全球可再生能源追踪2023

ThisreportwaswrittenandpreparedbyJulieDucasse，withtheguidanceof

Dr.stephansingerandthesupportofJanetMilongo(coordination)andDarasnead

(communication).ltispublishedbytheplatformofActionforRenewableEnergy(POA)

withinclimateActionNetworkInternationalsecretariat

POAWasestablishedin2021withtheaimofpromotingcleanrenewables,primarily

solar,windandgeothermal,andsupportingcsosindevelopingastrongnarrative

thatplacesrenewableenergyatthecentreoftherequiredenergysystem

transformation,alongwithajustandequitablephaseoutoffossilfuelstowards100%

renewableenergies.poAsupportscivilsocietiesglobalactionthroughproactive

advocacy，publicanalysisandstrategiccommunications，datasharinganddata

analysisonrenewableenergysources.

POAgratefullyacknowledgesthesupportfromthepoolofInternationalEnergyfunders

(PIE)andtheEuropeanclimateFoundation(ECF).

climateActionNetwork(CAN)isaglobalnetworkofmorethan1,900civilsociety

organisationsinoverl30countriesdrivingcollectiveandsustainableactiontofght

theclimatecrisisandtoachievesocialjustice.CANConvenesandcoordinatescivi

societyattheuNclimatetalksandotherinternationalfora.

photocredits.from.p.7:chelseaw(unsplash).p.23:Markus

spiske(unsplash).p.24:promodkumarsharma(unsplash).p.29:casparRae(unsplash).p.39:

JasonBlackeye(unsplash).Back:EvgeniyAlyoshin(unsplash)

ThisreportwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthesupportofcANcolleaguesinthe

secretariataswellascANmembers,pOAparticipantsandexpertsfromvarious

organisationswhoprovidedfeedbackatmanystagesandparticipatedinasurvey.

wealsoacknowledgethegeneroussupportwithdetailedadviceandnewestdataby

thefollowingorganisations(),

,，aswellasadditionaldatainsights

fromthefollowingorganisations:

andforthe,

and

weareverygratefultoallexternalandinternalexpertswhoreviewedthereport:

Marie-camilleAttard(climateAnalytics)，MarionBachelet(Europeanclimate

Foundation)，MitchellBeer(TheEnergyMix)，IngridBehrsin(GlobalEnergyMonitor),

(worldwindEnergyAssociation),Juliakendal(Tearfund),uniLee(EMBER),wellington

Madumira(CANZimbabwe)，LeonardONascimento(NewclimateInstitute)，Gunnar

Boyeolesen(lNFORSE),kasandraomalia(GlobalEnergyMonitor),claireo'Manique

(oilchangeInternational),Thomaspullenkav(SELCOFoundation),sophieRichmond

(Bigshiftcampaign),shrutishukla(NaturalResourcesDefensecouncil),clairesmith

(BeyondFossilFuels),DavidTong(oilchangeInternational),Romainzissler(Energy

InstituteJapan),Arthurwiggers(GlobalwindEnergycouncil)

Thereviewersdonotcarryanyresponsibilityforthefinalreport,whichisthesole

responsibilityofcANInternational.

ThisRenewableEnergyTrackerisapositiveand

timelyassessmentofthestateofthesectoranditspotential.Renewablesareattheheartofourglobaleffortsforanequitableenergytransition.Theyaretheprimarysolutiononthesupplysidetoscale

globaleffortstoreducegreenhousegases,

especiallyinthisdecisivedecade.Itiswithgreat

optimismthatweacknowledgerenewablesasthemostcost-effectiveandviablepathwaytoachievingnet-zeroemissionsby2050.Theirabilityto

generateelectricity‘atscale’withmarkedlylower

greenhousegasemissionscomparedtotraditionalsourcesclearsthewaytobreakourlong-standingfossilfueldependencies.

