军队文职人员招聘英语言文学(习题卷9)

试卷科目：军队文职人员招聘英语言文学军队文职人员招聘英语言文学(习题卷9)PAGE"pagenumber"pagenumber/SECTIONPAGES"numberofpages"numberofpages军队文职人员招聘英语言文学第1部分：单项选择题，共100题，每题只有一个正确答案,多选或少选均不得分。[单选题]1.ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth?satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.Althoughthesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengths,wheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcentrated,topassthrough,theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wavelength,infraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth?ssurface,radiationthatwouldotherwisebetransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperature,suchemissionsfromtheplanetmustbalanceincomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphere,heatwouldescapefromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily.Thesurfacetemperaturewouldbesomuchlowerthattheoceansmightbeasolidmassofice.Today,however,thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Theburningoffossilfuelsandtheclearingofforestshaveincreasedatmosphericcarbondioxidebyabout15percentinthelasthundredyears,andwecontinuetoaddcarbondioxidetotheatmosphere.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxidecauseaglobalriseinaveragetemperature,andcouldsucharisehaveseriousconsequencesforhumansociety?Mathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincreaseindicatethattheanswerisprobablyyes.Underpresentconditionsatemperatureof-18℃canbeobservedatanaltitudeof5to6kilometersabovetheEarth.Belowthisaltitude(calledtheradiatinglevel),thetemperatureincreasesbyabout6℃perkilometerapproachingtheEarth?ssurface,wheretheaveragetemperatureisabout15℃.Anincreaseintheamountofcarbondioxidemeansthattherearemoremoleculesofcarbondioxidetoabsorbinfraredradiation.Asthecapacityoftheatmospheretoabsorbinfraredradiationincreases,theradiatinglevelandthetemperatureofthesurfacemustrise.Onemathematicalmodelpredictsthatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃:Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere?srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeatarateof6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportant,becausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanotherefficientabsorberofradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmoremoisturethancoolair,therelativehumiditywillbeconstantonlyiftheamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreasesasthetemperaturerises.Therefore,moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiatedbacktotheEarth?ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice,reducingtheEarth?sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldthenbeabsorbed,leadingtoafurtherincreaseintemperature.Accordingtothepassage,atmosphericcarbondioxideperformsallofthefollowingfunctionsEXCEPT:_____.A)absorbingradiationatvisiblewavelengthsB)absorbinginfraredradiationC)absorbingoutgoingradiationfromtheEarthD)helpingtoretainheatneartheEarth?ssurface答案:A解析:文章第一段第二句指出，?thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengths,wheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcentrated,topassthrough?