阅读理解干扰项10种认识

高考“阅读理解”干扰选项十种常见的设置手法干扰选项的设置不仅能检测出考生捕捉、筛选、加工、处理信息等逻辑思维的精确性、深刻性，而且对考生个人心理素质也是一种检验；因此，它常使很多考生陷入误区。干扰选项的设置手法一般体现在下列几个原则：第一页第二页，共33页。1--包含项原则在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其它三项(或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A通常就是正确答案。第二页第三页，共33页。Livinginaresidencehallcarriescertainobligation.Youhavetobeconsiderateofothers,especiallyduringstudyhours.Telephonecallsandvisitsbyfriendsshouldbeshort.Youhavetocooperateinkeepingtheroomassanitary

aspossible.Itissometimeshardtobetolerant

ofanotherperson’shabitsthatmaydifferfromyourown.Q:Whatmustyoulearntobetolerantofifyouliveinadormitory?A.Yourroommate’stelephonecalls.B.Habitsthatmaydifferfromyourown.C.Visitsbyyourroommate’sfriends.D.Roommateswhoareunsanitary.第三页第四页，共33页。

(2014广东卷)Theactsofrandomkindnessspread.Ifyouwereoneofthosedriverswhofoundyourfarepaid,whoknowswhatyoumighthavebeeninspiredtodoforsomeoneelselater.Likeallgreatevents,kindnessbeginsslowly,witheverysingleact.Letitbeyours!35.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.Peopleshouldpracticerandomkindnesstothoseinneed.B.Peoplewhoreceivekindnessarelikelytoofferittoothers.C.Peopleshouldpracticerandomkindnesstostrangerstheymeet.D.Peoplewhoreceivekindnessarelikelytopayitbacktothegiver.第四页第五页，共33页。2--正反项原则

所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。根据形式逻辑排中律知识：两个相互矛盾的判断不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以在阅读理解中，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中取其一。第五页第六页，共33页。Theyfeeltheyarepoorlistenerswhentheythinkaboutsomethingelsewhiletheotheristalkingorwhentheyaretired,ornotinterestedinwhatsheorheistalkingabout.Mostpeoplelistenonlywiththeirears.Q:Accordingtothepassage,listeningonlywithearsmayhappentouswhen______.A.weareemotionallytiredB.wearephysicallydisabledC.

wearesointerestedinthetopicD.weareaskedmanyquestions第六页第七页，共33页。Themainproblemisthatourneighborworldsappeartobeunsuitableforadvancedlifeforms.Themoonmaybethecasefirst,ithashardlyanyatmosphere.Venusislittlebetter,butthesurface’stemperatureisveryhigh.Marswiththinatmosphereandlittlewatercannotsupportthelivingnecessityoftheanimals.Q:ThereisunlikelyanylifeonVenusbecause____.A.ithasverythinatmosphereB.thesurfacetemperatureistoohotC.theweatheristoocoldD.itisextremelyshortofwater第七页第八页，共33页。(2014广东卷)

Amazedthatherememberedthislonganddifficultpieceofmusicandplayeditperfectly,histeacherssaySamuelisunbelievable.Theysayhisabilityisveryrare,butSamueldoesn’tevenrealizethatwhathecandoisspecial.Samuelwantedtobecomealawyerasitwasthewishofhisparents,butmusicteacherstoldhimheshouldstudymusicinstead.Now,hestudieslawandmusic.27.

WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph2?A.Samuelchoselawagainstthewishofhisparents.B.Samuelplannedtobealawyerratherthanamusician.C.Samuelthinksofhimselfasamanofgreatmusicalability.D.Samuelstudieslawandmusicontheadviceofhisteachers.第八页第九页，共33页。（2015广一模）AccordingtoDr.AndrewWeil,founderofthePrograminIntegrativeMedicineattheUniversityofArizona,integrativemedicinecombinesthebestpartsofWesternmedicinewithtraditionaltherapies.Andbecausebothdoctorsandpatientsareworkingtopreventillness,theybecomepartnerswiththesamegoalinsteadofstrangerswhoseeeachotheronlywhenthepatientissick.35.AccordingtoDr.Weil,withintegrativemedicine,_____.A.thedoctorgivestheordersandthepatientfollowspassively.B.doctorandpatientseeeachotheroccasionallyifthereisaproblem.C.doctorandpatientworktogethersothatthepatientdoesnotbecomeill.D.doctorandpatientperformthesameroleinprovidingmedicaltreatment.第九页第十页，共33页。(2014广二模)

TheresearchpublishedinthejournalbiologicalScienceshowsthat,withexpectedlevelsofwarming,manyNorthAmericanandEuropeantreesandbusheswillbeabletothriveinnowice-coveredareasofcentralandnorthernGreenland.Thespeedofforestgrowthwillincreaseastheplanetwarmsandnewtreescouldcovermorethan400,000squarekilometers–anareaalmostthesizeofSweden-bytheendofthecentury.32.

Theunderlinedword“thrive”inparagraph4isclosestinmeaningto“_____________”.A.appearsuddenly.

B.growquickly.C.Establishprogressively.

D.Coverslowly第十页第十一页，共33页。3--委婉项原则所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。而一些非常绝对的选项，除非原文有明确提到，否则都是不妥当的。Q:Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,____.A.theuseofwaterisacompletelynewconceptB.theseahasalreadylongbeenusedasawayofpowerC.waterisasourceofenergyfarmoreeconomicalthananyotherenergiesD.water,ifproperlyhandled,maypresentapromisingsolutiontoenergycrisis.第十一页第十二页，共33页。Q:Theopinionofthewriteristhat____.A.theremaybeotherintelligentbeingsintheuniverseB.

thereareotherintelligentbeingsintheuniverseC.

peoplelivingontheearthare

almostcertainlytheonlyintelligentbeingsintheuniverseD.

peoplelivingontheeartharedefinitelytheonlyintelligentbeingsintheuniverse第十二页第十三页，共33页。Q:Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?A.Workinghardisabasicrequirementof

all

employees.B.GoodwritingskillsalonehelpyousucceedinanyfieldC.TheonlyqualificationforgettinghiredbyacompanyisgoodcommunicationskillsD.Whiletheimportanceofone’sabilitytocommunicateincreases,hisprofessionalbackgroundmaybecomeincreasinglylessimportant.第十三页第十四页，共33页。

(2014广东卷)Sometimeduringthatperiod,Irealizedthatallthosethingsthathadseemedsostrangeorunusualtomenolongerdid,thoughIdidnotgetanywherewiththelocallanguage,andreturnedtotheUnitedStatesadifferentman.TheLighthouseProjecthadchangedmylifeforever.40.Whatcanweinferfromtheauthor’sexperiencesinNigeria?

A.Hefoundsomedifficultyadaptingtothelocalculture

B.Hehadlearnedtocommunicateinthelocallanguage.

C.Hehadovercomeallhisweaknessesbeforeheleftforhome.

D.Hewaschosenasthemostrespectableteacherbyhisstudents.小心：太绝对的用词第十四页第十五页，共33页。4--同形项原则几个选项如存在形式与结构上的相似，那它们就互为同形项。命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考察考生的理解能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项一般存在有正确答案。第十五页第十六页，共33页。Thedevelopmentofrapidtransitraillinesincitiesshouldparallel(与--平行)

localeconomicdevelopmentandblindconstructionofsuchlinesshouldbeavoided.Itstressedthattheamountofdomesticallymadeequipmentusedinsuchinfrastructureprojectsneedstobeincreased.Q:Therapid-transitraillinesshould______.A.developasquicklyaspossibleB.developwithlocaleconomicdevelopmentC.developafterlocaleconomicdevelopmentD.developwiththeconstructionindustry第十六页第十七页，共33页。(2015广二模)Amydidn'thavealittlefinger.ItbotheredJamesatfirst，butsheseemedalmostproudofit：shewouldrefusetouseher

five-fingeredhandtoholdhisormovestrayhairsfromhereyes．Shewouldalwaysuseherleft

hand，twistedandshocking．Butthatwasonlyatthebeginningoftheirrelationship.31.WhichofAmy’sfingerswasmissing？A.Themiddlefingerofherlefthand.B

Thelittlefingerofherlefthand.C.Thelittlefingerofherrighthand.D.Themiddlefingerofherrighthand.第十七页第十八页，共33页。（2013深圳一模）AtrailwaystationsallacrossBritainnextweek,groupsofstudentswillgatherwiththeirbackpackstowaitforthetrainsthatwillcarrythemhomeforChristmas.Thisisaslargeamovementofhumanbeingsasbefore,butwithmorecontradictorytrafficflows,sothattrainsfilledwiththeyoungpasseachothertravellingineverydirection.31.ThemainreasonforthebusytrafficacrossBritainnextweekisthat

.A.youngstudentswilltravelhomeforChristmasB.youngpeoplewilltravelineverydirectionC.itisalargemovementofhumanbeingsD.thetrafficflowswillbemorecontradictory第十八页第十九页，共33页。(2012广东卷)Oneevening,IgotoffthebusabouthalfwayhomewhereIhadtochangebuses,andasusualIranintosomething,“I’mawfullysorry,”Isaidandsteppedforwardonlytorunintoitagain.Whenithappenedathirdtime,IrealizedIhadbeenapologizingtoalamppost.Thiswasjustoneofthestupidthingsthatconstantlyhappenedtome.SoIcarriedonandfoundthebusstop,whichwasarequeststop,wherethebuswouldn’tstopunlesspassengerswantedtogetonoroff.NooneelsewasthereandIhadtotrytoguessifthebushadarrived.37.Afterthegirlgotoffthebusthatevening,she_____.A.begantorunB.hitapersonasusualC.hitalamppostbyaccidentD.wascaughtbysomething第十九页第二十页，共33页。5--因果项原则阅读理解逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题型的选项中，有的选项会推理不到位（止于前因），或者推理过头（止于后果），这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则规定：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是这两个因果项中的其中之一。一般来说，如果因项可以产生几个结果，那么答案就是因项；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果项。第二十页第二十一页，共33页。Nooneshouldbeforcedtowearauniform.Uniformsaretotallyunnecessaryinademocraticsociety.Uniformtelltheworldthatthepersonwhowearsonehasnovalueasanindividual,thatis,theindividualinauniformlosesself-worth.Therearethosewhosaythatwearingauniformgivesasenseofidentificationwithamoreimportantconcept.Butinfact,theindividualhimselfisthemostimportant,ifanorganizationissoweakthatitmustrelyontheuniformtoinspireitsmembers,thatorganizationhasnotrighttocontinueitsexistence.Ontheotherhand,uniformsalsohurttheeconomy.Q:Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthisparagraphisto______.A.showthatuniformarepossibleinademocraticsocietyB.

advocatestrongergovernmentalcontrolsonthewearingofuniformsC.convincethereaderthatuniformshavemoredisadvantagesthanadvantages

D.

advocatedoingawaywithuniforms第二十一页第二十二页，共33页。(2015广二模)SpeedreadingisanecessaryandvitalskillintheInternetage.Weskimoverarticles，e-mailsandtweetstotrytograspkeywordsandtheessentialmeaningofthetext.Withsomuch

informationavailablethroughourelectronicdevices，itwouldbeimpossibletogetthrougheverythingifwereadwordbyword，linebyline.36．SpeedreadingisanecessaryandvitalskillintheInternetagebecausepeople＿·A．havetograspthemeaningfasterB．havemuchmoreinformationtoreadC．nolongerreadwordbyword,linebylineD．mustusetheirsmartphonesmorefrequently第二十二页第二十三页，共33页。6--望文生义原则这一干扰方法一般用于对句子或词语含义的考查，即利用某个词或句子的字面意义代替特定语境中的具体意义。TheGreatFireofLondonstartedintheveryearlyhoursofSeptember2,1666.Infourdaysitdestroyedmorethanthree-quartersoftheoldcity,wheremostofthehouseswerewoodenandclosetogether.Onehundredthousandpeoplebecamehomeless,butonlyafewlosttheirlives.ThefirestartedonSundaymorninginthehouseoftheKing'sbakerinPuddingLane.Thebaker,withhiswifeandfamily,wasabletogetoutthroughawindowintheroof.Astrongwindblewthefirefromthebakery(面包房)intoasmallhotelnextdoor.ThenitspreadquicklyintoThamesStreet.Thatwasthebeginning.…Q:Theunderlinedword"family"inthesecondparagraphmeans

.A.homeB.childrenC.wifeandhusbandD.wifeandchildren第二十三页第二十四页，共33页。(2014广东卷)Scientiststodayaremakinggreaterefforttostudyoceancurrents(洋流).Mostdoitusingsatellitesandotherhigh-techequipment.However,oceanexpertCurtisEbbesmeyerdoesitinaspecialway---bystudyingmovementsofrandomfloatinggarbage.Ascientistwithmanyyears’experience,hestartedthistypeofresearchintheearly1990swhenheheardabouthundredsofathleticshoeswashingupontheshoresofthenorthwestcoastoftheUnitedStates.Thereweresomanyshoesthatpeopleweresettingups

totryandmatchleftandrightshoestosellorwear.41.Theunderlinedphrases

inParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto______________.A.fittingrooms

B.tradingfairsC.businesstalks

D.groupmeetings第二十四页第二十五页，共33页。7--鱼目混珠原则这种干扰法常用于考查文章有关细节的题目中，即选项中表达的意思正误并存，而且错误只是局部有误。甚至干扰项所表达的意思根本就没有错误，只是内容不完整、不全面罢了，严格起来讲，后面这个情况在没有最佳答案项的情况下可以被选作正确答案。第二十五页第二十六页，共33页。(2015广二模)“Swedesareprettytrustingandwe’reusedtotakingupnewtechnologysothiswasthe

perfectsolution，”addsStolt.“Thecashlesssocietycampaignwe‘reseeinginSwedenis

definitelyagoodmoveasfarasweareconcerned一it'sunstoppable．”41．WhyhasthechangetocashlesssellingbeensosuccessfulinSwedenaccordingtoStolt?A.Payingbycardscostslessandismuchquicker.B.Sellingelectronicallyismoreconvenientandsafer.C.Swedishpeoplearetrustingandtheywelcomenewtechnology·D.Swedishpeoplearemorewillingtobuyfromstreetsellers．第二十六页第二十七页，共33页。8--偷换概念原则这种干扰方法的命题思路是，在对原文进行同义转换或解释的