Aswewitnessareshapingofthegloballandscapeofpowergeneration,itishearteningtoseerenewablesemergingasthefastest-growingtechnologyinthisdomain.Theirstellargrowthisatestamenttothecollectiveeffortand

commitmentofsocietiesandgovernmentsworldwide.Butourjourneyisfarfromcomplete.Asmembersofglobalcivilsociety,itisimperativethatwecontinuetoadvocateforscaled-upactionatpivotalforumssuchasCOP28.

AtCOP28,globalleadersmustbringnotonlytheirpresencebutalsoadeep-

rootedpoliticalcommitmenttoachievebothshort-andlong-termclimategoals.Onlywiththeircooperationandmutualagreementcanwedrivestreamlined

policiesandregulations,enhancegridreadiness,andunlockfinancialresourcesatascalethatpropelsthewarp-speedexpansionofrenewableenergytomeetthescientificandequityimperatives.

COP28isapivotalmoment.It'sachancetoboostandconsolidatenationalcommitmentsfortransformingrespectiveenergysectorsthroughrenewableenergy.Thistransformationismorethanmerechange;it’saboutcreatingasustainable,equitable,andorderlytransitiontoanet-zerofuture.

Afuturewherecleanenergytransitionisnotanalternativebutacertainty,pavingthewayforaworldthatismorejustforall.Afuturethatmustbemanifestedwithoutdelay.

shrutisHUKLA

NaturalResourcesDefensecouncil

summary

TheRenewableEnergyTracker

keyfndings

Recommendations

lntroducion

Ajust,equitableandrapidtransitiontol00%REisurgentlyneeded

TheRET:towardsafairandequitableassessmentofcountries

Methodology

countrygrouping

Ratings

coun*ries'assessments

Focuslwhichcountriesareleadingorlagging?

overallassessment

Deployment

Ambition

sustainabledevelopment

FocuslArecountriesupontracktowards100%REsystems?

FocuslArecountriesmakingprogress?

conclusion

Appendix

A.windandsolaraskeyrenewablesources

B.NotesonMethodology

C.Methodologyfortheprogressassessment

D.Indicators:sources,definitionandscope

E.Detailedrankings

6

6

7

11

25

27

27

31

43

48

52

54

59

summary

TheRenewableEnergyTracker

TheRenewableEnergyTracker(RET)isamultidimensionalanalysisdrivenby

principlesofequity,fairnessandtransparencythatassessestheperformanceof

60countriesrepresenting85%oftotalpopulationandaccountingforabout90%of

totalgreenhousegasemissions,energyuseandGDP.

•ltusesequity-drivenindicatorstoacknowledgedifferencesbetween

countriesintermsofpriorities，financiaabilities，populationsizeand

commonbutdifferentiatedresponsibilitieswherebywealthiercountries

havetomovefasterthanothers.

•Itputsemphasisonrewardingcountriesthatareperformingconsistently

wellorbetterthanohersacrosshemajorityofindicatorsorcategories

assessed.

Througha3-prongedanalysis,itprovidesasnapshotofwherecountriesstandand

whethertheyareheadingintherightdirection:itidentifesleadersandslow

starters;assesseswhethercountriesareontracktowards100%RESystems;

evaluateswhethercountriesareprogressing·

scalinguprenewableenergyiscrucial,butidsjustonepieceofthepuzzle.

whenitcomestoenergy，wemustsimultaneouslycommittoajustandequitable

phaseoutoffossilfuels,doubleannualenergyeffciencyimprovementsandreduce

overallenergyconsumptionby2050,notablyinwealthiercountries.

Radicalandtransformativechangesareneededeverywheretoachieveenvironmental

andclimatejustice.countriesperformingrelativelywellintermsofrenewablesmay

stillrelyheavilyonorinvestinfossilfuels，failtoprovidesufficientfundingto

developingcountries,engageinactivitiesharmfultopeopleornatureorpursue

dangerousdistractionssuchascarboncaptureandstorage.

Thisreportoffersadeepdiveonrenewablesbutresultsmustbeputintoperspective

withcountries'progressinotherareas:acountrywithhighratingsinthe

RenewableEnergyTrackerisnotnecessarilya"climateleader".

summary

keyfindings

Figure1.countries'rankandratingaccordingtotheirincomelevel.Emergingand

DevelopingEconomies(EMDES)aremarkedwiththesymbol*.

summary

countrycomparison:whichcountriesareleading?

