托福写作段落展开

上下义词toolstablewarevehiclesinstrumentsspoonschopsticksforkscarsshipsplanesPercussioninstrumentsorchestratruckstractorssedansSUVsMercedesBMWToyota第一页第二页，共66页。上下义词toolstablewarevehiclesinstrumentsspoonschopsticksforkscarsshipsplanestruckstractorssedansSUVsMercedesBMWToyotaPercussioninstrumentsorchestra上义词到下义词的演变过程第二页第三页，共66页。上下义词toolsvehiclescarssedansToyota主题句分论点支持分论点的细节第三页第四页，共66页。Well-organized、Well-developedUnity，Progression

Introduction、Body、Conclusion必须完整Introduction部分体现thesisstatementbody分bodyparagraphs；transitionalwords每个bodyparagraph中有topicsentence(subpoint)并都支持thesisstatementtopicsentence尽量置于段首，每个topicsentence都得到充分展开。段内每个句子都支持topicsentence.conclusion重申thesisstatement。第四页第五页，共66页。1.词汇和固定短语要识记，主要是3类:～环境的，经济的，社会进步等题目经常涉及的名词或者名词短语;～表示程度等的形容词和能够恰当修饰动词的副词;～起承转合作用的连接词和短语。

2.在正确，易懂的基础上，力求句型的变化多端，插入语，从句，倒装，虚拟等。

3.看清题目要求写什么，有比较的，要写出两者的不同，不要只说你支持的。

第五页第六页，共66页。

4.不同的reason不要糅合到一块去，每段中心要明确，且reason段落要用英文写作的方式，开门见山的在段落开头指出;既然要成段，那么你所选择的topicsentence一定要能扩展，也就是有东西好写，而且容易些。虽然一个论点你可能有N个理由，但那些很有道理，但是你用英文无法表达清楚的，就不用写了，这不是上万字的论文。第六页第七页，共66页。6.分论点一出就要有example，两三个case足以,并且事例逻辑上能够支持原因。

7.整篇文章不要出现第二人称you，your，这是前辈的指点(指点了pumpkin，然后她又“数落”我的)，多用people;你想，you就是阅卷人，你凭什么张口就用人家的书面语言教导人家呢?

8.个人的观点:尽可能的避免单独使用he/she，考虑到性别歧视问题。但是，如果你要顶字数的话，也请用heorshe。

9.口语化是初级者的大问题之一，写作文的时候往往是先想中文该怎么说，然后做个翻译工作;本来对非母语就很能驾驭，这样一来，说大白话，就直接导致句式的单一;所以还是要看看真题阅读文章的文法。第七页第八页，共66页。use

specific

reasons

and

examples

to

support

your

answer要求通过使用清晰而又合适恰当的解释、例子等细节做到全文良好的组织和良好的展开。理由和例子势必是全文必备之精华。段落展开的方法有很多，举例论证、因果论证、对比论证还有让步论证等举例论证：提出论点→适当延伸支持论点→给出例证（细节）→得出结论。即每个论点都要有理由，每个理由都要有例子，每个例子都要有细节。第八页第九页，共66页。

中间段的写作从例证的内容来看，我们可以使用个人经历、一般性例子、假设情况、名人事例、调查研究和权威引言。2024/1/109第九页第十页，共66页。一，个人事例

When

it

comes

to

the

merits

acquired

from

part-time

jobs,

I

could

think

of

no

better

illustration

than

the

following

one

of

my

personal

experience

During

the

summer

vocation

of

the

freshman

year,

I

found

a

part-time

job

in

McDonald’s,serving

as

a

waitress.

From

morning

till

night,

when

dealing

with

various

kinds

of

customers,

I

had

to

adjust

my

mentality

and

changed

my

tone

in

order

to

react

to

them.

Besides,

to

be

cooperative

and

helpful

when

communicating

withcolleagues

and

to

be

modest

and

respectful

when

talking

with

leaders

are,

indeed,

daily

attention

for

me.

