《大学综合英语》课件-Unit 4 Background information

Unit4DiogenesandAlexander1：DiogenesDiogenes

(第欧根尼)A17thcenturydepictionofDiogenesABriefIntroduction:aGreekphilosopher

knownasDiogenestheCynicborninSinope,in412or404BCEanddiedatCorinthin323BCEapupilofAntisthenesAntisthenesbeathimoffwithhisstick.Diogenessaid,“Strike,foryouwillfindnowoodhardenoughtokeepmeawayfromyou,solongasIthinkyou’vesomethingtosay.”AlexandertheGreatvisitsDiogenesatCorinthA:I’mAlexanderthegreat.D:well,I’mDiogenesthedog.…A:Ishalldearlyliketoknowifthere’sanyfavorImightdoforyou,sirD:Yes,standoutofmysunlight.AchievementsoneofthefoundersofCynic(犬儒主义)philosophyTheideasofDiogenes,likethoseofmostotherCynics,

mustbearrivedatindirectly.Afterbeingexiled,hemovedtoAthensandcriticizedmanyculturalconventionsofthecity.DiogenesmodelledhimselfontheexampleofHeracles.Hebelievedthatvirtuewasbetterrevealedinactionthanintheory.InfluencesDiogenesusedhissimplelifestyleandbehaviour(whicharguablyresembledpoverty)tocriticizethesocialvaluesandinstitutionsofwhathesawasacorruptoratleastconfusedsociety.Diogenesmadeavirtueofpoverty.dog-likebehavior(likedogs,eatandmakeloveinpublic,gobarefoot,andsleepintubsandatcrossroads)Forhisvagrantlifestyle,Diogeneswasnicknamed“thedog”(fromwhichthename"cynic"isderived”);(Whywashecalledadog?Diogenes:"BecauseIfawnonthosewhogivemeanything,Iyelpatthosewhorefuse,andIsetmyteethinrascals.")StatueofDiogenesatSinop,Turkey2：AlexanderIntroduction:HewasborninPellain356BCanddiedinBabylonin323BC,thatis,hediedattheageof32.HewasKingofMacedoniawhenhewasattheageoftwenty.Hewasundefeatedinbattle.Heisconsideredabrilliantstrategistandoneofthegreatestmilitaryleadersintheworldhistory.HeisoftenreferredtoasAlexandertheGreat.Achievements:Attheageofeighteen,heplayedanimportantroleintheMacedonianconquestofGreece.In334BC:

1.conqueredAsiaMinor2.defeatedthePersianfleet3.marchedasfarasIndia4.marchedasfarsouthasEgyptUntilbytheageofthirty,hehadcreatedoneofthelargestempiresoftheancientworld,stretchingfromGreecetoEgyptandintonorthwestIndia.MapofAlexander'sempireandhisrouteInfluence:HiscampaignsgreatlyincreasedcontactsandtradebetweenEastandWest.Hisconquestscontributeculturalspread,suchasGreco-Buddhism（希腊式佛教）.HechangedthehistoryoftheworldbymakingHellenicGreekcivilizationdominantintheNearEastforaboutathousandyears.Heisoftenrankedamongthemostinfluentialpeopleinhumanhistory,alongwithhisteacherAristotle.AristotletutoringAlexander3：PlatoandAristotle

Plato

Abriefintroductionphilosopher,mathematicianthefounderoftheAcademythefirstinstitutionofhigherlearningthemostpivotalfigureinthedevelopmentofphilosophySchool

establishthefirstinstitutionofhigherlearningWork35piecesofwritingtoposterity

LawSymposiumRepublicPoliticalphilosopher

thequalityofgoodleadershipimportanceofvirtueandtranscendence(超越)forpoliticsCriticalthinking

toperceivewhatisinvisiblebutintelligible,thesoulthekeyvalues(Friendship,freedom,justice,wisdom,courage,andmoderation)toenjoytruehappinessremainvirtuousandrememberGodTheacademy--theschoolhefoundedin385B.C.E.,becamethemodelforotherschoolsofhigherlearningandlaterforEuropeanuniversitiesThephilosophy--theusageofdialectic（辩证主义）,amethodofdiscussion,cognitiveoptimism（认知乐观主义）,abelieftoattainthetruthandtousethistruthfortherationalandvirtuousorderingofhumanaffairsUnityofsociety--Thebest,rationalandrighteous,politicalorder,leadstoaharmonious

unityofsocietyandallowseachofitspartstoflourish,butnotattheexpenseofothersAbriefintroductionGreekphilosopherscientistLibrary--establishedalibraryintheLyceumEmpiricism（经验论）--allpeoples'conceptsandalloftheirknowledgewasultimatelybasedonperceptionPhysicalscience—medieval(中世纪的)scholarship

Metaphysics（形而上学）--Judeo-IslamicphilosophicalandtheologicalthoughtandChristiantheologyWork--physics,biology,zoology,metaphysics,logic,ethics,aesthetics,poetry,theater,music,rhetoric,linguistics,politicsandgovernmentAristotlewasthefounderofformallogic,pioneeredthestudyofzoology,andlefteveryfuturescientistandphilosopherinhisdebt.TheinfluenceofAristotle'serrorsisconsideredbysometohaveheldbackscience

considerably.Aristotle'sinfluenceoverAlexandertheGreatisseeninthelatter'sbringingwithhimonhisexpeditionahostofzoologists,botanists,andresearchers.InfluenceonByzantine

scholarsInfluenceonIslamictheologiansAristotlewasoneofthemostreveredWesternthinkersinearlyIslamictheology.InfluenceonWesternChristiantheologiansThesethinkersblendedAristotelianphilosophywithChristianity,bringingthethoughtofAncientGreeceintotheMiddleAges.ItrequiredarepudiationofsomeAristotelianprinciplesforthesciencesandtheartstofreethemselvesforthediscoveryofmodernscientificlawsandempiricalmethods.4：HerculesandhislaborsWhoisHercules?TheproblemThetwelveLaborsWhoisHercules?HerculesisaGreekdivinehero.HisparentswasZeusandAlcmene.Inclassicalmythology,heisfamousforhisstrengthandforhisnumerousfar-rangingadventures.Megara-firstwifeDeianira-secondwifeTheproblemHerawasdeterminedtomakeproblemsforHerculesandmadehimlosehismind.Inaconfusedandangrystate;hekilledhiswifeandchildren.HeprayedtoApolloforforgiveness.Thegod’soracletoldhimhewouldhavetoserveEurystheus,hekingofTirynsandMycenae,fortwelveyears,inpunishmentforthemurders.ThetwelveLabors1.TosavethepeopleofNemeafromavoraciouslionsentbyJuno.2.ToovercometheLernaeanHydra,amulti-headedmonsterwhoemitspoisonousfumesfromitsbody.3.TocapturetheGoldenHindofArtemis.

Herculesmustpursuethestagforawholeyear.4.TocapturetheErymantheanboar,whichhebroughtback,vanquished,onhisshoulders.5.Cleanthe

Augeanstablesinasingleday.6.ToridthelandofcarniverousStymphalianbirds.7.ToreturnthesacredbullonceownedbyNeptunetoEurystheus.8.TodriveawaythemaresofDiomedes,whofeedonhumanflesh.9.ToobtainthegirdleoftheAmazonQueenHippolytaforAdmeta,Eurystheus'sdaughter.10.Tosecureaherdofoxenbelongingtothethree-headedmonsterGeryoneus,andbringthemtoEurystheus.11.TofindtheGardenofHesperidesandobtainthegoldenappleswhichgrowthereforEurystheus.12.TobringthethreeheadeddogCerberusfromtheunderworldwithoutusinganyweapons.WhenHerculesdoesthisandthenreturnstheCerberustotheunderworld'sking,hehascompletedhistasks.5：CynicismContentGeneralideaPhilosophersPrinciplesGeneralIdea

Cynicismisaschool

ofAncientGreekphilosophyaspracticedbythecynics.Forthecynics,thepurposeoflifewastoliveinvirtue,

inagreementwithnature.Asreasoningcreatures,peoplecouldgainhappinessbyrigoroustrainingandbylivinginawaywhichwasnaturalforthemselves,rejectingallconventionaldesiresforwealth,power,sex,andfame.Instead,theyweretoleadasimplelifefreefromallpossessions.Theyalsobelievedthattheworldbelongedtoeveryone,andthatsufferingwascausedbyfalsejudgmentsofwhatwasvaluableandbytheworthlesscustomsandconventionswhichsurroundedsociety.Philosophers

Antisthenes,whohadbeenapupilofSocratesinthelate5thcenturyBC.Diogenes,wholivedinatubonthestreetsofAthens.Diogenestookcynicismtoitslogicalextremes,andcametobeseenasthearchetypalcynicphilosopher.AntisthenesDiogenesPrinciples1.The

goal

of

life

is

eudemonia

and

mental

clarity

or

lucidity

,freedom

from

smoke

which

signified

ignorance,

mindlessness,

folly,

and

conceit.2.Eudaimonia

is

achieved

by

living

in

accord

withNature

as

understood

by

human

reason.3.Arrogance

is

caused

by

false

judgments

of

value,which

cause

negativeemotions,

unnatural

desires,

and

a

viciouscharacter.4.Eudaimonia,

or

human

flourishing,

depends

on

self-sufficiency,

equanimity,

love

of

humanityand

indifference

to

the

vicissitudes

of

life.5.One

progresses

towards

flourishing

and

clarity

through

ascetic

practices

which

help

one

become

freefrom

influences

such

as

wealth,

fame,

and

power

that

have

no

value

in

Nature.

Examples

include

Diogenes'

practice

of

livingin

a

tub

and

walking

barefoot

in

winter.6.A

cynic

practices

shamelessness

or

impudenceanddefaces

the

innerrule

of

society,

the

laws,

customs,

and

social

conventions

which

people

take

for

granted.

6：ContrastandComparison

（awritingtechnique）Thefocusofcontrastandcomparison:Contrast:focusesondifferencesComparison:focusesonsimilaritiesThepurposesofComparisonandContrastpresentinformationaboutsomethingunfamiliarbycomparingitwithsomethingfamiliarshowthesuperiorityofonethingbycontrastingitwithanothershowthesimilaritiesordifferencesoftwothings

Thesignalwordsofcomparisonlikealikesimilartoincommonresemblecompareeitherornotonly…butalso…both…and…andsoon.

Thesignalwordsofcontrastbedifferentfromdifferfromunlikeincontrasttofaster…thantaller…thanthoughbutandsoonComparingitems:Applesandorangesarebothfruit.They’rebothfood.Botharemadeintojuice.

Contrastingitems:Applesarered.Orangeareorange.Thefruitshavedifferenttextures.PatternoforganizationAcomparison/contrastessayusuall