TheRETassessestherelativeperformanceofcountriesusing20indicatorsand7

categoriesmeasuringthelevelofdeployment,investment,ambition,co-benefits,etc.

relatedtorenewableenergytoratethemaschampionsFrontrunnersModerates

Trailersorslow-starters，asshowninFigure1.

Noneofthecountriesareperformingconsistentlybetterthanothers

leavingthechampionsgroupempty(topperformersarehinderedbytheirhigh

relianceonsolidbioenergy).one-thirdofcountriesfallintotheMderates

group，furtherhighlightinganoveralllackofconsistencyascountriesare

performingcomparativelybetterinsomecategoriesbutpooryinothers.

ThreeEmergingandDevelopingEconomies(EMDES)occupythetop3

places:chile(1st),Brazil(2nd),andchina(3rd)Theequity-basedanalysis

revealsthatanumberofotheremergingeconomiesaredoingbetterthan

advancedeconomies:vietnam(13th),colombia(14th),Jordan(15th),India(17th),

Mexico(18th)andMalaysia(19th)allrankamongthetop20.

onthecontrary,anumberofadvancedeconomiesarelaggingbehindand

notlivinguptotheircapabilitiesandresponsibilities.Inparticular,fvehigh-

incomecountriesthataremembersoftheG20areintheTrailersandslow-

startersgroupsandalsoaccountforalmost9%ofglobalGHGemissionsin2021:

Japan,canada,southkorea,saudiArabiaandItaly.switzerland,Russiaand

Newzealand,alladvancedeconomies,alsorankamongthetrailer·

DespitesomeEMDESPerformingbetterthanothers,intheTrdilersand

slow-startersgroups23countriesoutof30groupsareEMDESWhich

furtherdemonstratesthechallengesfacedbythesenationsindeploying

renewablesatscale.Thisisespeciallythecaseforcountriesfromsub-saharan

Africa:whilethelackofinvestmentinthisregionhasbeenlargelydocumented

asakeychallenge，theRETaddsanotherlineofevidencethatevenwhen

consideringequity-basedindicators,thosecountriesareleftbehind.

summary

Arecountriesuptospeedtoreach100%renewableenergysystems?

Beingafrontrunnerdoesn'tequatetoachievingenough:amongthe9Frontrunners

noneofthecountriesareassessedasbeing"ontrack"toachieve100%renewable

energysystems.Inotherwords,eventop-rankedcountriesmustintensifytheir

efortsindeployingsustainablerenewableenergysystems·

Thetrackerevaluatescountries'progresstowardsachieving100%renewablesinthe

powersectorandeconomywide.Inlinewithclimateurgency，arapidlydwindling

carbonbudgetandequityprinciples,theRETrequiresthatal00%renewablepower

sectorisdeployedby2030latestforadvancedeconomiesandby2040latestfor

others,andthattheentireeconomyisfueledby100%renewableenergyby2040

Iatestforadvancedeconomiesandby2050latestforEMDES(seeBOX2).

Basedonthesecriteria,theRETshowsthat:

Thepaceofchangeobservedoverthelastfouryearsavailableis

insufficientandwillhavetobesignificantlyacceleratedforcountriesto

deployl00%renewableenergysystemsbythespecifedyears,notablythrough

enhancedambition,betterregulationsandsignifcantlyincreasedinvestments.

EHortsareneededinthepowersector,andevenmoreoutsideofthe

powersector,inallend-usesectors.whileinthepowersectorl3countries

areassessedasbeingontrackoralmostontrack，onlytwocountriesare

assessedassuchwhenitcomestodeployingrenewableseconomy-wide1.

severalcountriesareheadinginthewrongdirecionandmustreversetheir

trajectories:thisisthecaseforfvecountriesinthepowersector(cambodia,

uruguay,croatia,Iran,Italy)andtwocountrieseconomywide(congo,vietnam).

