中英语言差异与翻译

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├────┼────┤│法治│人治│├────┼────┤│刚性│柔性│├────┼────┤│显性│隐性│├────┼────┤│形摄│神摄│├────┼────┤│语法型│语用型│├────┼────┤│树型│竹型│├────┼────┤│形合│意合│├────┼────┤│空间架│时间架│├────┼────┤│科学性│人文性│├────┼────┤│焦点视│散点视│├────┼────┤│主语突出│主题突出│├────┼────┤│立体性│平面性│├────┼────┤│聚焦型│流散型│├────┼────┤│动词优势│名词优势│├────┼────┤│名词优势│动词优势│└────┴────┘1OverviewofLanguagedifferencesfromdifferentperspectives1.fromthedevelopmentChinese:vs.Englishself-sufficientvs.opennessStabilityvs.dramaticchangeabilityBriefintroductionstothehistoryofthetwolanguages22.FromthegrammarsCovertvs.overtThemarksofwordspeech(prefix.suffix,articles,todo,marksofinflections)Flexibilityvs.rigidityIhavetwobooksIsawhimyesterdayMyhouse我的家、我家3Fromthestructuresself-willedvs.legalized贾宝玉（你死了，我去做和尚）Semanticalvs.Structural(formatic，sevendrills)那一阵风起处，星月光辉之下，大吼了一声，忽地跳出一只吊睛白额虎来。4Tree-typeSentencevs.Bamboo-typeSentence积字成句，积句成章——刘勰Theisolationoftheruralworld,becauseofdistanceandthelackoftransportfacilities,iscompoundedbythepaucityoftheinformationmedia.由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。Becausethereisagreatdistanceandtherearenotenoughtransportfacilities,theruralworldisisolated.Thisisolationhasbecomemoreseriousbecausetherearenotenoughinformationmedia.（回译）51twasonaSundayevening,whenhewaslyingintheorchardlisteningtoablackbirdandcomposingalovepoem,thatheheardthegateswingto,andsawthegirlcomingrunningamongthetrees,withthered-cheeked,stolidJoeinswiftpursuit.

一个星期日的傍晚，他正躺在果园里一面中听画眉的惆啾，一面在写一首爱情诗，忽然听得大门呼地关上，接着见那姑娘从树丛里奔来，后面飞快地跟着那呆头呆脑的红脸乔。6Verb–dominantvs.Noun-dominant?Staticvs.Dynamic晴雯先接出来，笑说道：“好，好，要我研了那些墨，早起高兴，只写了三个字，丢下笔就走了，哄的我们等了一日。快来与我写完这些墨才罢！”Qing-wengreetedhimwithasmile,exclaiming,“Afineoneyouare!Onthespurofthemomentyoubademegrindinkforyouthismorning.Butyouthrewdownyourbrushandwentawayafterhavingwrittenmerelythreecharacters.You’vekeptmewaitingforyouthewholeday.Youaretouseupthisinknow.Bequick!”7)Youmustbeaverybadlearner,orelseyoumustbegoingtoaverybadteacher.你一定很不善于学习，要不然就是教你的人很不会教(8)Hestooduptosaygoodbyetous.他站起来向我们道别.(9)MrZhuaskedhertoanswerthequestion.朱老师请她回答问题。8FromthevoicePassiveVS.ActiveThehousewassoldfinally.Theproblemissettled.Somethingshavebeensaidheretonightthatoughtnottohavebeenspoken.今晚有人在此讲了不该说的话。9Fromexpressionimagevs.abstractThecruelcomeandgolikecitiesandthronesandpowers,leavingtheirruinsbehindthem.Theyhadnopermanence.(GGreence)凶残之徒，一个个像达官显贵、君主王公、政客寡头一般，来去匆匆，更迭频繁，哪一个身后不是一堆黄土，谁都没有做到万古长命。10SubjectivevsobjectiveImpersonalVspersonalAfreshideaoccurredtohim.他想到了一个新主意。Ahomeletterreachedmydesk.我桌子上放了一封家信。11topic–commentvs.SV–dominant结婚的事，我还没有考虑过。今天晚上，很好的月亮。苏州这个地方，就是园林多。这件事你不用操心。Youdon’tneedtoworryaboutthis.哭是没有用的。Itisnousecrying.12警察抓住了小偷。(Thepolicecaughtathief三个小偷都抓住了。(Allthethreethieveswerecaught.)虎是一种动物。(Atigerisananimal.)昨晚抓住了三个小偷。(Threethieveswerecaughtlastnight.)公共汽车上抓住了三个小偷。(Threethieveswerecaughtonthebus.一把菜刀闹革命。(Hebeganhisrevolutionarycareerwithachoppingknife.)这么快盖好了一座房子。(Thehousewasbuiltatanadmirablespeed.)处处都有热心人。(Therearealwayswarm-heartedpeopleeverywhere.)这件事请保密。(Pleasekeepquiteaboutthis.)13Loosevs.Focused

