修辞学长词短词

Chapter2LexicalDevices(1)LexicalOptionsChoiceofAbbreviations2.1LexicalOptionsIntroductionLexicaloptionsreferstothewaywriterschoosetheirwordstoexpresstheirideasclearlyandeffectively.ThereareaboutonemillionEnglishwordsincludedinEncyclopediaBritannica.Oftenusedwords:3000-20000Usingtherightwordattherighttimeisratherlikewearingappropriateclothingfortheoccasion:itisacourtesytoothers,andafavortoyourself—amatterofpresentingyourselfwellintheeyesoftheworld.语不惊人誓不休吟安一个字，捻断数根须一字穷岁月，十年成一赋TwoKeyElementsLargevocabularyTheknowledgeofusingwordsUsingwordscorrectlyandappropriatelySourcesofEnglishWordsCelticandAnglo-SaxonoriginsImpactofLatinandFrenchMassiveborrowingfromothercountriesModernimpactofAmericanEnglish2.1.1Short&LongWordsShortwords:--monosyllabicwords--Anglo-Saxonorigin

Longwords:--polysyllabicword--Latin,French,Greekorigin

Shortwords:--lessconductive,elegant,scholarlyorartistic--quickandefficientLongwords:--learned--slowandinefficient“wordsoflearnedlengthandthunderingsound”ofthevillageschoolmasterweresupposedto“amazetherustics”.--Goldsmith:TheDesertedVillageE.g.P99（3）（4）“Thecotthemanlayonwasinthewideshadeofamimosa（含羞草）treeandashelookedoutpasttheshadeontotheglareoftheplaintherewerethreeofthebigbirdssquattedobscenely,whileintheskyadozenmoresailed,makingquick-movingshadowsastheypassed.”"Allright.Nowhewouldnotcarefordeath.Onethinghehadalwaysdreadedwasthepain.Hecouldstandpainaswellasanyman,untilitwentontoolong,andworehimout,butherehehadsomethingthathadhurtfrightfullyandjustwhenhehadfeltitbreakinghim,thepainhadstopped.”

TheeffectofShortwordsinthistwoparagraph:briefPeacefulComestoone’smindeasilyandThisisthedescriptionofadyingmanwhodoesn’thaveenoughstrengthandenergytothinkE.g.Ihavenothingtoofferbutblood,toil,sweatandtears.Icame,Isaw,Iconquer.Theeffectofshortwords:forcefulUsuallyusedinpersuasivewritingororatory.Analyzethepassagetoseethedifferentrhythmoftheprose,therhetoriceffect,thecarefulchoiceandarrangementofshortandlongwords.Seepage100（6)2.1.2Common&LearnedWordsLearnedWords:Latinisms(mainlytoLatinatewords)Usuallyusedinscholarly,academicorlegaldiscussionsCommonWords:wordsofnativeorigin(vernacular/EnglishwordsofAnglo-Saxonorigin)+wordsborrowedfromother-than-LatinlanguagesE.g.1.Neverdotomorrowwhatyoucandotoday2.Procrastination(拖延）isthethiefoftime.3.你来了，我太高兴了4.阁下大驾光临，令寒舍蓬荜生辉。2.1.3Formal,Informal&ColloquialWordsTypesofwritingrequireformaldiction:officialandlegaldocuments,academicandprofessionalwriting--(essays,reports,reviews,etc.),editorials,formalinvitations,applications,notificationsTheinformal/colloquiallanguagecouldbeusedamongfriendsorintimates.Themoreintimatetherelationshipbetweenpeople,themoreinformalthelanguage,apartfromconsiderationsofrespectforageorseniority.Theruletoremember:

nottomixupformalandinformaldictioninonepieceofwriting,unlessitisforastylisticpurpose.E.g.1.AccordingtoaNativeAmericanmyth,theGreatCreatorhadadoghangingaroundwithhimwhenhecreatedtheearth.(?)TheGreatCreatorwaspaniedbyadog…..他们又故意高声嚷到，“你一定又偷了人家的东西了！”孔已己睁大眼睛说，“你怎么这样凭空污人清白……”“什么清白？我前天亲眼见你偷了何家的书，吊着打。”孔已己便涨红了脸，额上的青筋条条绽出，争辩道，“窃书不能算偷……窃书！……读书人的事，能算偷么？”Seepage108(7)2.1.4General&SpecificWordsGeneralwords:wordsreferringtogroupsorclasses,tobroadnatureorgeneralquality

