2022届优质校一模英语试卷汇编-阅读理解之说明文 答案版

2017年高考“最后三十天”专题透析2017年高考“最后三十天”专题透析好教育云平台--教育因你我而变好教育云平台--教育因你我而变专题10专题10××阅读理解之说明文常考题型常考题型题型考查年份考查话题说明文2021年全国甲卷PortLympne保护区的部分黑犀牛现状2021年全国乙卷世界上著名的大型竞技场的基本情况2021年新高考全国卷Ⅰ美国鸭票的故事2020年全国卷Ⅰ竞走相比跑步有诸多的优势，及专家给受过伤的人的建议2020年全国卷Ⅱ美国新奥良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀…………方法点拨方法点拨解题方法1.定位对照法：先阅读题干，然后根据问题的要求，按照题目顺序依次有针对性地结合题干中的关键词到文中定位，阅读相关部分并快速寻找有效信息。再将原文和选项进行比较。当问题与原文材料相同的时候，对号入座；如果问题与原文不同．则可以同义替换、归纳事实等。2.选项分析法：根据题干中的关键词，找准相关句、段的内容。再仔细对照，排除于文章内容不一致的错误信息，从而确定选项。3.中心精确捕捉法：根据议论文特点对文章中心段或句进行精准分析。两种解题步骤方式一：1.读开头段，把握中心（中心明确）；2.解“主旨题”以及“主旨相关题”；3.解“细节题”（先定段，后定句）。方式二1.读开头段，把握中心（中心不明确）；2.解“细节题”（先定段，后定句）；3.解“主旨题”以及“主旨相关题”。【注意事项】1.不必通读全文，不必千方百计理解文章所有语句；2.必须首先读好开头与结尾段，快速准确找出文章中心主旨；3.注意并充分利用文章中所给出的中文提示词。2021年全国乙卷Whenalmosteveryonehasamobilephone,whyaremorethanhalfofAustralianhomesstillpayingforalandline（座机）?Thesedaysyou’dbehardpressedtofindanyoneinAustraliaovertheageof15whodoesn’townamobilephone.Infactplentyofyoungerkidshaveoneintheirpocket.Practicallyeveryonecanmakeandreceivecallsanywhere,anytime.Still,55percentofAustralianshavealandlinephoneathomeandonlyjustoveraquarter(29%)relyonlyontheirsmartphonesaccordingtoasurvey（调查）.OfthoseAustralianswhostillhavealandline,athirdconcedethatit’snotreallynecessaryandthey’rekeepingitasasecurityblanket—19percentsaytheyneveruseitwhileafurther13percentkeepitincaseofemergencies.Ithinkmyhomefallsintothatcategory.MorethanhalfofAustralianhomesarestillchoosingtostickwiththeirhomephone.Ageisnaturallyafactor（因素）—only58percentofGenerationYsstilluselandlinesnowandthen,comparedto84percentofBabyBoomerswho’veperhapshadthesamehomenumberfor50years.Ageisn’ttheonlyfactor;I’dsayit’salsotodowiththemakeupofyourhousehold.GenerationXerswithyoungfamilies,likemywifeandI,canstillfinditconvenienttohaveahomephoneratherthanprovidingamobilephoneforeveryfamilymember.Thatsaid,tobehonesttheonlypeoplewhoeverringourhomephoneareourBabyBoomersparents,tothepointwhereweplayagameandguesswhoiscallingbeforewepickupthephone(usingCallerIDwouldtakethefunoutofit).Howattachedareyoutoyourlandline?Howlonguntiltheygothewayofgasstreetlampsandmorningmilkdeliveries?1.Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytellusaboutmobilephones?A.Theirtargetusers. B.Theirwidepopularity.C.Theirmajorfunctions. D.Theircomplexdesign.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“concede”inparagraph3mean?A.Admit. B.Argue.C.Remember. D.Remark.3.WhatcanwesayaboutBabyBoomers?A.Theylikesmartphonegames. B.Theyenjoyguessingcallers’identity.C.Theykeepusinglandlinephones. D.Theyareattachedtotheirfamily.4.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthelandlinefromthelastparagraph?A.Itremainsafamilynecessity.B.Itwillfalloutofusesomeday.C.Itmayincreasedailyexpenses.D.Itisasimportantasthegaslight.【答案】1.B2.A3.C4.B【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了澳大利亚使用固定电话的情况，并且表达了固定电话是非必需品的观点。1.主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Thesedaysyou'dbehardpressedtofindanyoneinAustraliaovertheageof15whodoesn'townamobilephone.Infactplentyofyoungerkidshaveoneintheirpocket.Practicallyeveryonecanmakeandreceivecallsanywhere,anytime.(现在你很难在澳大利亚找到15岁以上的没有手机的人。事实上，很多年幼的孩子口袋里都有手机。几乎每个人都可以随时随地拨打和接听电话)”可推知，本段主要说明手机在澳大利亚广受欢迎。故选B项。2.词句猜测题。根据划线单词的上文“OfthoseAustralianswhostillhavealandline(在那些仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人中)”可知，这个调查的目标人群是仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人；根据下文“it’snotreallynecessaryandthey’rekeepingitasasecurityblanket—19percentsaytheyneveruseitwhileafurther13percentkeepitincaseofemergencies(固定电话并不是必须的，他们将其作为一种安全保障——19%的人表示他们从未使用过固定电话，另有13%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情况)”可知，很多人认为固定电话并不是必须拥有的，有些人保留固定电话只是为了防止紧急情况。从而推知，在调查中，他们应该是承认了固定电话的非必要性。由此推知，划线单词“concede”意为“承认”。故选A项。3.推理判断题。根据文章第四段“84percentofBabyBoomerswho’veperhapshadthesamehomenumberfor50years.(婴儿潮时代中有84%的人可能已经有50年相同的家庭号码了)”以及文章第五段“Thatsaid,tobehonesttheonlypeoplewhoeverringourhomephoneareourBabyBoomersparents(也就是说，老实说，唯一打过我们家电话的人是婴儿潮一代的父母)”可推知，婴儿潮时代的人一直用固定电话。故选C项。4.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Howattachedareyoutoyourlandline?Howlonguntiltheygothewayofgasstreetlampsandmorningmilkdeliveries?(你有多喜欢你的座机？它们还要多久才能走上煤气路灯和早晨送牛奶的道路？)”可推知，本段使用类比的方式，使用煤气路灯以及早晨送牛奶已经被淘汰的例子，侧面说明了固定电话总有一天会废弃的。故选B项。2020·全国卷I，CRacewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows,whilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries.Itdoes,however,haveitsownproblem.Racewalkersareconditionedathletes.ThelongesttrackandfieldeventattheSummerOlympicsisthe50-kilometerracewalk,whichisaboutfivemileslongerthanthemarathon.Butthesport’srulesrequirethataracewalker’skneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswingandonefootremainincontact(接触)withthegroundatalltimes.It’sthisstrangeformthatmakesracewalkingsuchanattractiveactivity,however,saysJaclynNorberg,anassistantprofessorofexercisescienceatSalemStateUniversityinSalem,Mass.Likerunning,racewalkingisphysicallydemanding,shesays,Accordingtomostcalculations,racewalkersmovingatapaceofsixmilesperhourwouldburnabout800calories(卡路里)perhour,whichisapproximatelytwiceasmanyastheywouldburnwalking,althoughfewerthanrunning,whichwouldprobablyburnabout1,000ormorecaloriesperhour.However,racewalkingdoesnotpoundthebodyasmuchasrunningdoes,Dr.Norbergsays.Accordingtoherresearch,runnershitthegroundwithasmuchasfourtimestheirbodyweightperstep,whileracewalkers,whodonotleavetheground,createonlyabout1.4timestheirbodyweightwitheachstep.Asaresult,shesays,someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning,suchasrunner’sknee,areuncommonamongracewalkers.Butthesport’sstrangeformdoesplaceconsiderablestressontheanklesandhips,sopeoplewithahistoryofsuchinjuriesmightwanttobecautiousinadoptingthesport.Infact,anyonewishingtotryracewalkingshouldprobablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpropertechnique,shesays.Ittakessomepractice.5.Whyareracewalkersconditionedathletes?A.Theymustrunlongdistances.B.Theyarequalifiedforthemarathon.C.Theyhavetofollowspecialrules.D.Theyaregoodatswingingtheirlegs.6.Whatadvantagedoesracewalkinghaveoverrunning?A.It’smorepopularattheOlympics.B.It’slesschallengingphysically.C.It’smoreeffectiveinbodybuilding.D.It’slesslikelytocausekneeinjuries.7.WhatisDr.Norberg’ssuggestionforsomeonetryingracewalking?A.Gettingexperts’opinions.B.Havingamedicalcheckup.C.Hiringanexperiencedcoach.D.Doingregularexercises.8.Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetoracewalking?A.Skeptical. B.Objective.C.Tolerant. D.Conservative.【答案】5.C6.D7.A8.B【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了竞走相比跑步有诸多的优势，但是之前受过伤的人，要想从事这样运动要谨慎，最好咨询专家的建议。5.细节理解题。根据第二段“Butthesport’srulesrequirethataracewalker’skneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswingandonefootremainincontactwiththegroundatalltimes.”可知，但这项运动的规则要求竞走者的膝盖在摆动腿的大部分时间保持伸直，一只脚始终与地面接触。由此可知，竞走运动员是需要具备某些条件的运动员是因为运动员需要遵守特殊的规则。故选C项。6.细节理解题。根据最后一段“Asaresult,shesays,someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning,suchasrunner’sknee,areuncommonamongracewalkers.”可知，一些与跑步有关的损伤，比如跑步者的膝盖，在竞走者中并不常见。由此可知，竞走与跑步相比的优势是不太可能导致膝盖受伤。故选D项。7.细节理解题。根据最后一段Dr.Norberg说的话“Infact,anyonewishingtotryracewalkingshouldprobablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpropertechnique(事实上，任何想尝试竞走的人都应该首先咨询教练或有经验的竞走运动员，学习适当的技巧。)”可知，Dr.Norberg建议想尝试竞走的人征询专家的建议。故选A项。8.推理判断题。根据第一段“Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows,whilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries.Itdoes,however,haveitsownproblem.”可知，研究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由此判断出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。故选B项。试题汇编试题汇编岳阳市2019届高三一模AMENTORING(导师制）programisgivinglifechangingopportunitiestoBanburyyouth.YoungInspirationswasfoundedtwoyearsagotoprovidementoringsessionsforstudentsandunemployedyoungadultsaged11to21.AlexGoldberg,theprogram’sfounder,said:“WesetupYoungInspirationsbecausewewantedtogiveyoungpeopleexperienceswhichwillpotentiallybelifechangingandbroadentheiroutlook.”“Wetrytocreateworkexperienceopportunitiesthatwillreallymakeadifferencetoouryouth.Forexample,we’vesecuredinternships(实习)withworld-famousfirmssuchasHonda.”“Atatimeoffundingcutbacks,schoolsarefindingitmoreandmoredifficulttoofferthiskindofmentoringbecauseofthat—Itisextremelyimportantthattheseopportunitiesareavailablebothtohelpyouthwiththeirschoolworkandgradesandtogivethemopportunitieswhichmayhelpshapetheirfutures.”KieranHepbum,14,isoneofagroupofBanburyyouthwhohasbenefitedfromtheprogramsofar.InOctobertheBanburySchoolpupilwasaccompaniedbyYoungInspirationsstafftoPariswherehewasanobserverattheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization’s(UNESCO)InternationalYouthForum(论坛).Theeventwasheldforyoungpeoplefromaroundtheworld,toseektheirviewsonhowthefutureofyouthandeducationshouldlook.Kieranjoinedseveralhundredobserversmostlyintheir20sandwastheonlyUKschoolpupiltoattendtheevent.Kieranthinksthetripwasalifechangingexperience.“Beforeweleft1didn’tquiteknowwhattomakeofitbutwhenwegottherewedidntstop,itwasamazing”hesaid,“Wewenttothreeorfourhoursofdebateseachdayandthendidsomethingculturaleachafternoon.”Themainthemeoftheforumwashowyouthcandrivechangeinpoliticalandpubliclife.Itdealtwithissues(问题）suchasdrugabuse,violenceandunemployment.kieransaid:“IthasreallyhelpedmetoimprovemyconfidenceandsocialskillsaswellasmyschoolgradesandIwasvotedmostimprovedpupilatschoolinAugust.”TheYoungInspirationsmentoringsessionstakeplaceeachFridayinBanbury.Fordetailsvisitwww.younginsviratiom.com.1.WhyisTheYoungInspirationsmentoringprogramsetup?A.Toprovideyouthwithuniqueexperiences.B.Totrainstaffforworld-famousfirms.C.Toequiptheunemployedwithdifferentskills.D.Toofferjobopportunitiestoyoungadults.2."Whatdoestheunderlined“that”inparagraph3referto?A.theshortageofmoney.B.thelackofsupportfromfirms.C.theeffectofunemployment.D.thelackofopportunities.3.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat.A.thevisittotheUnitedKingdomwasamazingB.thementoringsessionsareheldeverydayexceptFridayC.theyouthhavefoundawaytosolvetheirproblemsD.Kieranhasmadegreatprogressinmanyaspects4.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.AlexGoldberg,FounderofYoungInspirationsB.Kieran,BanburySchoolPupiltoParisC.YoungPeopleFindaWorldofOpportunityD.DebatesHelpYouthwithTheirGrades【答案】1.A2.A3.D4.C【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了通过导师制，培训学校提升他们的能力，从而给他们找到更多的机会。1.推理判断题。根据文章第三段中的“WesetupYoungInspirationsbecausewewantedtogiveyoungpeopleexperienceswhichwillpotentiallybelifechangingandbroadentheiroutlook.”可知，我们建立YoungInspirations是为了给年轻人提供改变生活和开阔视野的经验。故选A。2.推理判断题。由第三段第一句“Atatimeoffundingcutbacks,schoolsarefindingitmoreandmoredifficulttoofferthiskindofmentoring”可知在资金削减的情况下，学校发现提供这种辅导越来越困难。故下文中的that此处指代fundingcutbacks（资金削减），故选A。3.推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段中的“Kieransaid:“IthasreallyhelpedmetoimprovemyconfidenceandsocialskillsaswellasmyschoolgradesandIwasvotedmostimprovedpupilatschoolinAugust.””可知，Kieran取得了很大进步。故选D4.主旨大意题。文章通篇讲述了通过导师制，培训学生提供他们的能力，从而给他们找到更多的机会。故选C。2020届四川省天府名校高三5月教学质量联合测评I.M.Pei,oneofthebest-knownarchitectsofthe20thcentury,hasdied.Hewas102.BorninChina,IeohMingPeimovedtotheUnitedStatesin1935tostudyarchitectureattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyandHarvardUniversity.Pei’sworksaroundtheworldincludemuseums,governmentbuildings,hotels,schoolsandotherstructuresbuiltwithstone,steelandglass.Oneofhisbest-knownandmostdisputedworkswasbuilt30yearsago.Peicreatedanewentrancefortheworld-famousLouvreMuseuminParis.PeifirstspentfourmonthsstudyingthemuseumandFrenchhistory.Hethendrewplansfora21-meter-tallsteelandglassid,withthreesmallerpyramidsnearby.Itwasaveryfuturisticstyleofworkforthe12th-centurybuilding.AFrenchnewspapercriticizedPei’spyramidsas“anannextoDisneyland”.Anenvironmentalgroupsaidtheybelongedinadesert.OthersaccusedPeiofruiningoneoftheworld’sgreatestlandmarks.PeisaidtheLouvrewasthemostdifficultjobofhiscareer.Hearguedthathehadwantedtocreateamodernspacethatwouldnottakeawayfromthetraditionalpartofthemuseum.HesaidtheglasspyramidswerebasedontheworksofFrenchlandscapearchitectLeNotre.TheyhonoredFrenchhistory.Thepyramidsopenedinthespringof1989.Overtheyearsthatfollowed,thestructurecametobelovedbymost,ifnotall,ofitscritics.Otherwell-knownPeibuildingsincludetheJohnF.KennedyLibraryinDorchester,Massachusetts,theNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearchinBoulder,Colorado,theEastWingoftheNationalGalleryofArtinWashingtonandtheDallasCityHallinTexas.Peiofficiallyretiredin1990.However,hecontinuedtoworkonprojects—includingmuseumsinLuxembourg,QatarandhisancestralhomeofSuzhou.5.WhatistrueabouttheentrancecreatedbyPeifortheLouvreMuseum?A.Peispentfourmouthsdrawingplansforit. B.Therearefourpyramidsintotal.C.It’sinastyleofthe12thcentury. D.Ittook30yearstocompletethework.6.WhatcanweinferfromPei’swordsinParagraph4?A.TheglasspyramidswereoriginallydesignedbyLeNotre.B.TheglasspyramidswerebasedontheFrenchlandscape.C.TheglasspyramidswereinharmonywiththeLouvre.D.TheglasspyramidsreflectedbothFrenchandChinesestyle.7.Whatweremostpeople’sattitudestowardsPei’spyramidsyearsafteritsopening?A.Indifferent. B.Puzzled.C.Critical. D.Favorable.8.WhatdoweknowaboutPeiaccordingtothepassage?A.Hewashardworking,optimisticandeasygoing.B.HespreadChinesetraditionalarchitecturetotheworld.C.HecreatedmanygreatworksbothinChinaandothercountries.D.Hewasthemostoutstandingarchitectofthe20thcentury.【答案】5.B6.C7.D8.C【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了贝聿铭在建筑领域上的成就。5.细节理解题。根据第二段第五句“Hethendrewplansfora21-meter-tallsteelandglasspyramid,withthreesmallerpyramidsnearby.”然后，他绘制了一个21米高的钢和玻璃金字塔的计划，附近还有三个较小的金字塔。由此可知，卢浮宫入口一共有4个金字塔。故选B。6.推理判断题。根据第四段中“Hearguedthathehadwantedtocreateamodernspacethatwouldnottakeawayfromthetraditionalpartofthemuseum.HesaidtheglasspyramidswerebasedontheworksofFrenchlandscapearchitectLeNotre.TheyhonoredFrenchhistory.”他争辩说，他想要创造一个不会脱离博物馆的传统部分的现代空间。他说，玻璃金字塔是基于法国景观设计师勒诺特尔的作品。他们向法国历史致敬。可知这个玻璃金字塔是与卢浮宫的传统风格相契合的。故选C。7.细节理解题。根据第五段第二句“Overtheyearsthatfollowed,thestructurecametobelovedbymost,ifnotall,ofitscritics.”在接下来的几年里，该结构受到了大多数（如果不是全部的话）批评人士的喜爱。由此可知，这个建筑被大多数人喜爱。故选D。8.推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“However,hecontinuedtoworkonprojects—includingmuseumsinLuxembourg,QatarandhisancestralhomeofSuzhou”然而，他继续从事项目工作——包括卢森堡、卡塔尔和他的祖籍苏州的博物馆。由此可知，在中国和其他国家都有其创作的作品。故选C。2020届河北省衡水中学高三第六次调考The2019WorldConferenceonVRIndustryshowsthatVirtualReality(VR)technologycanbeusedtorevolutionizepeople’sexperiencesinpracticallyanyfield.HeldinNanchangfromOct.19to22,theannualconferenceattractedmorethan300experts,leadingscholarsandcompanyprincipalsfromover30countries.Thethemeofthisyear’sWorldConferenceonVRIndustrywas“VR+5Gtoranewageofinsight.”Conferencesandexhibitions,whichhostedmorethan2,000companiesfromacrosstheworld,wereheldduringtheevent.AsChinaintroduces5Gthisyear,expertsandindustryinsiderssaidthattheVRindustrywillhugthenewera.“WewilltaketheleadinVRtechnologycreativity.Forexample,thetechnologyhasalreadybeenappliedsuccessfullytothisyear'sNationalDayparade.Thepopularityofthetechnologyamongyoungergenerationsofusersguaranteesalargepotentialmarket,saidGuoPing,representativeofHuawei.In2018,OralRobertsUniversityintheUSAopenedanewGlobalLearningCenter,whichhasclassroomsequippedwith360-degreecamerasonthewail,whichfollowsandrecordsprofessorsastheyteach.Throughanapponthesmartphone,studentscanseeimagesin3Dandmanipulate（操纵）them.InMay2019,aVRthemeparkopenedtothepublicinLondon.Coveringabout13,000squaremeterswith120setsofadvancedVRequipment,theparkattractsthousandsofvisitorseveryday.Duringthe22ndAsianMusicFestival,themusicalEightmadeitssecondappearance.Eightisauniquefusionofmusic,theater,VRtechnologyandvisualart,inwhichaudiencememberswearVRheadsetstowalkthroughandmanipulateanequipment.Theshowtellsapoeticstoryofanoldwomanlookingbackonherlifeanditlastsfor15minutes.9.Whatdoesthisyear'sWorldConferencesuggest?A.VRtechnologycanbeusedonlywith5G.B.VRtechnologycanchangepeople'slives.C.China's5Gtechnologywilltakethelead.D.MoreVRthemeparkswillbeopenedtopublic.10.WhyisGuoPingconfidentaboutVRtechnology?A.Becauseitattractsexpertstocooperate.B.Becauseithasalargeoverseasmarket.C.Becauseyoungcustomershaveinterestinit.D.Becauseithaschangedhowtoteachandlearn.11.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“fusion”inthelastparagraphreferto?A.research B.processC.combination D.type12.Whichisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.ChinaIsLeadingtheWayintheWorldB.VRTechnologyDevelopmentinChinaC.5GTechnologyL:ChinaMovesAheadQuicklyD.TheBrightFutureofVRinDiverseFields【答案】9.B10.C11.C12.D【解析】本文是一篇说明文。作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了2019年世界虚拟现实产业大会表明，虚拟现实技术实际上可以在任何领域为人们的体验带来革命性的变化。虚拟现实在各个领域的前景光明。9.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The2019WorldConferenceonVRIndustryshowsthatVirtualReality(VR)technologycanbeusedtorevolutionizepeople’sexperiencesinpracticallyanyfield.”2019年世界虚拟现实产业大会表明，虚拟现实技术实际上可以在任何领域为人们的体验带来革命性的变化。可知今年的世界会议说明了虚拟现实技术可以改变人们的生活建议。故选B。10.推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Thepopularityofthetechnologyamongyoungergenerationsofusersguaranteesalargepotentialmarket,saidGuoPing,representativeofHuawei.”这项技术在年轻一代用户中的普及保证了一个巨大的潜在市场，代表华为的郭平说。可知郭平对虚拟现实技术充满信心因为年轻顾客对它感兴趣。故选C。11.词义猜测题。根据文章最后一段“Eightisauniquefusionofmusic,theater,VRtechnologyandvisualart,inwhichaudiencememberswearVRheadsetstowalkthroughandmanipulateanequipment.”八是音乐、剧院、虚拟现实技术和视觉艺术的独特融合，观众戴着虚拟现实耳机通过和操作设备。可知fusion意为“组合”。故选C。12.主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了2019年世界虚拟现实产业大会表明，虚拟现实技术实际上可以在任何领域为人们的体验带来革命性的变化。虚拟现实在各个领域的前景光明。所以可知这篇文章最好的标题是“虚拟现实在各个领域的光明前景”。故选D。辽宁省辽阳市2020届高三一模MostofEarth’sfreshwatersitsunderground.Worldwide,about70percentofthegroundwaterdrawntothesurfacegoesforfarming.Butsurfacewaters—riversandstreams—comefromgroundwater,too.Drawingtoomuchgroundwateroverashorttimecanbeharmful.Naturalwaterwayscanbegintoempty.Andthatcanhurtfreshwaterecosystems.Scientistsconsiderthisatippingpointwhensmallactionscanbeginmakingunusuallybigdifferences.Anewstudyhasfoundthat15to21percentoftappedwater(自来水)areashavereachedthissortoftippingpoint.Mostofthosetappedriversandstreamsareindryareas.Farmersintheseareasusegroundwatertowatertheircrops.Atpresentdrawingrates,thestudypredictsthat42to79percentofwaterareasaroundtheworldwheregroundwaterisdrawnupforuseatthesurfacewillreachtippingpointsby2050.Ahealthygroundwateraquifer(含水层)protectsecosystemsagainstseasonalupsanddownsintheuseofwater.Thatprovidesstabilityforareaplantsandanimals.Butiftoomuchgroundwaterisdrawnupfrombelow,surfacewaterswillbegintoflowintotheaquifer,whichcanharmwhatarelivinginriversandstreams.DeGraafandthestudyteamsetupacomputermodel.Itlinkedgroundwaterdrawingandwaterflowswithinrivers.Themodelcoveredfiftyyears,from1960to2010.Thentheresearchersusedclimateforecaststohelpthemodelpredictwhatmighthappeninfutureyears.Throughout,theykeptgroundwaterdrawingratessustainable.Morethanhalfofdrawnwaterareasarelikelytocrossthisecologicaltippingpointbefore2050,themodelfinds.“Weneedtobethinkingaboutthisnow,notin10years,”DeGraafsays.“Ourstudyshowsuswheretotargetmoresustainableefforts.”13.Whatdoesthe“tippingpoint”inparagraph1mean?A.Endpoint. B.Breakingpoint.C.Freezingpoint. D.Boilingpoint.14.Whatisthewriter’spurposeofwritingthetext?A.Warnusthatthesurfacewatercanpollutethegroundwater.B.Warnusofwateringthecropbygroundwater.C.Tellustherelationofgroundwaterandsurfacewater.D.Warnusthattheoveruseofgroundwatercandestroytheecosystem.15.Whatisthepartthegroundwaterplaysintheenvironment?A.Keepingthestabilityofnaturalwater.B.Protectingecosystemsfrompollution.C.Clearingsurfacewaterstobedrinkable.D.Providingstabilityforthelocaleconomy.16.Howdidtheresearchersconductthestudy?A.Theypredictedtheresultbasedontheolddata.B.Theyhappenedtoworkouttheresult.C.Theymeasuredallthegroundwaterandsurfacewater.D.Theydidquestionnairesurveysonthewaterinformation.【答案】13.B14.D15.A16.A【解析】这是一篇说明文。研究预测，到2050年，全球42%至79%的地下水被开采出来供地表使用的水域将达到临界点，这可能会损害淡水生态系统。研究人员呼吁现在就要开始考虑地下水可持续发展努力的方向。13.词义猜测题。根据第一段中“Drawingtoomuchgroundwateroverashorttimecanbeharmful.Naturalwaterwayscanbegintoempty.Andthatcanhurtfreshwaterecosystems.Scientistsconsiderthisatippingpointwhensmallactionscanbeginmakingunusuallybigdifferences.”