Obviously,

after

a

month’s

part-time

job,

my

communication

skills

had

been

improved

definitely.第十页第十一页，共66页。Grouptoursplantravelers’entireroute.Becausetheirtriphasalreadybeenarranged,peopledonothavetoworryaboutwheretheyaregoingorhowtheyaregettingthere.Forexample,myfamilyoncetookapackagetourtoAmerica.Thetravelagencyarrangedeverything.Ittookcareofthehotelreservations,transportation,andsightseeing.Thankstothetravelagency,wecouldjustrelaxandenjoyourentiretrip.第十一页第十二页，共66页。二．

一般性例子2)Doctorsthinkthatanactivepersonshouldhavearestfulhobby,whileapersonwhositsatadeskshouldhavealivelyhobby.第十二页第十三页，共66页。Doctorsthinkthatanactiveperson,suchasabaseballplayeroraswimmer,shouldhavearestfulhobbysuchasreading,collectionsofstamps,dolls,buttonsorshellsandsoon,whileapersonwhositsatadeskallday,suchasateacheroradoctorshouldhavealivelyhobbysuchastennis,golf,swimmingorskating.第十三页第十四页，共66页。

中间段的写作

Inaddition,innovationmakesdifference.Especiallyintoday'sbusinessworld,sincecompetitionisbecomingincreasinglyfierce,differentiationplaysanindispensablepartinbusinesssuccess.Acreativeideainthemarketingdepartmentmeansremarkableincreaseinsalesandtremendousmarginofprofits.Forexample,Avon,oneofthemostfamouscosmeticproducers,createsadistributionsystemasdirectsalesby"AvonLadies."Theyencouragetheirexistingcustomertoworkastheirsalesrepresentatives,sellingtheirproductstofriends,familiesandneighbors.Havingexperienceinusingtheproductsinperson,wordsofthese"AvonLadies"areconvincingtoothersandmakeunexpectedlygreateffectstoincreasethesales.Companiesthatonlysticktotraditionalwaysareataseveredisadvantagetothosethatmakeeffectiveuseofcreativethinking.2024/1/1014第十四页第十五页，共66页。三．

假设情况Let

us

consider

the

following

hypothetical

situation.

If

your

friend

had

worn

a

newly

purchased

dress

on

her

birthday

and

energetically

asked

you

if

it

was

a

worthy

buy.

Would

you

freely

express

your

opinion

that

you

had

never

seen

a

dress

as

the

one

she

was

wearing

and

just

spoiled

her

birthday?

Inarguably,

hiding

the

truth

in

some

situations

can

be

quite

handy

indeed.第十五页第十六页，共66页。

中间段的写作(2007.6.2)Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement.Beforegoingtouniversity,oneshouldspendayearontravelortakingonejob.1.Takingajobbeforeuniversitystudyallowsyouclearlyknowwhatyoushouldgetfromuniversity.（2）举在Google上班的话，那么会意识到要好好学习计算机和数学。2024/1/1016第十六页第十七页，共66页。

