绿色建筑中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料翻译外文文献：EvaluatingWaterConservationMeasuresForGreenBuildingInTaiwanGreenBuildingevaluationisanewsysteminwhichwaterconservationisprioritizedasoneofitssevencategoriesforsavingwaterresourcesthroughbuildingequipmentdesigninTaiwan.ThispaperintroducestheGreenBuildingprogramandproposesawaterconservationindexwithquantitativemethodologyandcasestudy.Thisevaluationindexinvolvesstandardizedscientificquantificationandcanbeusedinthepre-designstagetoobtaintheexpectedresult.ThemeasureofevaluationindexisalsobasedontheessentialresearchinTaiwanandisapracticalandapplicableapproach.Keywords:GreenBuilding;Evaluationsystem;Waterconservation;Buildingequipment1.IntroductionTheenvironmentwasanissueofdeepglobalconcernthroughoutthelatterhalfofthe20thcentury.Freshwatershortagesandpollutionarebecomingoneofthemostcriticalglobalproblems.Manyorganizationsandconferencesconcerningwaterresourcepolicyandissueshavereachedtheconsensusthatwatershortagesmaycausewarinthe21stcentury[1],ifnotabettersolution.Actually,Taiwanisalreadyexperiencingsignificantdiscordoverwatersupply.Buildingnewdamsisnolongeranacceptablesolutiontothecurrentwatershortageproblems,becauseoftheconsequentenvironmentalproblems.Previousstudieshaveconcludedthatwatersavingsarenecessarynotonlyforwaterconservationbutalsoforreducingenergyconsumption[2,3].TaiwanislocatedintheAsianmonsoonareaandhasanabundantsupplyofrainwater.Annualprecipitationaveragesaround2500mm.However,watershortageshaverecentlybeenacriticalproblemduringthedryseason.Thecrucial,centralissueistheunevendistributionoftorrentialrain,steephillsides,andshortrivers.Furthermore,theheavydemandfordomesticwateruseinmunicipalareas,andthedifficultiesinbuildingnewreservoirsarealsocriticalfactors.Governmentdepartmentsareendeavoringtospreadpubliclytheconceptofwater-conservation.Whileindustryandcommercehavemadeexcellentprogressinwaterconservation,progressamongthepublichasbeenextremelyslow.Duetothisglobaltrend,theArchitectureandBuildingResearchInstitute(ABRI),MinistryofInteriorinTaiwan,proposedthe“GreenBuilding”conceptandbuilttheevaluationsystem.Inordertosavewaterresourcesthroughbuildingequipmentdesign,thissystemprioritizeswaterconservationasoneofitssevencategories.ThispaperfocusesonthewaterconservationmeasuresforGreenBuildinginTaiwanandaquantitativeprocedureforprovingwater-savingefficiency.Thepurposeofthisworkisnotonlyaimedatsavingwaterresources,butalsoatreducingtheenvironmentalimpactontheearth.2.WaterconservationindexThewaterconservationindexistheratiooftheactualquantityofwaterconsumedinabuildingtotheaveragewater-consumptioningeneral.Theindexisalsocalled,“thewatersavingrate”.Evaluationsofthewater-consumptionquantityincludetheevaluationtothewater-savingefficiencywithinkitchens,bathroomsandallwatertaps,aswellastherecyclingofrainandthesecondhandintermediatewater.2.1.GoalofusingthewaterconservationindexAlthoughTaiwanhasplentyofrain,duetoitslargepopulation,theaveragerainfallfordistributiontoeachindividualispoorcomparedtotheworldaverageasshowninFig.1.Thus,Taiwanisreverselyacountryshortofwater.Yet,therecentimprovementsincitizens’standardsoflivinghaveledtoabigincreaseintheamountofwaterneededincities,asshowninFig.2,which,accompaniedbythedifficultyofobtainingnewwaterresources,makesthewatershortageproblemevenworse.Duetotheimproperwaterfacilitiesdesignsinthepast,thelowwaterfee,andtheusualpracticalbehaviorofpeoplewhenusingwater,Taiwanesepeoplehavetendedtousealargequantityoftapwater.In1990,theaveragewater-consumptionquantityinTaiwanwas350lperpersonperday,whereasinGermanyitisabout145lperpersonperday,andinSingaporeabout