2019年考研英语真题及解析答案

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)真题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)weliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsareavailableonoursmartphone1ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphones2onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize.3yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou4can`tfindnorth,afewtrickstohelpyounavigate5tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland.Whenyoufindyourselfwell6atrail,butnotinacompletely7area,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:Which8isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater.9,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH2Oyoufind,youshould10seesignsofpeople.Ifyou’veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights—youmaybehowquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.Another12:Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13,evenindenseforest,youshouldableto14gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve15thewoods.Headtowardthese16tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizonfor17lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.18,assumingyou’relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe19weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan20youtocivilization.1.[A]Some[B]Most[C]Few[D]All2.[A]put[B]take[C]run[D]come3.[A]Since[B]If[C]Though[D]Until4.[A]formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally5.[A]back[B]next[C]around[D]away6.[A]onto[B]off[C]across[D]alone7.[A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar8.[A]site[B]point[C]way[D]place9.[A]So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D]Besides10.[A]immediately[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedly[D]eventually11.[A]surprised[B]annoyed[C]frightened[D]confused12.[A]problem[B]option[C]view[D]result13.[A]Aboveall[B]Incontrast[C]Onaverage[D]Forexample14.[A]bridge[B]avoid[C]spot[D]separate15.[A]form[B]through[C]beyond[D]under16.[A]posts[B]links[C]shades[D]breaks17.[A]artificial[B]mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited18.[A]Finally[B]Consequently[C]incidentally[D]Generally19.[A]memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings20.[A]restrict[B]adopt[C]lead[D]expose1SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis“clawback”ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:morelongtermdecision-makingnotonlybybanksbutbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.“Short-termism”orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland’stopeconomist.AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike“Childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce”ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm’seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed“quarterlycapitalism”Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshortersattentionspansinfinancialmarkets.“Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,”saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyAclof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce“short-termism.”InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat“asubstantialpart”ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage“long-termism，”suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain'snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisthe[A].enhancebankers’senseofresponsibility[B].helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits[C].buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation[D].guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutivesAlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate[A].theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits[B].governments’impatienceindecision-making[C].thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies[D].“short-termism”ineconomicactivitiesItisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe[A].indirect [B].adverse [C].minimal [D].temporaryTheUSandFranceexamplesandusedtoillustrate[A].theobstaclestopreventing“short-termism”.[B].thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.2[C].theapproachestopromoting“long-termism”.[D].theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A].FailureofQuarterlyCapitalism[B].PatienceasaCorporateVirtue[C].DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives[D].FrustrationofRisk-takingBankersText2Gradeinflation—thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthepastfewdecades—isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce—apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled“gradeforgiveness”—ishelpingraiseGPAs.Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent’soverallGPA.Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.“Untimely,”saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity’sregistrar,“weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcontentsormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.”Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges’ownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention—sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents—who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill—feelthey’vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers’expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible—oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students’andcolleges’incentivesseemtobealigned.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?[A].Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.[B].Students’indifferencetoGPAS.[C].Colleges’neglectofGPAS.[D].Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?[A].helpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.[B].Tomaintaincolleges’graduationrates.[C].Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.[D].Toincreaseuniversities'incomefromtuition.AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablescollegesto[A].obtainmorefinancialsupport.[B].boosttheirstudentenrollments.3[C].improvetheirteachingquality.[D].meetlocalgovernments'needs.Whatdoesthephrase“tobealigned”(Line5,Para.6)mostprobablymean?[A].counterbalanceeachother.[B].complementeachother.[C].beidenticalwitheachother.[D].Tobecontradictorytoeachother.Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby[A].assessingitsfeasibility.[B].analyzingthecausesbehindit.[C].comparingdifferentviewsonit.[D].listingitslong-runeffects.Text3ThisyearmarksexactlytwocenturiessincethepublicationofFrankenstein;or,TheModernPrometheus,byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raisesfundamentalquestions:“Whatisintelligence,identity,orconsciousness?Whatmakeshumanshumans?”Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitatethewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas“Westworld”and“Humans”.Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalonereproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist.“Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.”Butthatdoesn’tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren’tathand.Thecominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybeacomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,andwhattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.AI“vision”todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,“youquicklygetintoalotofethicalquestions,”notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagencythatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofAI.AlongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.IndiareleaseditsAIethicsstrategythisspring.OnJune7Googlepledgednotto“designordeployAl”thatwouldcause“overallharm,”ortodevelopAl-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethatwouldviolateinternationalnorms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.SodoestheideathatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligentmachinesreflectshumanity’shighestvalues?OnlythenwilltheybeusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein’sout-of-controlmonster.MaryShelley’snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseit[A].fascinatesAlscientistsallovertheworld.[B].hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years.[C].involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAltoday.[D].hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies4InDavidEagleman’sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousness[A].helpsexplainartificialintelligence.[B].canbemisleadingtorobotmaking.[C].inspirespopularsci-fiTVseries.[D].istoolimitedforustoreproduceitThesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehicles[A].canhardlyeverbefound.[B].isstillbeyondourcapacity.[C].causeslittlepublicconcern.[D].hasarousedmuchcuriosity.Theauthor'sattitudetowardGoogle'spledgesisoneof[A].affirmation[B].skepticism.[C].contempt[D].respect.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A].Future:IntheHandsofGiants[B].Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAl[C].TheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitable[D].AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControlText4StateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.TheSupremeCourt’sopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecisionsthatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippingacustomer’spurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn’thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasawarehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn’thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselvesiftheyweren’tchargedit,butmostdidn’trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed.“EachyearthephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestotheStates,”hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.Kennedywrotethattherule“limitedstate’'abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield.”Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,sincetheyusuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.rivalswillbechargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn’tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseisbeingshippedto.A,withitsnetworkofwarehouses,alsocollectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon’thaveto.Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateorafewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddressesoutsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsforsmallersellers,alsohaven’tbeencollectingsalestaxnationwide.UndertherulingThursday,statescanpasslawsrequiringout-of-statesellerstocollectthestate’ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendittothestate.Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocalandonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,areonline-onlyretailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwithvariousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusiness&EntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinastatement,“Smallbusinessesandinternetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythisdecision.”5TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywill[A].Dettebusiness’revolutionswithstates[B].putmostonlinebusinessinadilemma[C].makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax[D].forcesomestatestocutsalestaxItcanbelearnedfromparagraphs2and3thattheoverruleddecision.haveledtothedominanceofe-commerce.havecostconsumersalotovertheyears[C].werewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchases[D].wereconsiderunfavorablebystatesAccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehas[A].hinderedeconomicdevelopment.[B].broughtprosperitytothecountry[C].harmedfairmarketcompetition[D].boostedgrowthinstates’revenueWhoaremostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling[A].Internetenterpreneurs[B].Big-chairowners[C].Third-partysellers[D].SmallretailersIndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,theauthor[A].givesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconsequences[B].describesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmaking[C].presentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthem[D].citiessomesacesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplicationsPartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument-notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissuesthatdividepeople.learningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandworktogetherwiththem.Ifwereadjustourviewofarguments–fromaverbalfightortennisgametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainmutualrespect,andunderstanding---thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeansto“win”anargument.Ofcourse,manydiscussionsarenotsosuccessful.Still,weneedtobecarefulnottoaccuseopponentsofbadargumentstooquickly.needtolearnhowtoevaluatethemproperly.Alargepartofevaluationiscallingoutbadarguments,butwealsoneedtoadmitgoodargumentsbyopponentsandtoapplythesamecriticalstandardstoourselves.Humilityrequiresyoutorecognizeweaknessinyourownargumentsandsometimesalsotoacceptreasonsontheoppsiteside.Noneofthesewillbeeasybutyoucanstartevenifothersrefuseto.Nexttimeyoustateyourposition,formulateanargumentforwhatyouclaimandhonestlyaskyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.Nexttimeyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirview.Spellouttheirargumentfullyandcharitably.Assessitsstrengthimpartially.Raiseobjectionsandlistencarefullytotheirreplies.Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoftenthinkofthem.Likephysicalfights,verbalfightscanleavebothsidesbloodied.Evenwhenyouwin,youendupnobetteroff.prospectswouldbealmostasdismalifargumentswereevenjustcompetitions-like,tennisgames.Pairsofopponentshittheballbackandforthuntilonewinneremergesfromallwhoentered.Everybodyelseloses.Thiskindofthinkingiswhyso6manypeopletrytoavoidarguments,especiallyaboutpoliticsandreligion.Inhis1936workHowtoFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegiewrote:"Thereisonlyoneway...togetthebestofanargument-andthatistoavoidit."Thisaversiontoargumentsiscommon,butitdependsonamistakenviewofargumentsthatcausesprofoundproblemsforourpersonalandsociallives-andinmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace.Theseviewsofargumentsalsounderminereason.Ifyouseeaconversationasafightorcompetition,youcanwinbycheatingaslongasyoudon’tgetcaught.willbehappytoconvincepeoplewithbadarguments.cancalltheirviewsstupid,orjokeabouthowignoranttheyare.Noneofthesetrickswillhelpyouunderstandthem,theirpositionsortheissuesthatdivideyou,buttheycanhelpyouwin-inoneThereisabetterwaytowinarguments.Imaginethatyoufavorincreasingtheminimumwageinourstate,andIdonot.Ifyouyell,Iyell.“No,”neitherofuslearnsanything.neitherunderstandnorrespecteachother,andwehavenobasisforcompromiseorcooperation.Incontrast,supposeyougiveareasonableargument:thatfull-timeworkersshouldnothavetoliveinpoverty.ThenIcounterwithanotherreasonableargument:thatahigherminimumwagewillforcebusinessestoemployfewerpeopleforlesstime.Nowwecanunderstandeachother’spositionsandrecognizeoursharedvalues,sincewebothcareaboutneedyworkers.41.→42.→F→43.→44.→C→45.