigorousdemandsonpupilsandeachother;ImpactingMoral&CharacterDevelopment4.Howcangoodcharacterbestbedeveloped?

Schoolseffectivelyimpactingmoralsandcharacterare:Wynne,E.(1989).Transmittingtraditionalvaluesincontemporaryschools.InL.Nucci,

Moraldevelopmentandcharactereducation:Adialogue(pp.19-36).Berkeley,CA:McCutchan.

3.structuredsothatpupilsaresurroundedbyavarietyofopportunitiesforthemtopracticehelping(prosocial)conduct;ImpactingMoral&CharacterDevelopment4.Howcangoodcharacterbestbedeveloped?

Schoolseffectivelyimpactingmoralsandcharacterare:Wynne,E.(1989).Transmittingtraditionalvaluesincontemporaryschools.InL.Nucci,

Moraldevelopmentandcharactereducation:Adialogue(pp.19-36).Berkeley,CA:McCutchan.

4.managedtoprovidepupils--bothindividuallyandcollectively--withmanyformsofrecognitionforgoodconduct;ImpactingMoral&CharacterDevelopment4.Howcangoodcharacterbestbedeveloped?

Schoolseffectivelyimpactingmoralsandcharacterare:Wynne,E.(1989).Transmittingtraditionalvaluesincontemporaryschools.InL.Nucci,

Moraldevelopmentandcharactereducation:Adialogue(pp.19-36).Berkeley,CA:McCutchan.

5.orientedtowardmaintainingsystemsofsymbols,slogans,ceremonies,andsongsthatheightenpupils'collectiveidentities;ImpactingMoral&CharacterDevelopment4.Howcangoodcharacterbestbedeveloped?

Schoolseffectivelyimpactingmoralsandcharacterare:Wynne,E.(1989).Transmittingtraditionalvaluesincontemporaryschools.InL.Nucci,

Moraldevelopmentandcharactereducation:Adialogue(pp.19-36).Berkeley,CA:McCutchan.

6.dedicatedtomaintainingpupildiscipline,viaclear,widelydisseminateddisciplinecodesthatarevigorouslyenforcedandbackedupwithvitalconsequences;ImpactingMoral&CharacterDevelopment4.Howcangoodcharacterbestbedeveloped?

Schoolseffectivelyimpactingmoralsandcharacterare:Wynne,E.(1989).Transmittingtraditionalvaluesincontemporaryschools.InL.Nucci,

Moraldevelopmentandcharactereducation:Adialogue(pp.19-36).Berkeley,CA:McCutchan.

7.committedtoacademicinstructionandassignedpupilssignificanthomeworkandotherwisestressedappropriateacademicrigor;ImpactingMoral&CharacterDevelopment4.Howcangoodcharacterbestbedeveloped?

Schoolseffectivelyimpactingmoralsandcharacterare:Wynne,E.(1989).Transmittingtraditionalvaluesincontemporaryschools.InL.Nucci,

Moraldevelopmentandcharactereducation:Adialogue(pp.19-36).Berkeley,CA:McCutchan.

8.sensitivetotheneedtodevelopcollectivepupilloyaltiestoparticularclasses,clubs,athleticgroups,andothersubentitiesintheschool;ImpactingMoral&CharacterDevelopment4.Howcangoodcharacterbestbedeveloped?

Schoolseffectivelyimpactingmoralsandcharacterare:Wynne,E.(1989).Transmittingtraditionalvaluesincontemporaryschools.InL.Nucci,

Moraldevelopmentandcharactereducation:Adialogue(pp.19-36).Berkeley,CA:McCutchan.

9.sympathetictothevaluesoftheexternaladultsociety,andperceiveitaslargelysupportiveandconcernedwiththeproblemsoftheyoung;ImpactingMoral&CharacterDevelopment4.Howcangoodcharacterbestbedeveloped?

Schoolseffectivelyimpactingmoralsandcharacterare:Wynne,E.(1989).Transmittingtraditionalvaluesincontemporaryschools.InL.Nucci,

Moraldevelopmentandcharactereducation:Adialogue(pp.19-36).Berkeley,CA:McCutchan.

10.alwaysabletousemoremoneytoimprovetheirprograms,butrarelyregardlackofmoneyasanexcuseforseriousprogramdeficiencies;ImpactingMoral&CharacterDevelopment4.Howcangoodcharacterbestbedeveloped?

Schoolseffectivelyimpactingmoralsandcharacterare:Wynne,E.(1989).Transmittingtraditionalvaluesincontemporaryschools.InL.Nucci,

Moraldevelopmentandcharactereducation:Adialogue(pp.19-36).Berkeley,CA:McCutchan.

11.opentoenlistingthehelp,counsel,andsupportofparentsandotherexternaladults,butwillingtoproposeimportantconstructivechangesinthefaceof(sometimes)ill-informedparentresistance;ImpactingMoral&CharacterDevelopment4.Howcangoodcharacterbestbedeveloped?

Schoolseffectivelyimpactingmoralsandcharacterare:Wynne,E.(1989).Transmittingtraditionalvaluesincontemporaryschools.InL.Nucci,

Moraldevelopmentandcharactereducation:Adialogue(pp.19-36).Berkeley,CA:McCutchan.

12.disposedtodefine"goodcharacter"inrelativelyimmediateandtraditionalterms.

ExemplaryProgramsChildDevelopmentProjectSolomon,D.,Schaps,E.Watson,M,&Battistich,V.(1992).Creatingcaringschoolandclassroomcommunitiesforallstudent.InR.Villa,J.Thousand,W.Stainback,&S.Stainback.Fromrestructuringforcaringandeffectiveeducation:Anadministrativeguidetocreatingheterogeneousschools.Baltimore,MD:PaulH.BrookesPublishingCo.