SpecificWords:wordsreferringtoindividuals,toparticularizedfeaturesorqualitiesPoliticalspeechesareseldomspecificinpraiseorblame,unlesspurposely,theyusuallycontainonlygeneralreferences.SeeP111(1）thesecondparagraphQ：Canyousensetheattitudeoftheauthor?ComparewithP112(2)2.1.5Concrete&AbstractWords

Concretewords:wordsusedtodescribetheidentifiablequalitiesofparticularthings,feelings,events

Abstractwords:wordsreferringtocharacteristicsthatmanythingshaveincommonPracticeRewritethefollowingsentenceswithconcretewords.1.

Theoldwomanmovedslowlyaway.2.

Oneshopperseemedtobeselectinggreensforasalad.3.

Shuttingthedoorcarefully,theyoungwomanturnedawayfromthehouseandwalkeddownthestreet.2.1.6.ReferentialorEmotiveWords

Referentialwords:wordsusedtorefertothingsorideas;orthedenotativewords,themeaningofwhichiswhatthewordreferto,asdescribedinadictionarydefinitionEmotivewords:alsocalledaffectivewords,wordsconnotingfeelingsoremotionsaboutthingsorideas

"Thishouseissmall.""Oh,whatasweetlittlehouse."2.2.Principlesforselectingwordsandphrases

1.Accuracy/ClarityE.g.Heputhisheadinhishandsandbegantocry.IknowI’mgoingtoweepattheairport.Therewasagirlsittingandsobbinginthecorner.Thewomangatheredaroundthecoffinandbegantowail,aswasthecustomintheregion.1.

AIDSisaserioushealth__.(problem,worry,difficulty,plight)2.

Oncethevirushasenteredthebloodsystem,it__T-cells.(murders,destroys,slaughters,executes)3.

The__ofT-cellsistocombatinfections.(ambition,function,aim,goal)4.

WithoutenoughT-cells,thebodyisnearly__againstinfection.(defenseless,hopeless,desperate,helpless)2.Economy/Brevity(1a)Ourtargetmustbeaconcreteceiling.(1b)Let’saimhighbutrealistically.(2a)Therehasbeenpersistentinstabilityinnumbersofstaff.(2b)Thestaffhascontinuallyvariedinnumber.verb-orientedstructureismoreeconomicalthanthenoun-orientedstructure.3.Vividnessandgracefulness/Variety

择语的生动感

生动也可以叫做优美感（graceful），建筑在准确性和鲜明度的基础上，否则，单纯追求生动或者优美，就回出现辞藻华丽（flowery）而内容空洞的文风。(a)ForseveraldayssnowfellheavilyinthesouthofEngland.Itlaymanyinchesthickontheground.Theroofsofhouseswerewhite;walkingthroughthestreetswasdifficult;drivingwasdangerous.

(b)Itwasthecoldestwinterforforty-fiveyears.Heavysnowblanketsswallowedeverythingonearth:VillagesintheEnglishcountrysidewerecutoffandtheThamesfrozeover.Carscrawledalongwhilepedestrianstrudgedthroughthedeepsnow.Hornshoarsened;roadaccidentsshotup.Peopletoldjokesabouthowitwasmoreriskytodrivebydaythantogoboatingontheseaatnight.4.Appropriateness/proprietyTakeintoaccountthesubjectmatter,thereaderandthepurposeofyourwriting,andseethatyourwordingisinharmonywiththesefactors.Thisiswhatwemaycall"appropriateness"or"propriety"E.g.(1)Onwhatoccasionsthespeakermaychoosetosaythefollowing:A."I'vegottabeincourtatnineonTuesdaymorning.ForsureIwon'tbebackintimeforWalker'sbiotest.Hopetheoldguyletsmetakeamakeup.“

B.“Excuseme,sir.IhavetobeincourtnextTuesdayandsoImustbeabsentfromthebiologytest.Woulditbepossibleformetotakeitatsomelatertime?”2.3ChoiceofabbreviationThreetypesofabbreviation:AcronymsClippingsBlendsUsedforeconomyofexpression2.3.1.AcronymsUNWTOUsetheinitiallettersofwordstomakeupa“name”TVID