，所以此处二氧化碳的作用是允许可见光波长的辐射穿过大气层，而不是将其?吸收?，因此A项不符合文章描述，符合题目要求；选项B、C在第二句的后半句有所体现，选项D在第一段的倒数第三句可以找到对应。[单选题]2._____ahighofficialofthegovernment,BrookLeeisactuallyaseniorspyoftheenemycountry.A)TypicallyB)EvidentlyC)ObviouslyD)Apparently答案:D解析:apparently表面上地。typically典型地。evidently明白地，明显地。obviously显而易见地。[单选题]3.Manytimeswhenhewasinterriblepainhehad_____tobeallowedtodie.A)reiteratedB)remittedC)prayedD)relieved答案:C解析:pray恳请，祈求。reiterate重申，重复。remit宽恕，赦免。relieve减轻，解除。[单选题]4.Wejusthavetobearthehotweatherthesedays.()，itwillbeoversoon.A)SomehowB)AnywayC)BesidesD)Therefore答案:B解析:考查副词辨析。Somehow表示?不知怎么地；莫明其妙地；以某种方式?，Anyway表示?无论如何；不管怎样；尽管如此?，Besides表示?此外?，Therefore表示?因此?。根据题意，正确答案为B。故本题选B。句意：这些天我们不得不忍受炎热的天气。无论如何，它很快就会结束。[单选题]5.TheGreatCharterwassignedin()andhad()clauses.A)1251，63B)1251，73C)1215，63D)1215，73答案:C解析:考查英国政治。在男爵们的压力下，约翰国王于1215年签署了《大宪章》。它由六十三个条款组成。[单选题]6.Mostofthepracticalworkofthegovernmentisdoneby_____.A)thePrimeMinisterB)theCabinetministersC)thecivilservantsD)theheadsofdepartments答案:C解析:C项文官办理政府的具体事务，作为文官的人员不随政党的更迭而变化。B项内阁成员为首相任命的重要部门的部长。D项为各部部长。[单选题]7.AlandingonMarsiswithinthe_____ofcurrentphysicaltheory.A)rangeB)scopeC)prospectD)sequence答案:B解析:scope（活动的）范围，广度。range（认知、知识的）范围；行列；射程。prospect景色；期望。sequence序列。[单选题]8.()modifythemeaningofthestem，butusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.A)PrefixesB)SuffixesC)RootsD)Affixes答案:A解析:考查形态学。题干为：以下哪一项会改变词干的意思，但通常不改变原词的词性。A项Prefixes(前缀)符合；B项Suffixes(后缀)，很容易改变词性，排除；C项Roots(词根)，排除；D项Affixes(词缀)，过于模糊，排除。[单选题]9.ThePrimeMinisterinBritainisheadof_____.A)theShadowCabinetB)theParliamentC)theOppositionD)theCabinet答案:D解析:英国政体为议会制君主立宪制。国家的权力掌握在内阁（theCabinet）手中，内阁掌握行政权并对议会负责，内阁首脑称为首相。影子内阁（ShadowCabinet）由在野党领袖组成，是反对党按照内阁的组织形式组成的准备上台执政的班子。议会（Parliament）是英国立法机关。theOpposition反对党，在野党。[单选题]10.RobertFrostcombinedtraditionalverseformsthesonnet,rhymingcouplets,blankverse-withaclearAmericanlocalspeechrhythm,thespeechof_____farmerswithitsidiosyncraticdictionandsyntax.A)SouthernB)WesternC)NewHampshireD)NewEngland答案:D解析:罗伯特·弗罗斯特是20世纪最受欢迎的美国诗人之一。他采用通俗上口的语言、人们熟知的韵律，描写新英格兰地区宁静乡村的道德风尚。[单选题]11.Exaltationofemotionabovereasonisaprincipleof_____.A)RomanticismB)RealismC)NaturalismD)Modernism答案:A解析:浪漫主义者强调的是情感，直觉和想象。他们更注意的是人的精神和感情生活层面，而非理性。故选A。[单选题]12.OfDickens′novels，()isconsideredmostautobiographical.A)ATaleofTwoCitiesB)DavidCopperfieldC)OliverTwistD)GreatExpectations答案:B解析:考查英国作家及其作品。狄更斯是英国著名的现实主义小说家，主要作品包括AtaleofTwoCities《双城记》、OliverTwist《雾都孤儿》、DavidCopperfield《大卫·科波菲尔》、GreatExpectation《远大前程》和HardTimes《艰难时世》。其中，《大卫·科波菲尔》被认为是狄更斯带有自传性质的一部小说。[单选题]13.Sincethelate1970?sinthefaceofaseverelossofmarketshareindozensofindustries,manufacturersintheUnitedStateshavebeentryingtoimproveproductivity-andthereforeenhancetheirinternationalcompetitiveness-throughcost-cuttingprograms.