NoneofthenationsoftheG20areuptospeedtoreach100%renewables

eitherinthepowersectororeconomy-wide.Ingeneral，andforthecountries

includedinthetracker,advancedeconomiesarenotperformingbetterthan

EMDES:inthepowersectorforexample，thesameshareofadvanced

economiesorEMDEsareassessedasontrackoralmostontrack

1.IncludingUgandathathasoneofthelargestenergyaccessdeficits.

summary

Trendassessment:Arecountriesprogressingorbacksliding?

Despiteagenerallackofambition,ourRenewableEnergyTrackerindicatesthat:

Justoverhalfofcountries(33)aremostlyprogressingacrossaselectionof

indicators2whilel4aremostlystagnatingandgaremostlybacksliding3

progressisunequalbetweenadvancedeconomiesandEMDES:83%of

advancedeconomiesaremostlyprogressing,comparedtoonly38%ofEMDES.

Thedifferencesarethelargestwhenitcomestoincreasingtheshareof

renewablesinfinalenergyconsumptionbutalsodeployingnewrenewable

capacitiesforthepowersector(onapercapitabasis).

2.Consideringthelasttwoyearsavailableorthelasttwoperiodsoftimeavailableiftheindicatorcoversmultipleyears.SeeAppendixC.

3.Othershavemixedresultsandarecategorisedas“inconclusive”.

summary

➜GovernmentsshouldcommittotheuNSecretary-Generalscallforgreater

ambition,urgingdevelopednationstoachievenet-zeroemissionsby2040and

othercountriesby2050.Giventhe"historyofunmetexpectations"4ofcarbon

captureandstorageandthemanyissuesinherenttonuclearenergy,thesegoals

shouldbeattainedthrough100%renewablesonly．MembersoftheG20in

goals.

➜Governmentsshouldcommittomorethantriplingrenewableelectricity

capacityby2030comparedto2022evels,andtoaddingatleast1.5Twof

renewablecapacityworldwideannuallyby2030andbeyond,primarilythrough

windandsolar.Thisshouldbepursuedinparalleltoajustandequitablephase

outoffossilfuels,endingofsubsidiestofossilfuelsanddoublingtherateof

annualenergyeffciencyimprovementsby2030andbeyond.

➜ThelastG20Leaders'Declaration5isafrststepinthatdirection,butwill

needtobeconsiderablyworkeduponatcop28andbeyond.Anindependently,

transparentlyandscientifcallymonitoredprocessisneededthatreviewsthe

translationoftheseglobaltargetsintofairandequitablenationaltargets,

throughamulti-stakeholderapproachincludingtheparticipationofcivilsociety

policymakers,privateactors,localcommunities,etc.

➜Internationaland(sub-)nationalcommitmentsandregulationsaswellas

NationallyDeterminedcontributionsshouldbestrengthenedtoparticularly

includetargetsforthepowersectorfor2030and2035,aswellaseconomy-

wideandsectoraltargetstobolsterelectrifcationacrossallsectorsforhigher

penetrationofrenewableseconomy-wide.Regulatoryissuesandsupply-chain

botHlenecksmustalsobeaddressedtoensurethattheinfrastructurefor

renewables(e.g.distributionandtransmissiongrids,storage)isdeployedat

scaleandontime.

4.IEA(2023).

NetZeroRoadmap.

5.

G20NewDelhiLeaders’Declaration

summary

➜Inmanylow-incomecountries，boththeabsenceofsuffcientfinancia

supportandthesignifcantlyhigherandunjustcostsofcapitalthattheyface

contributetodelaytheenergytransitionandmustbetackledhead-on,through

significantlyenhancedgrantandnondebtcreatingfnancefromricheroECD/

developedcountriestodevelopingcountries,aswellasinternational

collaboration.Thiswillhelptodefineandimplementacleanenergypathway

awayfromfossilfuelsandisparamounttoensurethatthesustainable

DevelopmentGoal7,whichaimsforuniversalaccesstoelectricityandclean

cookingfuelsandtechnologies,willbeachievedby2030.