Inadequatetrainingforfarmersandthelowproductivityofmanyfarmsplacethemajorityofcountrydwellersinadisadvantageouspositionintheirowncountries.农民缺乏训练，许多农场生产率很低，这就使得大多数农民处于贫穷的困境。走，不早了，只有二十五分钟，叫他们把车子开来，走吧。《雷雨》他走进客厅，喝了一口水，看了一会儿电视，又走回房间温习。他拿着杂志，看了一眼，摇了摇头，把它放回桌子上。14EndfocusVS.BeginningfocusNothinghashappenedsinceweparted.自我们别后没发生什么事情。IwentoutforawalkafterIhadmydinner.晚饭后我出去散步。Hehastostayathomebecauseheisill.他病了只得呆在家里。Hecannotbeoperateduponasheisveryweak.他身体很弱不能动手术。Tragediescanbewritteninliteraturesincethereistragedyinlife.生活中既有悲剧，文学作品就可以写悲剧。(OrPTS,PSS,PCRS)15FromthediscourseorganizationParataxisvs.hypotaxisRepetitionvs.SubstitutionandomissionUnparalleledvs.paralleled/antithesisTheCyclicalStructurevs.theLinearStructureTheGeneral-particularOrdervs.theParticular-generalOrdertheCorrelativeModevs.theDetachedMode汉语篇章：起承转合英语focus-centralidea–supportingideas16“Itmaybesafelyassumedthat,tenthousandyearsago,beforeCaesarsetfootinsouthernBritain,thewholecountrysidevisiblefromthewindowsoftheroom,inwhichIwrite,wasinwhatiscalledthestateofnature.”“赫胥黎独处一室之中，在英伦之南，背山而面野，栏外之境，历历如在几下。乃悬想两千年前，当罗马大将凯撒未到时，此间有何景物。”17ExampleRocketresearchhasconfirmedastrangefactwhichhadalreadybeensuspectedthereisa“hightemperaturebelt”intheatmosphere,withitscenterroughlythirtymilesabovetheground18ComparisonofthetwoversionsA:用火箭进行研究已证实了人们早就有过怀疑的大气层的一个中心在距地面30英里高空的“高温带”的这种奇怪的事实。B:人们早就怀疑，大气层中有一个“高温带”，其中心在距地面30英里的高空。利用火箭进行研究后，这一奇异的事实已得到证实。

19浙江省有个嘉兴县，嘉兴县有个图书馆，图书馆开办了一家小书店，小书店的老板是范笑我。”中华读书报》2005/12/28日林希,“贩书之趣”：“说过了钱，就该说故事：有个农村叫张家庄。张家庄有个张木匠。张木匠有个好老婆，外号叫个‘小飞蛾’。”“《登记》：“刘家峧有两个神仙，临近各村无人不晓：一个是前庄上的二诸葛，一个是后庄上的三仙姑”；再比如“模范不模范，从东往西看，东头吃烙饼，西头喝稀饭。”《小二黑结婚》20AestheticvaluesEmptyvs.fullFuzzyvs.precisionandclearness昔我往矣，杨柳依依。今我来思，雨雪霏霏。《诗·小雅·采薇》BurtonWatson:Longago,wesetoutWhenwillowswererichandgreenNowwecomebackThroughthicklyfallingsnow21许渊冲译：WhenIlefthere,Willowsshedtear.IcomebacknowSnowbendsthebough.22Discussion轻快的龙舟如银河流星，瑰丽的彩船似海市蜃楼，两岸那金碧辉煌的彩楼连成灯舞回旋千姿百态，汽船腾起一江春潮，射击手点破满天彩球，还有雀鸟争鸣，花卉盆景竞艳，书画、工艺展览铺出琳琅满目的画廊……啊，滨江城是不夜城，龙舟会是群英会。23Thelightsomedragon-boatsappearontheriverasthoughthestarstwinkleinthemilkway.Thesplendidawningsingreenandgoldchainintoapalaceofcrystal.Isthisafairylandorameredream?Lookingabove,youcanseethedovesflyingabout;lookingbelow,youcanseethesailinglampsglittering.Cracklingarethefireworks,whichpresentyouapictureoffierytreesandsilverflowers.Circlingarethelantern-dancers,whopresentyouwithavariationofexquisitemanner.Overthere,24themotorboatsareplowingthewater,thusatidestirsup.Overthere,Themarksmenareshootingtotheirtargets,thuscolorfulbeadswhirlaround.Besides,thebird’schirping,thepottedlandscape’scharm,theexhibitionofartsandpainting,allclaimastrongappealtoyou.Therefore,weshouldsay:Binjiangisacityofnonight;itsDragon-BoatFestivalagatheringofheroes25CommentsbyAmericanjournalistonthetranslationMyfirstreactionwasunfortunatelylaughterbecauselaughterbecauseitissofullofmistakes.ItomitssomenecessaryinformationabouttheDragon-BoatFestival,includingitshistoricaloriginsandwhenitactuallytakesplace.Thesethingsareimportant…Thecopyseemstotryto“snow”thereaderwithfanciful,overblownassertionsabouthowterrificitallis,butinunintentionallyhilariouslanguagethatleavesthereaderlaughingoutuninformed…26Thebrochurealsosuffersfromlackofbackgroundmaterial,thetaking-it-for-grantedthatthereaderalreadyisfamiliarwithmanyaspectsofChinesehistoryandculture…Itdoesn’ttellyouwheretogo,howtogetthere,whenthingsareopenandclosed,howmuchtheycost,andsoforth.Allthesearethingspeoplevisitinganareawanttoknow.WhyisitthatmanyChinesetravelguidesreadbasicallythesamenomatterwhatregionisbeingwrittenabout,andaresopackedwithindiscriminatehyperbole?Lessexaggerationwouldactuallybemoreconvincing.27Discussion1)DoyouagreewiththeAmerican’sopinion?2)Thereseemstobesomethingwrong,