(Cost-cuttinghereisdefinedasraisinglaboroutputwhileholdingtheamountoflaborconstant.)However,from1978through1982,productivity-thevalueofgoodsmanufactureddividedbytheamountoflaborinput-didnotimprove;andwhiletheresultswerebetterinthebusinessupturnofthethreeyearsfollowing,theyran25percentlowerthanproductivityimprovementsduringearlier,post-1945upturns.Atthesametime,itbecameclearthatthehardermanufacturesworkedtoimplementcost-cutting,themoretheylosttheircompetitiveedge.Withthisparadoxinmind,Irecentlyvisited25companies;itbecamecleartomethatthecost-cuttingapproachtoincreasingproductivityisfundamentallyflawed.Manufacturingregularlyobservesa?40,40,20?rule.Roughly40percentofanymanufacturing-basedcompetitiveadvantagederivesfromlong-termchangesinmanufacturingstructure(decisionsaboutthenumber,size,location,andcapacityoffacilities)andinapproachestomaterials.Another40percentcomesfrommajorchangesinequipmentandprocesstechnology.Thefinal20percentrestsonimplementingconventionalcost-cutting.Thisruledoesnotimplythatcost-cuttingshouldnotbetried.Thewell-knowntoolsofthisapproach-includingsimplifyingjobsandretrainingemployeestoworksmarter,notharder-doproduceresults.Butthetoolsquicklyreachthelimitsofwhattheycancontribute.Anotherproblemisthatthecost-cuttingapproachhindersinnovationanddiscouragescreativepeople.AsAbernathy?sstudyofautomobilemanufacturershasshown,anindustrycaneasilybecomeprisonerofitsowninvestmentsincost-cuttingtechniques,reducingitsabilitytodevelopnewproducts.Andmanagersunderpressuretomaximizecost-cuttingwillresistinnovationbecausetheyknowthatmorefundamentalchangesinprocessesorsystemswillwreakhavocwiththeresultsonwhichtheyaremeasured.Productionmanagershavealwaysseentheirjobasoneofminimizingcostsandmaximizingoutput.Thisdimensionofperformancehasuntilrecentlysufficedasabasisofevaluation,butithascreatedapenny-pinching,mechanisticcultureinmostfactoriesthathaskeptawaycreativemanagers.EverycompanyIknowthathasfreeditselffromtheparadoxhasdoneso,inpart,bydevelopingandimplementingamanufacturingstrategy.Suchastrategyfocusesonthemanufacturingstructureandonequipmentandprocesstechnology.Inonecompanyamanufacturingstrategythatalloweddifferentareasofthefactorytospecializeindifferentmarketsreplacedtheconventionalcost-cuttingapproach;withinthreeyearsthecompanyregaineditscompetitiveadvantage.Togetherwithsuchstrategies,successfulcompaniesarealsoencouragingmanagerstofocusonawidersetofobjectivesbesidescuttingcosts.Thereishopeformanufacturing,butitdearlyrestsoiladifferentwayofmanaging.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith_____.A)summarizingathesisB)recommendingadifferentapproachC)comparingpointsofviewD)makingaseriesofpredictions答案:B解析:?cost-cuttingapproachtoincreasingproductivityisfundamentallyflawed.Manufacturingregularlyobservesa?40,40,20?rule.?由此句可知，cost-cutting已经不是提高生产力的好方法，而是要通过?40,40,20?rule来提高生产力，所以作者是在recommendingadifferentapproach。[单选题]14.Doyouknowofany_____onesintheneighborhood?A)vacantB)emptyC)blankD)bleak答案:A解析:vacant空闲的，未占用的。empty空的，空洞的，空虚的。blank空白的，无表情的。bleak暗淡的，阴郁的。