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)ItwasonlyafterIstartedtowriteaweeklycolumnaboutthemedicaljournals,andbegantoreadscientificpapersfrombeginningtoend,thatIrealizedjusthowbadofthemedicalliteraturefrequentlywas.Icametorecognisevarioussignsofabadpaper:thekindofpaperthatpurportstoshowthatpeoplewhoeatmorethanonekiloofbroccoliaweekwere1.17timesmorelikelythanthosewhoeatlesstosufferlateinlifefromperniciousanaemia.46)Thereisagreatdealofthiskindofnonsenseinthemedicaljournalswhich,whentakenupbybroadcastersandthelaypress,generatesbothhealthscaresandshort-liveddietaryenthusiasms.Whyissomuchbadsciencepublished?Arecentpaper,titled‘TheNaturalSelectionofBadScience”,publishedontheRoyalSociety’sopensciencewebsite,attemptstoanswerthisintriguingandimportantquestion.Itsaysthattheproblemisnotmerelythatpeopledobadscience,butthatourcurrentsystemofcareeradvancementpositivelyencouragesit.Whatisimportantisnottruth,butpublication,whichhasbecomealmostanendinitself.Therehasbeenakindofinflationaryprocessatwork:47)nowadaysanyoneapplyingforaresearchposthastohavepublishedtwicethenumberofpapersthatwouldhavebeenrequiredforthesamepostonly10yearsago.Nevermindthequality,then,countthenumber.48)Attemptshavebeenmadetocurbthistendency,forexample,bytryingtoincorporatesomemeasureofqualityaswellasquantityintotheassessmentofanapplicant’spapers.Thisisthefamedcitationindex,thatistosaythenumberoftimesapaperhasbeenquotedelsewhereinthescientificliterature,theassumptionbeingthatanimportantpaperwillbecitedmoreoftenthanoneofsmallaccount.49)Thiswouldbereasonableifitwerenotforthefactthatscientistscaneasilyarrangetocitethemselvesintheirfuturepublications,orgetassociatestodosofortheminreturnforsimilarfavors.Boilingdownanindividual’soutputtosimplemetrics,suchasnumberofpublicationsorjournalimpacts,entailsconsiderablesavingsintime,energyandambiguity.Unfortunately,thelong-termcostsofusingsimplequantitativemetricstoassessresearchermeritarelikelytobequitegreat.50)Ifweareseriousaboutensuringthatourscienceisbothmeaningfulandreproducible,wemustensurethatourinstitutionsencouragethatkindofscience.7Thereisagreatdealofthiskindofnonsenseinthemedicaljournalswhich,whentakenupbybroadcastersandthelaypress,generatesbothhealthscaresandshort-liveddietaryenthusiasms.Nowadaysanyoneapplyingforaresearchposthastohavepublishedtwicethenumberofpapersthatwouldhavebeenrequiredforthesamepostonly10yearsago.Attemptshavebeenmadetocurbthistendency,forexample,bytryingtoincorporatesomemeasureofqualityaswellasquantityintotheassessmentofanapplicant’spapers.Thiswouldbereasonableifitwerenotforthefactthatscientistscaneasilyarrangetocitethemselvesintheirfuturepublicationorgetassociatestodosofortheminreturnforsimilarfavors.Ifweareseriousaboutensuringthatourscienceisbothmeaningfulandreproducible,wemustensurethatourinstitutionsencouragethatkindofscience.SectionIIIWritingPartADirections：Supposeyouareworkingforthe“AidingruralPrimarySchool”projectofyouruniversitywriteanemailtoanswertheinquiryfromaninternationalstudentvolunteer,specifyingthedetailsoftheproject.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsneatlyontheANSEWERSHEETDonotuseyourownnameintheemail.Use“LiMing”instead.(10points)PartBDirections：Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthepicturebelow.Inyouressay,youshoulddescribethepicturesbrieflyinterpretthemeaningandgiveyourcommentsYoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)82019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案详解SectionIUseofEnglish1、【答案】C.Few 【试题考点】词义辨析和上下文语境【解析】此题词义辨析和上下文语境。首句为主题句：今天，我们生活在一个GPS系统数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上唾手可得的世界空格所在句指出：我们中 在没有电话个人GPS或其他导航工具的情况下直接走进树林本句有without与few构成双重否定表肯定，根据语义应该填入few(几乎没有人)，符合文意。2、【答案】C.run 【试题考点】词组搭配【解析】此题考查词组搭配。runonbattery表示手机用电池发动，运行。其他选项：Puton(穿上;使运转);takeon(承担;呈现);comeon(快点;开始)，语义不通顺。故正确答案为[C]run。3、【答案】B.If 【试题考点】逻辑关系你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷if(如果)符合上下文的表达。其余选项：Since因为;自从though虽然until直到)带入后，语义不通顺。故正确答案为[BIf。4、【答案】D.literally【试题考点】词义辨析【解析空格所在句译文： 你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路， 找不到北方我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航 文明此处literally表示确实地真正地带入原文语义通顺你的确找不到北方其余选项(正式地相对地逐渐地)带入后，语义不通顺。故正确答案为[D]literally.5、【答案】A.back 【试题考点】词义辨析和上下文语境【解析空格所在句译文： 你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路， 找不到北方我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航 文明。前文讲lost(迷路)，此处填入back(回到)文明之地相互呼应，故正确答案为[A]back。6、【答案】[B]off 【试题考点】词义辨析和词组搭配【解析此处考察词义辨析和词组搭配空格所在句的句意为当你 路径但不完全 的区域你需要回答两个问题在这个特殊区域哪儿条路是下坡?哪儿里有最近的水源?通过后半句的问题，能够了解到前面是当你偏离轨道，迷失踪迹的时候。B选项off(远离，离开)符合语义要求;A选项onto(在...之上)，C选项across(穿过，横穿)，D选项alone(独自地，单独地)带入空格后，语义不通顺，均排除。故正确答案为B选项off。7、【答案】[D]unfamiliar 【试题考点】词义辨析butDunfamiliar(不熟悉的，不常见的)符合要求;A选项unattractive(不吸引人的uncrowded(unchanged(未改变的，无变化的)带入后，语义不通顺。故正确答案为[D]unfamiliar。8、【答案】[C]way 【试题考点】词义辨析和上下文语境【解析】此处考察词义辨析和上下文语境。空格所在句的句意：你需要回答两个问题：在这个特殊区域，哪儿个 是下坡?哪儿里有最近的水源?空格处所需的名词需要符合上下文语境C选项way(道路)符合语义要求;A选项site(地点位置，场所)，B选项point(要点选项place(地方地点)带入空格后语义不通顺均排除故正确答案为C选项way。9、【答案】[A]So 【试题考点】逻辑关系【解析此处考察词逻辑关系空格所在句的前一句指出生活在山谷中的人基本都靠淡水为生。后面也就是空格所在句： 如果你下山，沿着水走，你会发现人类的迹象很明显空格处所填入的连词和前面构成因果的逻辑关系只有A选项So(所以因此)符合要求;B选项Yet(但是，然而)，C选Instead(代替，反而)，D选项Besides(此外，而且)带入后，语义不通顺。故正确答案为[A]So。10、【答案】[D]e