中间段的写作(2007.6.2)Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement.Beforegoingtouniversity,oneshouldspendayearontravelortakingonejob.2.Thetediousknowledgeofuniversitywillbemoreacceptableandinterestingiftravelingbeforeuniversity.（1）如果travel到过Princeton的校园，见过爱因斯坦工作的高等研究中心，在学到相对论（theoryofrelativity）的时候会更有兴趣。（2）如果travel到希腊雅典，比如去过雅典卫城，奥林匹斯山、雅典的博物馆，古竞技场。当学到奥运的起源，西方哲学的时候，你就更有兴趣。（3）如果见过陈列在巴黎卢浮宫(LouvreMuseum)的蒙娜丽莎的画像，你就能接受为什么老师说它是世界上最美的肖像画。2024/1/1017第十七页第十八页，共66页。四，名人事迹苹果公司的缔造者史蒂夫·乔布斯可能因为压力而罹患癌症，于56岁逝世。architectSteveJobs,thearchitectofApple,gotcancerprobablybecauseofworkingpressureanddiedattheageof56.“健康”第十八页第十九页，共66页。当李安穷困时，他没有羡慕富人，没有放弃电影事业，最终成为著名的电影导演。BeenviousofWhenAngLeewaspoor,hewasnotenviousoftherich,didnotgiveuphiscareerinfilmsandeventuallybecameafamousfilmdirector.“不怕起点低”，“坚持自己道路”，“自信”等成功话题第十九页第二十页，共66页。博尔特认识到并发展自己在跑步方面独特的天赋，最终打破100米短跑世界纪录。Boltrecognizedanddevelopedhisuniquetalentfootrunningandfinallybecametheworldrecordbreakerforthe100-meterrace.“正确认识自己”“保持个性”“寻找适合自己的道路”博尔特（UsainSt.LeoBolt），牙买加短跑运动员。身材高大的博尔特创下惊人的短跑成绩，他是当今男子100米、男子200米短跑和男子400米接力赛的世界纪录保持者第二十页第二十一页，共66页。2008年一部成功的美国电影---功夫熊猫，基于以中国为主题的故事，结合了中国传统智慧和美国主流思想。mainstreamthoughtsKongfuPanda,asuccessfulAmericanfilmin2008,isbasedonaChinese–themedstoryandcombinesChinesetraditionalwisdomandAmericanmainstreamthoughts.“文化融合”“创新”“借鉴，学习”等。第二十一页第二十二页，共66页。第二十二页第二十三页，共66页。第二十三页第二十四页，共66页。奥巴马，虽然生于一个普通，贫穷的家庭，仍然因为坚定的信念，清晰的目标和持续的努力成为了美国总统。Thoughborninacommonandpoorfamily,ObamafinallybecametheAmericanpresidentbecauseofhisfirmbelief,clearobjectiveandconstantefforts.“出身与成功无关”“信念”“目标”“坚持”第二十四页第二十五页，共66页。甚至最好的球员也会把球踢飞，被挡出的球比踢进的球多得多。但问题是得分多的球员总是攻门最多的球员。MissthegoalblockEventhebestplayersmissthegoalandhavetheirshotsblockedmuchmorefrequentlythantheyscore.Thepointisthattheplayerswhoscoremostaretheonestakethemostshotsatthegoal.“勇于尝试”“不怕失败”“把握机会”第二十五页第二十六页，共66页。居里夫人对世界来说是诺贝尔奖获得者，对她的女儿来说是位好老师。她对知识好奇，对成功冷静，这为女儿伊莲娜提供了好的教育，帮助伊莲娜获得自己的诺贝尔奖。NobelprizeMadameCurieistheNobelPrizewinnerfortheworldandagoodteacherforherdaughter.Shewascuriousaboutknowledgeandcalmaboutsuccess,whichprovidedagoodlessontoherdaughterIreneandhelpedIrenewinherownNobelPrize.“谦虚”“好奇心”“家庭教育”第二十六页第二十七页，共66页。第二十七页第二十八页，共66页。第二十八页第二十九页，共66页。网络带来了没有地理界线的商业，提供了越来越多的网络顾客，使卖商品更便捷。从这个意义上讲，网络间接促进了生产。GeographicboundaryTheInternetbringsaboutbusinessdespitegeographicboundariesandprovidesagrowingnumberofInternetcustomers,whichmakesitconvenienttosellproducts.Inthissense,theInternetindirectlyboostsproduction.“科技”“创新”“改革”对社会变迁的作用第二十九页第三十页，共66页。基因图谱是由全世界数学家一起完成的奇迹。波音飞机由世界工厂生产的零件组装而成。另外，自从团结所有的力量后，2008金融危机得到了缓和。Geneticmap,boeingplane,assemble,easeGeneticmapisamiraclecreatedbythousandsofscientistsaroundtheworld.TheBoeingplanesareassembledwiththepartsproducedinglobalfactories.Thefinancialcrisisin2008hasbeeneasedsinceallforceswereunited.“合作”第三十页第三十一页，共66页。杰克·韦尔奇小时候有严重的结巴，经常受到嘲笑。但是，他妈妈鼓励他“你的脑子如此聪明，世上没有舌头可以赶上它的运转速度。”这激励了小杰克的自信，这坚定的自信让他在商业领域成为传奇。Inhischildhood,JackWelchhadseriousstammerwhichmadehimalaughingstock.However,hismotherencouragedhim,“Yourbrainissocleverthatnottongueintheworldcouldcatchupwithit.”ThisinspireslittleJack’sconfidenceandthefirmself-beliefmakeshimalegendinbusinesscircles.“鼓励”“自信”“乐观”“家庭教育”.他被誉为"最受尊敬的CEO"，"全球第一CEO"，"美国当代最成功最伟大的企业家".如今，通用电气旗下已有12个事业部成为其各自的市场上的领先者第三十一页第三十二页，共66页。第三十二页第三十三页，共66页。第三十三页第三十四页，共66页。六，引用名言：One