[单选题]15.Anydamagetoabookresulting_____negligencemustbepaidforbytheborrower.A)withB)fromC)againstD)in答案:B解析:resultfrom由……造成，因……产生。resultin引起结果，导致。[单选题]16.Ofthefollowingwriters，()isNOTaNobelPrizeWinner.A)SamuelBeckettB)JamesJoyceC)JohnGalsworthyD)WilliamButlerYeats答案:B解析:考查英国文学知识。A、C、D三项中的作家均曾获得诺贝尔文学奖。[单选题]17.Theargumentsforandagainsttheschemehavebeen_____inabookletwhichwillappearshortly.A)setupB)setdownC)setoutD)setabout答案:C解析:句意：支持和反对这个方案的意见已经阐明在一本小册子里，不久就会出版。setout陈述，阐明。出发。setup竖起，建立，开办。setdown放下。setabout开始。[单选题]18.Whenthetelevisionisgood,nothing-notthetheater,notthemagazines,ornewspapers-nothingisbetter.Butwhentelevisionisbad,nothingisworse.Iinviteyoutositdowninfrontofyourtelevisionsetwhenyourstationgoesontheairandstaytherewithoutabook,magazine,newspaper,oranythingelsetodistractyouandkeepyoureyesgluedtothatsetuntilthestationsignsoff.Icanassureyouthatyouwillobserveavastwasteland.Youwillseeaprocessionofgameshows,violence,audience-participationshows,formulacomediesabouttotallyunbelievablefamilies,bloodandthunder,Mayhem,moreviolence,sadism,murder,Westernbadmen,Westerngoodmen,privateeyes,Gangsters,stillmoreviolence,andcartoons.Andendlessly,commercialsthatstreamandcajoleandoffend.Andmostofall,boredom.True,youwillseeafewthingsyouwillenjoy.Buttheywillbevery,veryfew.AndifyouthinkIexaggerate,tryit.Istherenoroomontelevisiontoteach,toinform,touplift,tostretch,toenlargethecapacitiesofourchildren?Istherenoroomforprogramstodeepenthechildren?sunderstandingofchildreninotherlands?Istherenoroomforachildren?snewsshowexplainingsomethingabouttheworldforthemattheirlevelofunderstanding?Istherenoroomforreadingthegreatliteratureofthepast,teachingthemthegreattraditionsoffreedom?Therearesomefinechildren?sshows,buttheyaredrownedoutinthemassivedosesofcartoons,violence,andmoreviolence.Mustthesebeyourtrademarks?Searchyourconscienceandseewhetheryoucannotoffermoretoyouryoungbeneficiarieswhosefutureyouguardsomanyhourseachandeveryday.Therearemanypeopleinthisgreatcountry,andyoumustserveallofus.Youwillgetnoargumentfrommeifyousaythat,givenachoicebetweenaWesternandasymphony,morepeoplewillwatchtheWestern.IlikeWesternsandprivateeyes,too-butasteadydietforthewholecountryisobviouslynotinthepublicinterest.Weallknowthatpeoplewouldmoreoftenprefertobeentertainedthanstimulatedorinformed.Butyourobligationsarenotsatisfiedifyoulookonlytopopularityasatestofwhattobroadcast.Yonarenotonlyinshowbusiness:youarefreetocommunicateideasaswellastogiverelaxation.Youmustprovideawiderangeofchoices,morediversity,morealternatives.Itisnotenoughtocatertothenation?swhims-youmustalsoservethenation?sneeds.Thepeopleowntheair.Theyownitasmuchinprimeeveningtimeastheydoatsixo?clockinthemorning.Foreveryhourthatthepeoplegiveyou--youownthemsomething.Iintendtoseethatyourdebtispaidwithservice.Thestatementthat?thepeopleowntheair?impliesthat_____.A)citizenshavetherighttoinsistonworthwhiletelevisionprogramsB)televisionshouldbesocializedtocatertothenation?swhimsC)thegovernmentmaybuildabovepresentstructuresD)thepeopleownnothing,forairisworthless答案:A解析:第三段结尾部分，作者提到?thepeopleowntheair?