➜publicgrantsbasedmoneyor/andconcessionalloansarenotenough.TO

masterthelargecleanenergytransition,theprivatefnancialsectoralsoneeds

tochange．Besideotherpoliciessupportingparis-alignedpathways,

internationalregulationscoveringtheinternationalspreadofnationalbanksas

wellasstrictadherencetocompanywiderulesnationallyandinternationallyare

conditionaltotriggerthebillionsneededfore.g．microgrids,rooftopsolaror

largescaleoffshorewindpower

➜Throughnationalplans,policies,standards,certifcationsandduediligence

procedures,governmentsandcorporationsshouldcommittoarapid,justand

equitabletransitiontorenewablesthatminimisesimpactsonnature,upholdsand

protectshumanandlabourrights,ensuresparticipationoflocalcommunities,

strengthenthelandrightsofcommunitiesandindigenouspeoples,ensuringtheir

Free,priorandInformedconsent,andcontributestosustainabledevelopment

throughe.g.accesstoqualityjobsanddecentlivelihoods,includingforwomen6

andruralpopulations7.

➜Governmentsandinternationalorganisationsshouldensurethepublic

availabilityofup-to-dateandtransparentdataregardingrenewables,including,

butnotlimitedto：betterinformationonpublicinvestmentsinfossilfuels

comparedtorenewables;employmentstatistics;ownershipdetails;benefitsfor

andinclusionoflocalcommunities;investmentsinanddeploymentofgridsand

storage;environmentalimpacts.

6.Seee.g.WWEA(2022).

Empoweringwomenintheenergytransformation.

7.Seee.g.SELCO&IRENA(2022).

Fosteringlivelihoodswithdecentralisedrenewableenergy.

Introduction

Ajust,equitableandrapidtransitionto100%renewableenergyis

urgentlyneeded

Thescienceisclear:tokeepglobalwarmingbelow1.5degrees,wemust

urgentlyscaleuprenewableenergyandnotablywindandsolarenergies,which

wereonceagainidentifedasthemostcost-effectivesupply-sidesolutionswiththe

greatestpotentialformitigationinthelatestreportsfromtheIPCCandIEA9

publishedin2023.Beyondmitigation,deployingrenewableenergyisalsoofutmost

importancetoachieveuniversalenergyaccessby2030,eradicateenergypovertyin

developingcountries,improveairquality,ensureenergysecurity,resilienceandprice

stability,andgeneratejobsandlocaleconomicbenefits.

Thetransitionneedstobepursuedinajust,equitableandsustainableway10，leaving

"noworker,communityorcountrybehind"m.ltmustbepursuedalongsideafull,fast,

fairandfundedphaseoutofallfossilfuels12andsignifcantimprovementsinenergy

effciencyandconservation,toachievel00%renewableenergysystemsby2050at

thelatest.

overthepastyears,remarkableprogresshasbeenmadeinrenewables,with

plummetingcosts,recordhighsharesofrenewablesinelectricitygeneration(global

electricitygenerationbywindandsolargrewfrom3%to12%between20l2and

20223)，andanincreasednumberofgovernmentsadoptingrenewableenergyor

electricitytargets.However,theelectricitysectorstillprovideslessthanonequarterof

allfinalenergyandtheshareoffossilfuelsintotalfinalenergyconsumption

remainsa*around80%，similartoonedecadeago4.

8.IPCC(2023).

Synthesisreport.

9.IEA(2023).

NetZeroRoadmap.

10.CAN(2023).

Thetransitionto100%REmustbejust,equitableandrapid.

11.

CivilSocietyEquityReview(2022)

12.CAN(2023).Theworldneedsafair,fast,full,andfundedfossilfuelphase-out

13.EMBERDataExplorer:

/data/data-tools/data-explorer/

14.REN21(2023).

