感染相关英文词汇-4.1 肺炎链球菌

./感染相关英文词汇小结G+〔1肺炎球菌感染.1.Gram-PositiveBacteria革兰阳性菌2.micrococci微球菌3.LouisPasteur路易斯,巴斯德4.etiologyofpneumonia肺炎的病因学5.Etiologicagent病因学微生物6.Streptococcus链球菌7.celldivisionoccursalongasingleaxis细胞分裂沿单一轴进行8.growinchainsorpairs成链或成对生长9.hemolyticproperties溶血特性10.S.pneumoniae〔Streptococcuspneumoniae肺炎链球菌11.α-hemolyticgroupα溶血组12.bloodagar血培养皿13.characteristicallyproducesagreenishcolor特征绿色14.reductionofironinhemoglobin还原血红蛋白中的铁15.fastidious苛养〔菌16.mucoid<smooth/shiny>colonies粘液状克隆〔光滑/金属色17.Pneumococciwithoutacapsule无夹膜的肺炎球菌18.colonieswitharoughsurface克隆表面粗糙19.optochin<ethylhydrocupreinhydrochloride>奥普托欣试验〔20.bilesoluble在胆汁中溶解21.apolysaccharidecapsule多糖夹膜22.serogroups/serotypes血清群/血清型23.rabbitpolyclonalantisera兔多克隆抗血清24.theQuellungreactionQuellung反应：在特定抗血清处理下,夹膜肿胀25.phagocytosis吞噬作用26.determinantofpneumococcalvirulence毒力的决定因素27.Unencapsulatedvariants无夹膜的变种28.invasivedisease.侵袭性疾病29.hostdefensemechanisms宿主防御系统30.Pneumolysin肺炎球菌溶血素31.cytolysisofcellsandtissues细胞和组织的溶解32.cellwallproteins细胞壁蛋白33.complementpathway补体系统34.complementdeposition补体沉积35.preventinglysisan/oropsonophagocytosis防止溶解和补体发挥调理作用36.ThepneumococcalHinhibitor<Hic>肺炎球菌H抑制体37.impedestheformationofC3convertase抑制C3转话体的形成38.pneumococcalsurfaceproteinC<PspC>肺炎球菌表面蛋白C39.choline-bindingproteinA<CbpA>胆碱结合蛋白A40.surface-anchoredsialidase<neuraminidase>NanA表面锚定唾液酸酶〔唾液酸苷酶41.sialicacid唾液酸42.pneumococcalsurfaceadhesinA<PsaA>肺炎球菌表面粘合分子43.potentialvaccinecandidates潜在的疫苗靶点44.Moleculartyping分子型45.pulsed-fieldgelelectrophoresis脉冲凝胶电泳46.geneticrelatedness基因相关性46.supersededbysequencingofhousekeepinggenes管家基因测序已取代〔电泳47.multilocussequencetyping,MLST多位点序列分型48.pneumococcalMLSTWebsite<>肺球菌多位点分型查询49.whole-genomesequencingwillsoonsupersedeMLST全基因组测序不久将替代MLST50.routinechildhoodadministrationofpneumococcalpolysaccharide–proteinconjugatevaccine<PCV>幼年期常规注射肺球菌多糖蛋白结合物疫苗51.seculartrends长期趋势52.epidemiologicfeatures流行病学特征53.serotypedistribution血清学分布54.invasivepneumococcaldisease<IPD,definedasinfectionofanormallysterilesite>侵袭性肺炎球菌病〔通常体无菌出现感染55.diseaseburden疾病负担56.militarybarracks军营57.intermittentinhabitantsofthehealthyhumannasopharynx正常人鼻咽腔的间断定植菌58.respiratorydroplets呼吸道飞沫59.socioeconomicstatus社会经济状况60.majorvectorsofpneumococcaltransmission主要的肺链球菌传播者61.Cross-sectionalprevalencedata横断面发病率数据62.highratesofcolonization高定植率63.communitytransmissiondynamics社区传播动力学64.cerebrospinalfluid<CSF>脑脊液65.aspirationofpneumococci吸入肺