，随后指出?无论是在夜晚的精华时段还是清晨，人们都拥有theair，因此广播公司每一时刻由于占用theair，都owepeoplesomething?，最后，作者指出广播公司偿还的方式是搞好服务，由此可判断，作者强调人们拥有天空，是暗示人们有权要求有意义的电视节目的播放，选项A正确。[单选题]19.Hechosemedicinebutfound，onceagain，somelackofmeaningandsointerruptedhisstudiesfirsttocollect()intheAmazonRiverandlatertospendtimerecuperatingfromillnessbyatriptoEurope.A)fragmentsB)commonsC)lamentsD)specimens答案:D解析:考查名词辨析。fragment表示?碎片，片段?，common作为名词，表示?公共用地?，laments意为?挽歌，哀诗?，specimens意为?(动植物的)标本，样本?。此处所填名词是和后面的AmazonRiver相对应的，所以应该是specimens。故本题选D。句意：他选择了医学，但又一次发现它毫无意义，于是他中断了学业，先去亚马逊河收集资料，后来又去欧洲旅行，休养身体。[单选题]20.Thepassengersinmissingairplanewere()deadafterseveralmonthsofsearch.A)rectifiedB)testifiedC)certifiedD)verified答案:C解析:考查动词辨析。经过几个月的搜寻，失踪飞机上的乘客被证实已死亡。[单选题]21.Manufacturerswhocarryoutgovernmentordershavetobeverycarefulto_____specifications.A)encounterB)adheretoC)prepareforD)anticipate答案:B解析:句意：执行政府命令的厂商应当小心遵守规范。adhereto遵守，坚持。encounter遭遇。preparefor为……做准备。anticipate预见。[单选题]22.AccordingtotheOfficialLanguageofActofCanada，therearetwoofficiallanguagesinCanada，theyare()A)EnglishandSpanishB)EnglishandPortugueseC)EnglishandFrenchD)EnglishandCeltic答案:C解析:考查加拿大官方语言。加拿大官方语言为英语和法语。[单选题]23.Eventhoughshedidn'twanthersontoleavehome,sincehewas21,therewasnothingshecoulddoto_____itA)hinderB)preventC)ceaseD)resist答案:B解析:prevent阻止。hinder阻碍，妨碍。cease停止。resist抵抗。[单选题]24.ThemiserablefateofEnron?semployeeswillbealandmarkinbusinesshistory,oneofthoseawfuleventsthateveryoneagreesmustneverbeallowedtohappenagain.Thisurgeisunderstandableandnoble:thousandshavelostvirtuallyalltheirretirementsavingswiththedemiseofEnronstock.Butmakingsureitneverhappensagainmaynotbepossible,becausethesuddenimpoverishmentofthoseEnronworkersrepresentssomethingevenlargerthanitseems.It?sthelatestturnintheunwindingofoneofthemostaudaciouspromisesofthe20thcentury.Thepromisewasassuredeconomicsecurity-evencomfort-foressentiallyeveryoneinthedevelopedworld.Withtheexplosionofwealth,thatbeganinthe19thcenturyitbecamepossibletothinkaboutapossibilitynoonehaddaredtodreambefore.Thefearatthecenterofdailylivingsincecavemandays-lackoffood,warmth,shelter-wouldatlastloseitspowertoterrify.Thatremarkablepromisebecamerealityinmanyways.Governmentscreatedwelfaresystemsforanyoneinneedandseparateprogramsfortheelderly(SocialSecurityintheU.S.).Labourunionspromisednotonlybetterpayforworkersbutalsopensionsforretirees.Giantcorporationscameintobeingandofferedthepossibility-insomecasesthepromise-oflifetimeemploymentplusguaranteedpensions?Thecumulativeeffectwasafundamentalchangeinhowmillionsofpeopleapproachedlifeitself,areversalofattitudethatmostrankasoneofthelargestinhumanhistory.Formillenniatheaverageperson?sstancetowardprovidingforhimselfhadbeen.UltimatelyI?monmyown.Nowitbecame,ultimatelyI?llbetakencareof.Theearlyhintsthatthispromisemightbebrokenonalargescalecameinthe1980s.U.S.businesshadbecomeuncompetitivegloballyandbeganrestructuringmassively,withhugeLayoffs.Thetrendacceleratedinthe1990sasthebastionsofcorporatewelfarefacedreality.IBMendeditsno-layoffpolicy.AT&Tfiredthousands,manyofwhomfoundsuchathingsimplyincomprehensible,andafewofwhomkilledthemselves.Theothersupposedguarantorsofoureconomicsecuritywerealsoindecline.Labour-unionmembershipandpowerfelltotheirlowestlevelsindecades.PresidentClintonsignedahistoricbillscalingbackwelfare.AmericansrealizedthatSocialSecuritywon?tprovidesocialsecurityforanyofus.Alessvisiblebutequallysignificanttrendaffectedpensions.Tomakecostseasiertocontrol,companiesmovedawayfromdefinedbenefitpensionplans,whichobligatethemtopayoutspecifiedamountsyearsinthefuture,todefinedcontributionplans,whichspecifyonlyhowmuchgoesintotheplaytoday.Themostcommontypeofdefined-contributionplanisthe401(k).thesignificanceofthe401(k)isthatitputsmostoftheresponsibilityforaperson?seconomicfatebackontheemployee.Withinlimitstheemployeemustdecidehowmuchgoesintotheplaneachyearandhowitgetsinvested-thetwofactorsthatwilldeterminehowmuchit?sworthwhentheemployeeretires.WhichbringsusbacktoEnron?Thosebillionsofdollarsinvaporizedretirementsavingswentinemployees?401(k)accounts.Thatis,theemployeeschosehowmuchmoneytoputintothoseaccountsandthenchosehowtoinvestit.Enronmatchedacertainproportionofeachemployee?s401(k)contributionwithcompanystock,soeveryonewasgoingtoendupwithsomeEnroninhisorherportfolio;butthatcouldberegardedasafreebie,sincenothingcompelsacompanytomatchemployeecontributionsatall.AtleasttwospecialfeaturescomplicatetheEnroncase.First,someshareholderschargetopmanagementwithillegallycoveringupthecompany?sproblems,promptinginvestorstohangonwhentheyshouldhavesold.Second,Enron?s401(k)accountswerelockedwhilethecompanychangedplanadministratorsinOctober,whenthestockwasfalling,soemployeescouldnothaveclosedtheiraccountsiftheywantedto.ButbyfarthelargestcauseofthishumantragedyisthatthousandsofemployeeswereheavilyoverweighedinEnronstock.Manyhadplaced100%oftheir401(k)assetsinthestockratherthaninthe18otherinvestmentoptionstheywereoffered.Ofcoursethatwasn?tprudent,butit?swhatsomeofthemdid.TheEnronemployees?retirementdisasterispartofthelargertrendawayfromguaranteedeconomicsecurity.That?swhypreventingsuchathingfromeverhappeningagainmaybeimpossible.ThehugeattitudinalshifttoI?ll-be-taken-care-oftookatleastageneration.Theshiftbackmaytakejustaslong.Itwon?tbecompleteuntilanewgenerationofemployeesseeassuredeconomiccomfortasa20th-centuryquirk,andunderstandnotjustintellectuallybutintheirbonesthat,likemostpeopleinmosttimesandplaces,they?reontheirown.Accordingtothepassage,thecombinedeffortsbygovernments,layoutunionsandbigcorporationstoguaranteeeconomiccomforthaveledtoasignificantchangein_____.A)people?soutlookonlifeB)people?slifestylesC)people?slivingstandardD)people?ssocialvalues答案:A解析:本题考察细节。由文章第二段倒数第四句?Thecumulativeeffectwasafundamentalchangeinhowmillionsofpeopleapproachedlifeitself,areversalofattitudethatmostrankasoneofthelargestinhumanhistory.?