whatisit?Whoistobeblamed,thewriteroftheoriginal,thetranslator,ortheAmericanwhoknowslittleabouttheChineselanguageandculture?28原文：上海某年桂花节有这样一篇文字介绍：“满树金花，芳香四溢的金桂；花白如雪，香气扑鼻的银黄，花多味浓的紫砂桂；花色似银，季季有花的四季桂，竞相开放，争妍媲美。进入桂林公园，阵阵桂花香扑鼻而来。”（汉英时文翻译P78）.

译文：TheParkofSweetOsmanthusisnotedforitsprofusionofosmanthus.Flowersformthesetreesindifferentcolorsareinfullbloom,whichpervadethewholegardenwithfragranceoftheirblossoms.（段中摘句译）29原文Afascinatingcitybetweenseaandsky,likeVenusrisingfromthewaves,Venicewelcomestouristsfromthefivecontinentsdrawntoherbythecharmofherwaterandpellucidlight,freefromalldustandcooledbytheseabreeze.ShealsoofferstheintellectualpleasurestobederivedfromhermasterpieceswhichmarkthemeetingofEastandWest.30清威尼斯水城海天相连，景色迷人，宛如碧波中涌现的维纳斯，吸引着五大洲的游客。她水色旖旎,波光澄澈,清风拂面而来,荡去你心中的不快与烦恼。而域中那些集东西方艺术之大成的杰作,更给人以精神上的享受。31ConclusioninaestheticdifferencesWest:imitationandreproductionAristotleetc.美学的最高境界：照事物应有的样子去摹仿。绘画、建筑、语言Brevityisthesoulofwit.–ShakespeareAproperwordinaproperplaceisgoodEnglish.简洁自然，直观可感。China：神韵、格调、性灵、境界书画：笔墨意趣，气韵生动，传神，神似，虚实建筑：实用审美，情趣功能、平面展开与时间流程语言:四六骈体，声律对仗，含蓄空灵、工整对称、音韵和美“遗形写神”，“意境两忘，物我一体”–王国维32《文心雕龙·物色》“岁有其物，物有其容；情以物迂，辞以情发。”是以诗人感物，联类不穷。流连万象之际，沉吟视听之区，写气图貌，既随物以宛转；属采附声，亦与心而徘徊。故“灼灼”状桃花之鲜，“依依”尽杨柳之貌，“杲杲”为出日之容，“瀌瀌”拟雨雪之状，“喈喈”逐黄鸟之声，“喓喓”学草虫之韵。“皎日”、“嘒星”，一言穷理；“参差”、“沃若”，两字连形：并以少总多，情貌无遗矣……虽复思经千载，将何易夺？3334Casestudy两弯似蹙非蹙笼烟眉，一双似喜非喜含情目。态生两靥之愁，娇袭一身之病。泪光点点，娇喘微微。闲静似娇花照水，行动如弱柳扶风。心较比干多一窍，病如西子胜三分。Herduskyarchedeyebrowswereknittedandyetnotfrowning,herspeakingeyesheldbothmerrimentandsorrow;herveryfrailtyhadcharmHereyessparkledwithtears,herbreathwassoftandfaint..Inreposeshewaslikealovelyflowermirroredinthewater;inmotion,apliantwillowswayinginthewind.ShelookedmoresensitivethanPikan1,moredelicatethanHsiShih2.1.AprincenotedforhisgreatintelligenceattheendoftheShangDynasty.2.AfamousbeautyoftheancientkingdomofYuch.35SearlettO’harawasnotbeautiful,butmenseldomrealizeditwhencaughtbyhercharmastheTarletontwinswere.Inherfaceweretoosharplyblendedthedelicatefeaturesofhermother,aCoastaristocratofFrenchdescent,andtheheavyonesofherfloridIrishfather.Butitwasanarrestingface,pointedofchin,squareofjaw.Hereyeswerepalegreenwithoutatouchofhazel,starredwithbristlyblacklash