球菌66.apositivebloodculture血培养阳性67.routinepediatricvaccinationschedule常规幼儿疫苗接种计划68.pneumococcalpneumonia肺炎球菌肺炎69.bacteremia菌血症70.adefinitiveetiologicdiagnosis病原学诊断明确71.radiographicallyconfirmedpneumonia影像学确诊的肺炎72.clinicallydiagnosedpneumonia临床确诊的肺炎73.Thecase-fatalityratios<CFRs>病死率74.underlyingmedicalcondition基础疾病75.accesstocare治疗情况76.severityofdiseaseatpresentation起病时病情的严重程度77.hospitalizedpatients住院患者78.appropriateandtimelymanagementisavailable适当及时的治疗79.thefirst24hofhospitalization住院后24h80.rapidlyprogressivecascadeofevents快速进展81.irrespectiveofantibioticadministration与抗菌药物应用无关82.temperateclimate温带气候83.ethnicgroup民族84.crowdedsettings拥挤的环境85.susceptibleindividuals易感人群86.precedingviralrespiratorydisease<especiallybutnotexclusivelyinfluenza>曾患呼吸系统疾病〔尤其但不限于流感87.secondarypneumococcalinfections继发的肺炎球菌感染88.seasonalandpandemicinfluenza季节性、流行性感冒89.Reducedpneumococcalsusceptibilitytopenicillin肺炎球菌对青霉素敏感性下降90.prevalenceofpneumococcalisolatesresistanttosingleormultipleclassesofantibiotics分离出的肺炎球菌对一种或多种抗菌药物耐药的趋势明显91.minimalinhibitoryconcentrations<MICs>最小抑菌浓度92.risingabsolutemagnitude绝对值提高93.penicillinG青霉素G94.cefotaxime头孢噻肟〔3nd95.ceftriaxone头孢曲松96.macrolides大环酯类97.difficult-to-treatinfections难治性感染98.pneumococcalantimicrobialnonsusceptibility肺炎球菌抗菌药物耐药问题99.mucosalsurfaces膜状表面100.otitismedia中耳炎101.pneumonia肺炎102.distantsites:brain远处播散103.joint关节104.bones骨骼105.peritonealcavity腹腔106.pneumococcalmeningitis肺炎球菌性脑膜炎107.secondarytohematogenousspread继发于血流感染108.flowofmucus粘液的流动109.avoidlocalimmunefactors逃避免疫因子110.leukocytes白细胞111.complement补体112.cilia纤毛〔cilium的名词复数113.mucociliaryescalator纤毛的活动114.mechanicalclearanceofpneumococci机械清除肺炎球菌115.colonizationepisodes定植的时间116.persistentcolonization长期定植117.developmentofcapsule-specificserumIgG〔导致夹膜特异性血清IgG抗体118.Intercurrentviralinfections并发的病毒感染119.Localcytokineproduction局部细胞因子的产生120.upregulateadhesionfactors上调粘附因子121.peptidoglycans肽葡聚糖122.teichoicacids磷壁酸123.interleukinIandIL-6白介素-1和白介素-6124.tumornecrosisfactor<TNF>肿瘤坏死因子125.Polymorphonuclearleukocytes多形核白细胞126.innateimmunefactors固有防御因子127.splenicfunction肾功能128.coughreflex咳嗽反射129.C-reactiveprotein<CRP>C反应蛋白130.phosphorylcholine磷脂胆碱131.Toll-likereceptor2<TLR2>Toll样受体2132.lipoteichoicacid脂膜酸133.cellwallpeptidoglycan细胞壁肽聚糖134.cysticfibrosis囊肿性纤维化135.bronchiectasis支气管扩136.sicklecelldisease镰状细胞〔贫血病137.cross-reactiveantigens交叉反应抗原138.Tcell–independentantigens不依赖T细胞的抗原136.delayedontogeny