可知，这一系列事件带来的是人们对待生活（approachedlifeitself）的根本性的转变，故A项?人们对生活的展望、看法?，符合题意。[单选题]25.Whichisnotthefeatureoflanguage?A)ArbitrarinessB)DualityC)CreativityD)Replacement答案:D解析:本题考查语言的定义属性。语言的定义属性表明了人类语言的独特性包括任意性，二元性，创造性以及移位性，选项A、B、C分别对应前三个特点，因此该题选D。[单选题]26.Ifyouwantedtotryandworktoimproveyourstateofmind,I_____you,butI?mnotgoingtogetinvolvedinyourdealingswithyourcreditorsoryourcriminalfriends.A)shouldinformB)canrecommendC)haveremindedD)couldhelp答案:D解析:句意：如果你想试着改善你的心态，我可以帮助你，但我不会涉及到你的债权人或你的罪犯朋友。if条件从句表示虚拟条件，虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设，其if从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式，主句用would/should/could/might+动词原形，从句中用过去式，主句中应该用现在式。有能力做什么用could，所以D选项正确。[单选题]27.Practicallyspeaking,theartisticmaturingofthecinemawasthesingle-handedachievementofDavidW.Griffith(1875-1948).BeforeGriffith,photographyindramaticfilmsconsistedoflittlemorethanplacingtheactorsbeforeastationarycameraandshowingtheminfulllengthastheywouldhaveappearedonstage.Fromthebeginningofhiscareerasadirector,however,Griffith,becauseofhisloveofVictorianpainting,employedcomposition.Heconceivedofthecameraimageashavingaforegroundandarearground,aswellasthemiddledistancepreferredbymostdirectors.By1910hewasusingclose-upstorevealsignificantdetailsofthesceneoroftheactingandextremelongshotstoachieveasenseofspectacleanddistance.Hisappreciationofthecamera?spossibilitiesproducednoveldramaticeffects.Bysplittinganeventintofragmentsandrecordingeachfromthemostsuitablecameraposition,hecouldsignificantlyvarytheemphasisfromcamerashottocamerashot.Griffithalsoachieveddramaticeffectsbymeansofcreativeediting.Byjuxtaposingimagesandvaryingthespeedandrhythmoftheirpresentation,hecouldcontrolthedramaticintensityoftheeventsasthestoryprogressed.Despitethereluctanceofhisproducers,whofearedthatthepublicwouldnotbeabletofollowaplotthatwasmadeupofsuchjuxtaposedimages,Griffithpersisted,andexperimentedaswellwithotherelementsofcinematicsyntaxthathavebecomestandardeversince.Theseincludedtheflashback,permittingbroadpsychologicalandemotionalexplorationaswellasnarrativethatwasnotchronological,andthecrosscutbetweentwoparallelactionstoheightensuspenseandexcitement.Inthusexploitingfullythepossibilitiesofediting,GriffithtransposeddevicesoftheVictoriannoveltofilmandgavefilmmasteryoftimeaswellasspace.Besidesdevelopingthecinema?slanguage,Griffithimmenselybroadeneditsrangeandtreatmentofsubjects.Hisearlyoutputwasremarkablyeclectic:itincludednotonlythestandardcomedies,melodramas,westerns,andthrillers,butalsosuchnoveltiesasadaptationsfromBrowningandTennyson,andtreatmentsofsocialissues.Ashissuccessesmounted,hisambitionsgrew,andwiththemthewholeofAmericancinema.Whenheremade?EnochArden?in1911,heinsistedthatasubjectofsuchimportancecouldnotbetreatedinthethenconventionallengthofonereel.Griffith?sintroductionoftheAmerican-mademulti-reelpicturebegananimmenserevolution.Twoyearslater,?JudithofBethulia,anelaboratehistoricophilosophicalspectacle,reachedtheunprecedentedlengthoffourreels,oronehour?srunningtime.Fromourcontemporaryviewpoint,thepretensionsofthisfilmmayseematrifleludicrous,butatthetimeitprovokedendlessdebateanddiscussionandgaveanewintellectualrespectabilitytothecinema.TheauthorsuggeststhatGriffith?sfilminnovationshadadirecteffectonallofthefollowingEXCEPT:_____.A)filmeditingB)cameraworkC)scenecomposingD)soundediting答案:D解析:A项在文中第二段有所体现，即?Griffithalsoachieveddramaticeffectsbymeansofcreativeediting?