of

the

great

philosopher

once

remarked

that....Now,

it

still

has

a

realistic

significance.或者There

is

no

denying/doubt

that…等等，考生应当注重积累。第三十四页第三十五页，共66页。逆境

byRobertCollier罗伯特•柯里尔Ineveryadversitythereliestheseedofanequivalentadvantage.Inevery

defeatthereisalessonshowingyouhowtowinthevictorynexttime.Successisthesumofsmallefforts,repeateddayinanddayout.第三十五页第三十六页，共66页。动机与结果

VinceLombardi文斯•伦巴蒂

Winningisn’teverything,butwantingtowinis.计划与工作

NormanVincentPeale诺曼·文森特·皮尔

Planyourworkfortodayandeveryday;

thenworkyourplan第三十六页第三十七页，共66页。想象力

AlbertEinstein

Imaginationismoreimportantthanknowledge.挑战：

WalterBegehot沃尔特·白芝浩

Thegreatpleasureinlifeisdoingwhatpeoplesayyoucannotdo.

第三十七页第三十八页，共66页。化整为零Henry

Ford亨利·福特

Nothing

is

particularly

hard

if

you

divide

it

into

small

jobs.第三十八页第三十九页，共66页。五，引用数据，可以说A

recent

research,

conducted

by

the

talent

market,

after

polling

thousands

of

people

from

all

walks

of

life,

has

found

that…；或者Statistic

from

the

daily

newspaper

indicates

surprisingly

that,

approximately

80%

of

the

citizens

acknowledged

that…

第三十九页第四十页，共66页。

中间段的写作Theexamplethatcansupportmyideais….Theexampleof…cansupportmyidea.…isagoodexamplewhichcansupportmyidea.Tosupportmyidea,thereisonegoodexample.Agoodexampleinpointis…Totake…asanexample.Themostobviousexampleofthisreasonis…Forinstance,…2024/1/1040第四十页第四十一页，共66页。IBTWriting41

列举数据—常用句式：Accordingtotherecentsurveysconductedby,…Thelatestsurveysshowthat…Manyinvestigationsshowthat…Manysurveyswerecarriedouton…,theresultsofwhichweresurprising.Accordingtosomeinvestigations,…Therecentmanysurveysrevealedthat…

中间段的写作第四十一页第四十二页，共66页。列举论证4)Wecanbeinformedofalotbyreadingbooks.Byreadingscientificbooks,wecanbeinformedofmanyfacts;byreadinggeography,weknowtheearthsurface,forms,physicalfeaturesandsoon;byreadinghistory,wearetoldofthegrowthofthenations.第四十二页第四十三页，共66页。方法二：因果论证

中间段的写作◆因往前分析：什么使得这一观点、现象、做法成立◆果往后分析：这一观点、现象、做法带来什么好处或坏处2024/1/1043第四十三页第四十四页，共66页。44如果不—基本句式：•Bycontrast,without…•Ifwedon’thave…inourlives,…•Wecannotimaginethesituationwithout…•Onehundredyearsagowhenwedidn’thave…inourlives,…•Thingswouldbecompletelydifferentwithout…inourlives.

中间段的写作2024/1/10第四十四页第四十五页，共66页。2024/1/1045Eatingatrestaurantcansavealotoftime.（主题句）Wecanhardlyimaginethesituationwithoutrestaurantsinourlives.Livingunderthehigh-pressureandfast-pacelivingstyle,peoplehavefoundtheyneedrestaurantwhentheydon’thaveenoughtimetoenjoytheirowncooking.Withoutrestaurantsandtheservicesofferedbythem,peoplewillhavetospendlongtimegoingtogroceriesandcookingbythemselves.