〔儿童个体〔B细胞防御系统发育慢137.agammaglobulinemia丙种球蛋白缺乏138.chemicallydistinct〔夹膜化学结构不同139.serotypespecific血清型特异性抗体140.pathognomonicpresentationofpneumococcaldisease肺炎球菌疾病的特征表现141.self-limited自限性疾病142.life-threatening危及生命的143.differentialdiagnosis鉴别诊断144.convulsions抽搐145.tachypnea<>30breaths/min>呼吸急促146.definedaccordingtospecificagestrata根据特殊的年龄分层确定147.lowerchestwallindrawing下胸壁凹陷148.noninvasiveorinvasiveinfection侵袭性或非侵袭性感染149.contiguousspread临近组织器官传播150.infectionofanormallysterilebodyfluid无菌体液区感染151.Pneumonia〔invasivewithapositivebloodculture肺炎〔血培养阳性考虑为侵袭性152.amildcommunity-acquiredinfection轻度社区获得性感染153.intubation插管治疗154.attheoutset起病时155.aviralupperrespiratoryinfection上呼吸道病毒感染156.abruptonsetofcoughanddyspnea急性起病的咳嗽和呼吸困难157.fever发热159.shakingchills寒战158.myalgias肌肉疼痛160.nonpurulent无脓性161.purulent有脓的162.tingedwithblood痰中带血163.stabbingpleuriticchestpain胸肋膜刺痛164.parietalpleura胸膜壁层165.tachycardia心动过速166.dullness沉闷167.percussion触诊法168.consolidation实性病变169.crackles噼啪声170.auscultation听诊171.Pleuralrub胸膜摩擦音172.cyanosis苍白173.nasalflaring鼻翼煽动174.diaphragmaticpleura胸膈膜175.upperabdominalpain上腹疼痛176.myocardialinfarction心肌梗死177.heartfailurewithatypicalpulmonaryedema心力衰竭伴不典型肺水肿178.cardiacconditions心脏疾病179.pulmonaryconditions肺部疾病180.atelectasis肺不181.mycoplasmas支原体182.etiologicdiagnosisofpneumococcalpneumonia肺炎球菌肺炎的病原学诊断183.pathologicexaminationoflungtissue肺组织的病理学检查184.Inlieuof代替185.aninfiltrateonchestradiography胸部影像学表现渗出186.lobarorsegmentalconsolidation大叶性或节段性实变187.patchy分散不均的188.pleuraleffusion胸腔积液189.empyema脓胸190.roundpneumonia圆形肺炎〔wenku.baidu./link?url=wuFa5cMxt56xl_Ds5QOeQbwzHhjIch77EO95SchnzWjqCqu1a5WKr51nKTHc1b8Vg2eXXKQmidweX3yeRVMzXxXASmuL5ppLBfB0JxTffQ7191.Urinarypneumococcalantigenassays泌尿系统肺炎球菌抗原检验192.cultureofsputum痰培养193.Parapneumoniceffusions并发于肺炎的胸腔积液194.aggressiveandcompletedrainage充分引流195.pyogeniccondition化脓性疾病196.skullfracture头颅骨折197.gradual-onsetheadache逐渐出现的头痛198.stiffneck颈僵200.photophobia畏光201.alteredconsciousness意识状态变化202.seizures癫痫203.bradycardia心动过缓204.increasedintracranialpressure颅压升高206.Kernig’sorBrudzinski’ssignKernig征、Brudzinski征207.cranialnervepalsies<3rdand6thcranialnerves>颅神经麻痹〔3、6脑神经208.examinationofCSF脑脊液检查209.evidenceofturbidity<visualinspection>浊度〔肉眼检查210.elevatedproteinlevel,elevatedwhitebloodcellcount,andreducedglucoseconcentration<quantitativemeasurement>蛋白、白细胞水平升高,葡萄糖水平降低〔定量检查211.specificidentificationoftheetiologicagent<culture,Gram’sstaining,antigentesting,orPCR>病原鉴定〔培养,革兰染色,抗原鉴定,PCR212.inconjunctionwith同时伴随213.deafness耳聋214.hydrocephalus脑水肿215mentalretardation.智力迟钝216.diffusebrainswelling弥漫性脑水肿217.subarachnoidbleeding蛛网膜下腔出血218.cerebrovascularcomplications脑血管并发症219.bacteremia菌血症220.osteomyelitis骨髓炎221.septicarthritis脓毒性关节炎222.endocarditis心膜炎223.pericarditis心包炎224.peritonitis腹膜炎225.sinusitis鼻窦炎226.otitismedia中耳炎227.tinnitus耳鸣228.upperrespiratorytractinfection上呼吸道感染229.bulgingtympanicmembrane鼓膜突出230.reducedmovementoninsufflationortympanography注气法或鼓室造影法显示活动减少231.facialpain面部疼痛232.congestion充血233.persistentnighttimecough持续夜间咳嗽234.aspirationandcultureofsinusmaterial鼻窦分泌物吸出及培养235.parenteralpenicillinG静脉给予青霉素G236.thedrugofchoicefordisease首选药物237.50,000U/kgforminorinfectionsto300,000U/kgformeningitis轻度感染：50,000U/kg脑膜炎：300,000U/kg238.parenteralβ-lactamdrugs静脉给予β酰胺类药物239.ampicillin阿莫西林240.cefuroxime头孢呋辛241.penicillin-susceptiblestrains青霉素敏感的菌株242.offerlittleadvantageoverpenicillin与青霉素相比,没有特殊优势243.Macrolidesandcephalosporins大环酯类和头孢菌素类244.alternativesforpenicillin-allergicpatients青霉素过敏患者的替代药物245.clindamycin克林霉素246.tetracycline四环素247.trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲氧异恶唑248.Penicillin-resistantpneumococci耐青霉素的肺炎球菌249.tetracycline-,fluoroquinolone-andmacrolide-resistantstrains四环素耐药,氟喹诺酮类耐药,大环酯类耐药的菌株250.Multidrug-resistantstrains多重耐药菌251.alterationofpenicillin-bindingprotein<PBP>genes青霉素结合蛋白基因的改变252.transformationandhorizontaltransferofDNAfromrelatedstreptococcalspecies基因转导以及从链球菌传递的DNA253.loweraffinityforpenicillins与青霉素的亲和力下降254.specificPBP<s>andthenumberofPBPsaltered根据PBPs改变的类型和数量255.levelofresistancerangesfromintermediatetohigh耐药的程度分为中介耐药和高度耐药256.penicillinsusceptibilitybreakpoints青霉素敏感性折点257.susceptible≤0.06μg/mL;intermediate,0.12–1.0μg/mL;resistant≥2.0μg/mL敏感≤0.06μg/mL,中介0.12–1.0μg/mL；耐药≥2.0μg/mL258.werenotpredictiveoftheresponseof可以预测用药反应259.revisedpenicillinGbreakpoints修正的青霉素G折点260.ClinicalandLaboratoryStandardsInstitute临床与实验室标准学会260.Theuseofantibioticsselectsforresistantpneumococci抗生素的使用造成了耐药肺炎球菌的出现261.MICsof≥0.12μg/mLindicateresistance〔meningitisMIC大于0.12µg/mL意味着耐药〔脑膜炎262.thebreakpointsare≤2μg/mLforsusceptibleorganisms,4μg/mLforintermediateorganisms,and≥8μg/mLforresistantorganisms〔nonmeningitis敏感菌≤2μg/mL中介4μg/mL耐药≥8μg/mL〔非脑膜炎感染263.theInfectiousDiseasesSocietyofAmerica美国传染病协会264.AmericanThoracicSociety美国胸科学会265.theBritishThoracicSociety英国胸科学会266.theEuropeanResp