；B、C两项均能从第一段找到对应，如?Hisappreciationofthecamera?spossibilitiesproducednoveldramaticeffects?；只有D项，作者没有在文中提及。[单选题]28.Hadheworkedharder,he_____theexam.A)musthavegotthroughB)wouldhavegotthroughC)wouldgetthroughD)couldgetthrough答案:B解析:句意：如果他很努力的话，他就能通过这次考试了。这里用与过去相反的虚拟语气，即would+havedone的句式，所以应选B项。[单选题]29.Itisalawthatthefourseasonsarriveon_____eachyear.A)businessB)scheduleC)averageD)contract答案:B解析:schedule时间表。business业务。average平均。contract合同，契约。[单选题]30.ThelargestriverintheUnitedKingdomisthe_____.A)ThamesRiverB)SevernRiverC)ClydeRiverD)TyneRiver答案:B解析:英国最长的河流为塞文河，全长338千米。A项泰晤士河穿越伦敦市，是英国第二大河，也是最重要的一条。C项克莱德河是苏格兰境内主要河流之一。D项泰茵河位于英国东北部。[单选题]31.Gotmilk?Ifyoudo,takeamomenttoponderthetrueoddnessofbeingabletodrinkmilkafteryou?reababy.Nootherspeciesbuthumanscan.Andmosthumanscan?teither.Thelonglistsoffoodallergiessomepeopleclaimtohavecanmakeitseemasifthey?rejustfinickyeaterstryingtorationalizelikesanddislikes.Notso.Eggs,peanuts,treenuts,fish,shellfishsoyandglutenallcanwreakhavocontheimmunesystemofallergicindividuals,evencausingadeadlyreactioncalledanaphylaxis.Butthoseallergicreactionsarerelativelyrare,affectinganestimated4%ofadults.Milk?sdifferent.Therearepeoplewhohavetruemilkallergiesthatcancausedeadlyreactions.Butmostpeoplewhohavebadreactionstomilkaren?tactuallyallergictoit,inthatit?snottheirimmunesystemthat?srespondingtothemilk.Instead,peoplewhoarelactoseintolerantcan?tdigestthemainsugar-lactose-foundinmilk.Innormalhumans,theenzymethatdoesso-lactase-stopsbeingproducedwhenthepersonisbetweentwoandfiveyearsold.Theundigestedsugarsendupinthecolon,wheretheybegintoferment,producinggasthatcancausecramping,bloating,nausea,flatulenceanddiarrhea.Ifyou?reAmericanorEuropeanit?shardtorealizethis,butbeingabletodigestmilkasanadultisoneweirdgeneticadaptation.It?snotnormal.Somewhatlessthan40%ofpeopleintheworldretaintheabilitytodigestlactoseafterchildhood.Thenumbersareoftengivenascloseto0%ofNativeAmericans,5%ofAsians,25%ofAfricanandCaribbeanpeoples,50%ofMediterraneanpeoplesand90%ofnorthernEuropeans.Swedenhasoneoftheworld?shighestpercentagesoflactasetolerantpeople.Beingabletodigestmilkissostrangethatscientistssayweshouldn?treallycalllactoseintoleranceadisease,becausethatpresumesit?sabnormal,instead,theycallitlactasepersistence,indicatingwhat?sreallyweirdistheabilitytocontinuetodrinkmilk.There?sbeenalotofresearchoverthepastdecadelookingatthegeneticmutationthatallowsthissubsetofhumanitytostaymilkdrinkersintoadulthood.Along-heldtheorywasthatthemutationshowedupfirstinNorthernEurope,wherepeoplegotlessvitaminDfromthesunandthereforedidbetter