中间段的写作第四十五页第四十六页，共66页。Internetisconsideredasawaywithlowcostandhighefficiencytogaininformation.Thingswouldbecompletelydifferentwithoutinternetinourlife.Ainvestorbeingurgenttoknowwhathappenedinthestockmarketinfinancialcrisis,cannotbehelpedandofferedinformationbyinternet.Thelongtimeneededforhimtofindthestockpricewillresultsinthehugeloseinahighpossibility.第四十六页第四十七页，共66页。2024/1/1047Commonknowledgeisthatadvertisingreferstopresentinformationrelatingtoaproductorservicebyavarietyofmedia.Withthepresenceofadvertising,aconsumerisabletoacquirelatestinformationinthemarket,suchaspropertiesofaproductorservice,andtherebymakeawiserbuyingdecision.Bycontrast,withoutadvertising,aconsumerisattheriskofpurchasingaproductthatfailstomeetallofhisorherneeds,becauseoflackofknowledgeofbetteralternativesinthemarket.

中间段的写作第四十七页第四十八页，共66页。

中间段的写作

原因阐述的句式:

contributeto…/serveasacontributorto…doing句式，leadingto…句式…resultsin…

Thecauseof…isconsideredas…Inmostcases,…allowsb.theNtodosth.2024/1/1048第四十八页第四十九页，共66页。2024/1/1049引导因果论证的句子Asaresult,…Inthecasethat/of…Suppose…Therefore,…Itaccountsfor…with语句

中间段的写作第四十九页第五十页，共66页。Nowadaysthereisoftenamisunderstandingbetweenparentsandchildren.Themostobviousreasonforthislackofcommunicationisthattheygrewupatdifferenttimesandthereforehavedifferentlikesanddislikesforthethingsaroundthem.Alsotheparentsisoftentoobusytolistenpatientlytotheexplanationofthechildrenwhenthereisamisunderstanding.Bothofthemtakeitforgrantedthatthereisagenerationgap.第五十页第五十一页，共66页。2024/1/1051Inthecontemporaryworld,moreopportunitiesareavailableforustoknowotherpeoplewhoareoutsidethefamily.Therefore,whenwefacesomedifficultieswecanturntothesefriendsforhelp,makingusrelylessonpeopleintheextendedfamily.

中间段的写作第五十一页第五十二页，共66页。

中间段的写作1.Payforpublictransportationcaneasethesituationoftrafficconjunction.Ifdoso,thebusorMRT(MassRapidTransit)companiescanaffordthehigherqualityofbusesandtrainsorevenofferthecustomizedservices,attractingincreasingpassengerstochoosetakingbusandMRT.Thendrivingaprivatecarwillbeacostlyandthesecondchoiceifouting.2024/1/1052第五十二页第五十三页，共66页。