可知，在短时间内摄取过多的地下水是有害的。自然水道可能会开始干涸。这可能会损害淡水生态系统。科学家认为这是一个tippingpoint，小行动可以开始产生不同寻常的大差异。由此可知，推断这是一个转折点，因此猜测划线短语tippingpoint意为“转折点，临界点”。故选B项。14.推理判断题。根据第一段中“Drawingtoomuchgroundwateroverashorttimecanbeharmful.Naturalwaterwayscanbegintoempty.Andthatcanhurtfreshwaterecosystems.”可知，在短时间内摄取过多的地下水是有害的。自然水道可能会开始干涸。这可能会损害淡水生态系统；以及最后一段““Weneedtobethinkingaboutthisnow,notin10years,”DeGraafsays.“Ourstudyshowsuswheretotargetmoresustainableefforts.””可知，“我们需要现在就考虑这个问题，而不是10年后，”DeGraaf说。“我们的研究为我们指明了更多可持续努力的方向。”由此可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是警告我们过度使用地下水会破坏生态系统。故选D项。15.细节理解题。根据第三段中“Ahealthygroundwateraquifer(含水层)protectsecosystemsagainstseasonalupsanddownsintheuseofwater.Thatprovidesstabilityforareaplantsandanimals.”可知，健康的地下水含水层保护生态系统免受水利用的季节性波动。这为当地的动植物提供了稳定性。由此可知，地下水在环境中的重要作用是保持天然水的稳定。故选A项。16.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“DeGraafandthestudyteamsetupacomputermodel.Itlinkedgroundwaterdrawingandwaterflowswithinrivers.Themodelcoveredfiftyyears,from1960to2010.Thentheresearchersusedclimateforecaststohelpthemodelpredictwhatmighthappeninfutureyears.”可知，DeGraaf和研究小组建立了一个计算机模型。它将地下水抽取和河流中的水流联系起来。该模型涵盖了从1960年到2010年的50年。然后，研究人员利用气候预测来帮助模型预测未来几年可能发生的事情。由此可知，研究人员根据旧的数据预测了结果。故选A项。2021届湖南省教育联合体高三7月联考Theycallitthe“ruleof150”.Ananthropologist(人类学家)calledRobinDunbarmadeastudyof21differentprimitivesocieties.Hefoundthattheyalllivedinvillagesofaround150people.Thenheaskedpeoplelivinginmoderncitiestomakealistofallthepeopletheyknewwellenoughtotalkto.Eachofthemmadealistofaround150people.Manyofushaveleftvillagelifebehind.Buttheideaofthevillagehasnotleftus.Otherstudiesofbusinessesandarmyunitshaveshownthatwhenpeopleareforcedintogroupsofover150theybecomeinefficient.Therearejusttoomanypeoplearoundtocommunicatewitheffectively.Italsoseemsthatwhenourpersonal“villages”becometoosmall,peoplefeellonely.Weneedotherpeopletohelpus.Manypeopleseelifeasakindofjourney.Astheytraveltheypickupthingstheyneed.Thesearefriends,afamilyandjobs.Thisisanarrowwayoflookingatthings.Itdoesnotexplainwhypeoplewhogetgoodjobsandbecomerichareoftenunhappy.Usingthe“ruleof150”,wecanseethingsdifferently.Insteadofbeingalonelytraveler,youaretheheadofyourownvillage.Youareresponsibleforeverypartofvillagelife.Gettingagoodjobhelpswiththe“economicdevelopmentofyourvillage.Butyoualsoneedtopayattentiontothesocialharmonyofyourvillage.Manypeoplethinkthathappinessisaboutwinningarace.Thewinnergetsagreatjob,aperfectfamilyandalotofmoney.Thelosershouldexpecttobeunhappy.The“ruleof150”teachesusthathappinesscomeswithgettingtherightbalanceofrelationshipinourlives.Inacompetitivesocietyitiseasytojudgepeopleaccordingtothekindofjobtheyhaveorhowmuchmoneytheymake.Infact,weareallthebossofourownvillages.Thisisadifficultjob.Itisworthyofyourrespect.17.Whatdoesthefigure“150”relateto?A.Thesizeofagroup. B.Thenumberof