GlobalStatusReportRenewables

(GlobalOverview)

Introduction

Inaddition,investmentsanddeploymentinrenewablesremainunequally

distributedacrossheworld：manydevelopingcountriesarefacing

disproportionateandunjusthighcostsofcapital,supplychainrisksandchallenges

arerising，andevenmoreworryingly，1individualoutofllstilllackedaccessto

electricityin2021,i.e.675millionpeopleworldwide5.

Efortstosignifcantlyandurgentlyscaleuprenewablesmustbeenhancedand

maintainedatahighleveltofullyreplacefossilfuelsandprovideuniversalaccess

toelectricityandcleancooking.Theannualrenewablecapacityadditionsexpected

in2023(around440GW6)arepromising,butthereisstillalongwaytogobefore

reachingatleast1.5Twperyearby2030andbeyondwithwindandsolarmainly7,in

ordertostaywithinthe1.5Ctemperaturelimitsoftheparisagreement．For

comparison,1.5Twisequaltothecombinedrenewablepowercapacitiesinstalledin

alloECDcountriesin2022,ortentimesthecapacityinstalledinGermany,which

currentlyholdsthehighestrenewablepowercapacityinEurope.

TheRenewableEnergyTracker:towardsafairandequitable

assessmentofcountries

Insuchacontext,withpositivesignalsandyetanoveralllackofambitionand

implementation，itisimportanttoholdgovernmentsaccountableandmonitortheir

achievementandprogress,whileacknowledgingdifferencesacrosscountries,e.g.in

termsofpriorities,fnancialabilitiesandcommonbutdifferentiatedresponsibilities.

TheRenewableEnergyTracker(RET)isamultidimensionalassessmentof60

countriesthatprovidesasnapshotofwheretheystandandwheretheyareheading

andthatisdrivenbyprinciplesofequity,fairnessandtransparency

15.

TrackingSDG7-TheEnergyProgressreport(2023)

16.IEA(2023).

RenewableEnergyMarketUpdate

17.CAN(2023).

Globaltargetsforcleanrenewablesandenergyefficiencymuststandalongsidefos

-

silfuelphaseout.

ClimateAnalytics(2023)-

2030targetsalignedto1.5°C:evidencefromthe

latestglobalpathways.

18.Thecountrieswerechosentoensureacomprehensivecoverageintermsofgeographics,eco-

nomics(26countrieswith“high”income,14with“upper-middle”incomeand20with“low”or“lower-middle”income)andpolitics(allG20andBRICSnationsareincluded,butnottheEurope-anUnionasawhole).Somecountrieswereincludedonanad-hocbasisafterscreeningforrela-tivelygoodperformanceacrossseveralindicatorsorbasedonexperts’suggestions.

Introduction

Mulidimensional

TheRETOffersa3-prongedanalysistoidentifyleadersandslow-starters(country

comparison),assesswhethercountriesareontracktowards100%REsystems,and

evaluatewhethercountriesareprogressing(progressassessment).

TheRETincludesindicatorsthatassessthecountries'levelofdeploymentof

renewables,butalsocountries'ambition(e.g.forecastedcapacitiesandinvestments)

andsustainabledevelopment(lookingatco-benefitssuchaselectricityaccessand

jobsinrenewables,aswellaschallenges),asshowninFigure2

Figure2.Areasandcategoriescoveredbythetrackerforthecountrycomparison

TheRETlooksatrenewablesinboththepowersectorandeconomywide.whilethe

powersectorcanbeseenasanearlyandcomparablyeasytargetforrenewables

expansioninmanycountries(butnotall),largescaleelectrifcationandincreasing

renewablesconsumptionoutsideofthe'classical'powersectorwillrequire

considerableefforts.