中间段的写作Existingfriendshiparestrengthenedandnewfriendsaremadeduringsportsandsocialactivities.Intheseactivities,studentscanshareopinionswitheachother,someofwhommaycomefromdifferentschoolsthattheywouldnevermeetotherwise.Theseactivitiesofferstudentswithdifferentbackground,academicfocusesandpersonalitiestocommunicatefreely.Whiledoingsports,theycantalkaboutissuestheyareallinterestedin,seekingcommonpointswhilereservingdifferences.2024/1/1053第五十三页第五十四页，共66页。对比论证如何实现对比不同条件导出不同结果因果推论可以对比例证可以对比物例可以对比，有它没它结果不同事例可以对比，同一个人的不同做法结果不同，不同人的不同做法，结果不同第五十四页第五十五页，共66页。We'dbettertokeepcompanywiththetruefriends.Asfriendsarebothhelpfulanddisastrous,itisbettertokeepcompanywiththetruefriendswhoarehelpful,encouragingandloyal,buttoavoidthosewhoaremean,stingyandtreacherous.第五十五页第五十六页，共66页。Itisconvenientandefficienttohavefastfood.Incontrast,traditionalfoodistime-consumingandusuallycostsseveralhourstohaveonemeal.Inthecurrentfast-pacesociety,fastfoodsolvestheproblemwell.Onecanfinishamealwithin10-20minutes,savingmuchtimeandenergy.第五十六页第五十七页，共66页。Inaddition,innovationmakesdifferentiation.Especiallyintoday'sbusinessworld,sincecompetitionisbecomingincreasinglyfierce,differentiationplaysanindispensablepartinbusinesssuccess.Bycontract,withoutanycreativeidea,theoutdatedproductisimpossibletobringmarketableincreaseinsalesandtremendousmarginofprofits.第五十七页第五十八页，共66页。让步论证应当按照三部曲进行：1）写出一个反方观点2）进行一定程度的削弱3）重申自己的观点。第五十八页第五十九页，共66页。Forfurthercareersuccess,isrelatewelltootherpeoplemoreimportantthanstudyinghardatschool?Admittedly,acquiringanexcellentGPAisonesignificantproofofyourability,for"study"isoneofthemajortasksthatstudentsaresupposedtofulfillinschool.However,theoutstandingscoresonlyprovetheintelligenceofthestudent,whiletheEQ,largelyreflectedbyhowwellyourelatewithothers,playsanutmostsignificantroleinthefuturecareersuccess.therefore,Istillholdtheopinionthatrelatewellwithothersismoreimportantthanacquiringhighscoresinschool.第五十九页第六十页，共66页。学校资源和外部信息哪个更重要？

Admittedly,theoutsideinformationandknowledgeareusefulandfeasibletostudents,particulartosomegraduates.However,Ithinktheschoolresourcessuchasexcellentteachers,advancedfacilities,variousinternshipexperiencesprovidedbyschoolareallindispensableandessentialtostudents’studyprocessaswellastheirfutureworkposition.

第六十页第六十一页，共66页。6.写作方法之如何写末段末段强化阅卷人对文章的整体印象。《新托福考试官方指南》指出托福文章末段通常要完成下列任务：

1．讨论作者自己看法的重要性

2．以不同的措辞复述本文主题(即第一段末的主题陈述)3．总结本文的主要论点(即各段主题句)4．还可以包含轶事、引语、统计数字或建议为了完成末段的上述任务，可以采取下列手段：

1．复述本文主题

2．总结各段论点

3．以建议、预测、引语、类比等结尾例如，文章可以用建议结尾。

1)(28题)Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Television，newspapers，magazines，andothermediapaytoomuchattentiontothepersonallivesoffamouspeoplesuchaspublicfiguresandcelebrities．Usespecificreasonsanddetailstoexplainyouropinion.第六十一页第六十二页，共66页。末段：．．

Inconclusion，themediashouldnotdevotesomuchcoveragetothepersonallivesoframouspeoplesuchaspublicfiguresandcelebrities．Onthecontrary,theyshouldputinthespotlightmore“unsungheroes”ineverysociety,thosewhoquietlygiveouttheirtime，talentsandfinances，tohelphumanity．Theresultwillbethatthefamouspeoplewillhaveabitmoremuch-neededprivacy.2)(21题)Ingeneral,peoplearelivinglongernow．Discussthecausesofthisphenomenon.Usespecificreasonsanddetailstodevelopyouressay．末段：

Insummary,theforemostreasonwhypeoplehaveagreaterlifespannowadaysisincreasedavailabilityofbasichealthcare．Thesecondreasonisadvancesinmedicineina11formsoftreatmentsandmedications．Thethirdreasonispeople’growingawarenessofhealth．Therefore，itisadvisablethatpeoplearehealth-consciousandavailthemselvesofthelatestachievementsofmodernmedicine，iftheydesirelongevity．第六十二页第六十三页，共66页。

引用也是常见的结尾手段之一，而且在英语写作中(包含托福写作)，在文章结尾使用引语比在文章开始使用引语的时候更多。所以，在文章开始用引语有时显得呆板，但在结尾用引语却总能给人留下深刻印象。例如，

1)(54题)Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollow