英语修辞学考试复习重点

Rhetoricaloptions*1、Whatisrhetoric?(Definitionsofrhetoric)theartorscienceofcommunicationinwords;thisartorsciencepracticedortaughtasaformaldiscipline,esp.thedoctrineformulatedbyAristotleandtaughtthroughouttheMiddleages;overornateorostentatiouslanguage.(LongmanModernEnglishDictionary)What’sthepurposeofrhetoric?（两种说法）=1\*GB3①Theprevailingviewaboutthepurposeofrhetoricistoexpressoneselfwellandtocommunicateeffectivelyinordertosecureadesiredresultbyemployingrhetoricalmeansefficiently.=2\*GB3②“toenlightentheunderstanding,topleasetheimagination,tomovethepassion,ortoinfluencethewill.”“促进理解、引起想象、调动感情、或者说影响人们的意志”(18世纪苏格兰修辞学家GeorgeCampbell）*3、Whatisdiscussedinrhetoric?（contentsofrhetorical）Rhetoriciscomposedoftheoreticalrhetoricandpracticalrhetoric.Theoreticalrhetoricdealswiththetheoreticalproblemofrhetoric,whilepracticalrhetorichelpsusimproveourabilitytousetheEnglishlanguageeffectively.rhetoriccoversalltheelementsoforalandwrittenthings,includingstructure,diction.Rhythm,tone,style,andanythingrelatedtotheeffectiveuseoflanguage.4、TheHighestPrinciplesofRhetoricthehighestprincipleofrhetoricistoadapttospecificsituation,thatis,“adaptability”or“appropriateness”.Sentence（syntacticdevice）Whatissentence？Asentenceisagroupofwordswhichexpressesacompletethought.Generally,aneffectivesentencemustpossessfiveessentialqualities:correctness,clearness,unity,coherenceandemphasis.(正确、清楚、统一、连贯、强调）句子的组成Asentencemustcontainasubjectandaverb(althoughonemaybeimplied).=1\*GB3①words=2\*GB3②correctgrammar=3\*GB3③meaning句子的分类SentencesmaybeclassifiedaccordingtoGrammarorRhetoricastomeaningandastoform:GrammaticalClassificationofSentencesI.Astomeaning:II.AstoForm:1.DeclarativeSentence1.SimpleSentence2.InterrogativeSentence2.CompoundSentence（并列）3.ImperativeSentence3.ComplexSentence（复合）4.ExclamatorySentence4.Compound–ComplexSentenceRhetoricalClassificationofSentencesIII.AstoArrangement1.PeriodicSentence（圆周句）left-branchingsentence2.LooseSentence（松散句）right-branchingsentence3.BalancedSentence4、Theshortandlongsentence=1\*GB3①Shortsentences,onthewhole,arecharacterizedbytheirbrevity,quicktempoandforce.Theshortsentenceisrelativelysimpleinform,clearingrammaticalrelation,andterseandforcefulinstyle.=2\*GB3②Longsentenceisrelativelycomplexinform,fullyexpressiveincapacity,andoftenusedinformalstyletoshowone’scomplicatedmentalityorvariouskindsofrelationshipofdifferentthings.5、thesimple，compoundandcomplexsentence=1\*GB3①ASimplesentencehasonlyoneclausetomakeastatement,andsoitisgoodfordirectnessandclearness.=2\*GB3②TheCompoundSentenceconsistsoftwoormoreindependentclauseswhichareofequalstatus,thatis,theclausesareparatactic(parallel;coordinate)inrelationship.=3\*GB3③Thecomplexsentencemakesclearthelogicalrelationshipbetweeneventsorideasthroughsubordination.Subordinateclausesarenamedaccordingtotheirfunctions.Left-branchingsentence(periodicsentence)：*6、thebranchingsentencesRight-branchingsentence（loosesentence）：Left-branchingsentence(periodicsentence)：theperiodicsentencehasitsmainideaattheendofthesentence.supportiveorqualifyinginformationareplacedbeforethemainclauseorassertion.Right-branchingsentence（loosesentence）：inaloosesentence,themainideaisputatthebeginningofthesentence,andsupportiveorqualifyinginformationcomesfromit.*7、Balancedsentence：Whenasentencecontainstowparallelclausessimilarinstructurebut衡布局或是突出重点创造出来的修辞手法。这类辞格主要包括repetition,rhetoricalquestion,antithesis,apostrophe等。它们与汉语中的反复、设问、对偶、倒装基本相同。另外一种分类，分为相似修辞格（4种）simile，metaphor，analogy，personification。相反修辞格opposition和相关修辞格（association）。*Therearemanykindsoffigureofspeechandtheycanbedividedintomanygroups,suchas:figuresofsimilarity,figuresofrelationship,figuresofopposition,figuresofemphasis,figuresofsoundandsoon.*Simile明喻：Asimileisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon。Wordslikeas，so，like。组成要素：comparingwords，subject，reference，ground。功能：similehavethreemainuses：descriptive，illustrativeandilluminative。例子：herlockswereyellowasgold。Metaphor暗喻：ametaphormakesanimpliedcomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements。功能：threemainuses：descriptive，illustrativeandilluminative。例子：jimwasafox。*Analogy类比：acomparisonoftwothingsbasedontheirbeingalikeinsomeway。Analogyischieflyusedforthepurposeofpersuasionorfortheexplanationorexpositionofanidea。只有三种形式：=1\*GB3①AistoBasCistoD=2\*GB3②AistoBwhatCistoD=3\*GB3③justasAandBsoCandDPersonification拟人：isafigureofspeechthatgiveshumanformorfeelingstoanimal，orlifeandpersonalattributesMetonymy借代Synecdoche提喻Antonomasia换称Syllepsis一语双叙Zeugma轭式搭配Paradox反论Oxymoron矛盾修饰法Hyperbole夸张Understatement低调陈述Euphemism委婉*Irony反讽：ironyisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant，theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense。*Innuendo暗讽：amildformofirony，hintinginaratherroundaboutwayatsomethingdisparagingoruncomplimentarytothepersonorsubjectmentioned。*Sarcasm反语：sarcasmisanintensityformofirony，itattacksinatauntingandbittermanner，anditsaimistodisparage，ridiculeandwoundthefeelingofthesubjectattacked。Transferredepithet转移修饰法Punning双关*Allusion典故：Anallusionisafigureofspeechthatmakesarefer