Introduction

BOX1lDefiningRenewableEnergy

Throughoutthereport，theterm"renewableenergy"referstothefollowing

renewableresources:windenergy,solarenergy,hydropower,geothermalenergy,

oceanenergy(tidalandwaves)andbioenergy.whilesomeofthesetechnologies

canbeassociatedwithspecifcchallenges,notablyhydropowerandbioenergy,

theyarecategorisedasrenewablesbyinternationalorganisationssuchasthe

InternationalEnergYAgency(IEA)，theInternationalpanelofclimatechange

(IPCC)ortheInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA).Thisdoesnotmean

thatallrenewableshavenoimpactsontheenvironmentand/orpeople,orthatthey

arenotresponsibleforgreenhousegasemissions(e.g.whenburningsolidforest

biomass).CANfavourswindandsolaraskeyrenewabletechnologiesinthepower

sector(seeAppendixA)

Thedatausedinthisreporttoassesscountries'performanceinrenewableenergy

consumptioneconomy-wideexcludestraditionalusesofbiomassforcookingand

heating，whichisestimatedbytheIEAandtheUNSDbasedon"theresidential

consumptionofprimarysolidbiofuelsandcharcoalinnonOECDCountries"9(see

AppendixDfordetailsonindicators)

Equity,Fairness&Transparency

•countrieshavedifferentstartingpoints.whilesomemayalreadyhavea

signifcantamountofrenewableenergy,othersareonlyrecentlycatching

up.TheRETacknowledgesthisbyincludingindicatorsthatookatpastand

recenttrendsaswellasprospectivecapacities.

•countrieshavedifferentpriorities.Manydevelopingcountriesmuststill

provideaccesstoelectricityandcleancooking;ontheotherhand,

wealthiercountrieshaveanhistoricalresponsibilitytoprovidefnancia

supporttodevelopingcountries．TheRETusesdifferentindicatorsfor

Advancedeconomies(AES)andEmerginganddevelopingeconomies

(EMDES),whenrelevant.

19.

TrackingSDG7-TheEnergyProgressreport(2023)

Introduction

•wealthiercountriesneedtomovefasterandearliertowardsfully

renewableenergysystems．TheRETUsesdifferenttargetyearsfor

AdvancedeconomiesandEMDESforaswitchtowards100%renewable

electricitygenerationandenergyinfnalconsumption(seeBOX2)

•countrieshavedifferenteconomicandpopulationsizes.TheRETUses

"percapita"and"perunitofGDP"indicatorstoallowforafaircomparison

ofcountriesgiventheirrespectiveprofiles.

•countrieshavedifferenttransparencyandreportingstandards.The

RETfavoursmorerecentdata:weusehelatesvaluesavailableandnot

thelatestyearforwhichallcountrieshavedata.

•Datareliability.weacknowledgethatsomeindicatorsaremorerobust

thanothersduetomethodologyorcoverage.Indicatorsthataredeemed

lessrobustoraccuratearegivenalowerweight.

•Transparency．TheRETisbasedonquantitativeindicators，allpublicly

available,andonatransparentmethodology.whilewestrivetomakethe

comparisonandassessmentofthecountriesasfairaspossible,andbe

clearaboutmethodologicallimitations，thereisalwaysroomfor

improvementandfeedbackandsuggestionsarewelcome.Inparticular,

andduetodatalimitations,theRETdoesntcoversomeaspectsofthe

transitiontorenewablesthatareyetcrucialforthistransitiontobejust,e.g.

thequestionofownership,impactsoncommunities,progressongridand

storage，etc．Thisisanticipatedtobeanannualreportandweare

committedtoadjustitinthecomingyearsbasedondataavailability,

recentdevelopments,etc.

Introduction

BOX2lEquitablebenchmarksfor100%REsystems

Forthetransitiontobejustandequitable,andinlinewiththeprinciplesofcommon

ButDifferentiatedResponsibilitiesandRespectivecapabilities20，countriesthat

havecontributedthemosttogreenhousegasemissionsandthathavethefnancial

andtechnologicalcapabilitiestodosomusttransitionfasterandearlieroutofall

fossilfuelsandinto100%renewableenergysystems2].

Thedegreetowhichtheseprinciplesarebeingincorporatedintoenergyscenarios

varybetweenorganisations.ouranalysisisbasedonthecallbytheuNsecretary-

Generalfordevelopednationstoachievenet-zeroemissionsascloseaspossibleas

2040andothercountriesby2050.

Thesedifferentiatedtargetyearsfortheentireeconomysh