150lperpersonperday.ThesestatisticsrevealtheneedforTaiwanesepeopletosavewater.Thepromotionofbetter-designedfacilitieswhichfacilitatewater-savingwillbecomeanewtrendamongthepublicanddesigners,becauseofconcernsforenvironmentalprotection.Thewaterconservationindexwasalsodesignedtoencourageutilizationoftherain,recyclingofwaterusedineverydaylifeanduseofwater-savingequipmenttoreducetheexpenditureofwaterandthussavewaterresources.2.2.MethodologyforefficientuseofwaterresourcesSomeconstructionconsiderationsandbuildingsystemdesignsforeffectiveuseofwaterresourcesaredescribedbelow.2.2.1.Usewater-conservationequipmentAresearchofhouseholdtap-waterconsumptionrevealedthattheproportionofthewaterusedinflushingtoiletsandinbathing,amountstoapproximately50%ofthetotalhouseholdwaterconsumption,asgiveninTable1.Manyconstructiondesignershavetendedtouseluxuriouswaterfacilitiesinhousing,andmuchwaterhasthusbeenwasted.Theuseofwater-savingequipmenttoreplacesuchfacilitiesiscertaintosavealargeamountofwater.Forexample,theamountsofwaterusedintakingashowerandhavingabathisquitedifferent.Asingleshowerusesaround70lofwater,whereasabathusesaround150l.Furthermore,currentconstructiondesignsforhousinginTaiwantendtoputtwosetsofbathtubsandtoilets,andquiteafewfamilieshavetheirownmassagebathtubs.Suchasituationcanbeimprovedonlybyremovingthetubsandreplacingthemwithshowernozzles,sothatmorewatercanbepossiblysaved.Thecommonlyusedwater-savingdevicesinTaiwannowincludenew-stylewatertaps,water-savingtoilets,two-sectionedwaterclosets,water-savingshowernozzles,andauto-sensorflushingdevicesystems,etc.Water-savingdevicescanbeusednotonlyforhousing,butalsoinotherkindsofbuildings.Publicbuildings,inparticular,shouldtaketheleadinusingwater-savingdevices.2.2.2.Setuparain-storagewatersupplydeviceTherain-storagewatersupplydevicestoresrainusingnaturallandformsorman-madedevices,andthenusessimplewater-cleaningprocedurestomakeitavailableforuseinhouses.Raincanbeusednotonlyasasubstitutewatersupply,butalsoforrecontrol.Itsusealsohelpstodecreasethepeak-timewaterloadincities.TheannualaveragerainfallinTaiwanisabout2500mm,almosttriplebetterthantheglobalaverage.However,duetogeographiclimitations,wecouldnotbuildenoughwaterstoragedevices,suchasdams,tosavealltherain.Itisquiteapitythatannuallyabout80%oftheraininTaiwaniswastedandflowsdirectlyintothesea,withoutbeingsavedandstored.Therain-storagewatersupplysystemisusedwithawater-gatheringsystem,water-disposalsystem,water-storagesystemandwater-supplysystem.First,thewater-gatheringsystemgatherstherain.Then,thewaterflowstothewater-disposalsystemthroughpipes,beforebeingsenttothewater-storagesystem.Finally,itissenttotheusers’equipmentthroughanothersetofpipes.Usingthedrainontheroofofabuilding,leadingtotheundergroundwater-storagetrough,isconsideredaneffectivemeansofgatheringrain.Thewater,aftersimplewater-disposalprocesses,canbeusedforchoressuchashousecleaning,washingfloors,air-conditioningorwateringplants.2.2.3.EstablishingtheintermediatewatersystemIntermediatewateristhatgatheredfromtherainincities,andincludestherecycledwaste-waterwhichhasalreadybeendisposedofandcanbeusedrepeatedlyonlywithinacertainrange,butnotfordrinkingorhumancontact.Flushingthetoiletconsumes35%ofallwater.Ifeveryoneweretouseintermediatewatertoflushtoilets,muchwatercouldbeefficientlysaved.Large-scaleintermediatewatersystemdevicesaresuggestedtobebuiltupregularlywithinabigarea.Eachintermediatewatersystemdevicecangather,disposeandrecycleacertainquantityofwaste-waterfromnearbygovernmentbuildings,schools,residences,hotels,andotherbuildings.Theobtainedwatercanbeusedforflushingtoilets,washingcars,wateringplantsandcleaningthestreet,orforgardenuseandtosupplementthewaterofriversorlakes.Asmall-scaleintermediatewatersystemgatherswaste-waterfromeverydayuse,andthen,throughappropriatewater-disposalprocedures,improvesthewaterqualitytoacertainlevel,sothatfinallyitcanberepeatedlyusedfornon-drinkingwater.Thereareextensivewaystousetheintermediatewater.Itcanbeusedforsanitarypurposes,publicfountains,wateringdevicesingardensandwashingstreets.Inordertorecyclehighlypollutedwaste-water,ahighercostisneededforsettinguptheassociatedwater-disposaldevices,whicharemoreexpensiveandhavelesseconomicbenefitsthantherain-utilizationsystem.Exceptfortheintermediatewater-systemsetwithinasinglebuilding,ifwebuildthemwithinlarge-scalecommunitiesormajorconstructiondevelopmentprograms,thenitissuretosavemorewaterresourcesefficientlyandpositivelyforthewholecountryaswellasimprovetheenvironmentalsituation.4.MethodforassessingtherecyclingofrainSystemsforrecyclingrainandintermediatewaterarenotyeteconomicbeneficial,becauseofthelowwaterfeeandthehighcostofwater-disposalequipment.However,systemsforrecyclingrainareconsideredmoreeasilyadoptablethanthoseforrecyclingintermediatewater.Herein,amethodforassessingtherecyclingofrainisintroducedtocalculatetheratio(C)ofthewater-consumptionquantityoftherecycledrainwatertothetotalwater-consumption.4.1.CalculationbasisofrecyclingrainwaterThedesignerofasystemforrecyclingrainwatermustfirstdeterminethequantityofrainwaterandthedemand,whichwilldeterminetherainwatercollectiondeviceareaandthestoragetankvolume.Rainwaterquantitycanactuallybedeterminedbyasimpleequationinvolvingprecipitationandcollectiondevicearea.However,precipitationdoesnotfallevenlyspreadoveralldaysandlocations.Inparticular,rainisusuallyconcentratedincertainseasonsandlocations.Consequently,thecriticalpointoftheevaluationistoestimateandassessmeteorologicalprecipitation.Meteorologicalrecordsnormallyincludeyearly,monthly,dailyandhourlyprecipitation.Yearlyandmonthlyprecipitationissuitableforroughestimatesandinitialassessment.However,suchapproximationcreatesproblemsindeterminingtheareaoftherainwatercollectiondeviceandthevolumeofthestoragetank.Thus,dailyprecipitationhasbeenmostcommonlyconsidered.Hourlyprecipitationcouldtheoreticallysupportamoreaccurateassessment.However,owingtotheincreasingnumberofparametersandcalculationdataincreases,thecomplexityoftheprocessandthecalculationtime,resultininefficiencies.Herein,dailyprecipitationisadoptedinassessingrainwatersystemsusedinbuildings[4,7].4.3.CasestudyandanalysisFollowingtheaboveprocedure,aprimaryschoolbuildingwitharainwaterusesystemistakenasanexampleforsimulationandtoverifytheassessmentresults.ThisbuildingislocatedinTaipeicity,hasabuildingareaof1260mandatotalfloorareaof6960m;itisamulti-disciplineteachingbuilding.Roofingisestimatedtocover80%ofthebuildingarea,andtherainwatercollectionareacovers1008m.Rainwaterisusedasintermediatewaterfortherestrooms,andtheutilizationconditionissetat20mperday,whiletheoutflowcoefficient(Y)is0.9.AtypicalmeteorologicalprecipitationinTaipeiin1992wasadoptedasadatabase.Therainwaterstoragetankwassettoaninitialconditionbeforethesimulationprocedure.Herein,fourtankvolumeswereconsideredinthesimulationsofrainwaterutilization—15,25,50,100m.Theresultsindicatethatincreasedstoragetankvolumereducesoverflowandincreasestheutilizationofrainwater.Givena50mstoragetank,thequantityofrainwatercollectioncloselyapproachestheutilizationquantityofrainwater.Consequently,thisconditionobtainsastoragetankwitharoughlyadequatevolume.Whenthevolumeofthestoragetankis100m,theutilizationrateisalmost100%andtheoverflowquantityapproacheszero.Despitethisresultbeingfavorablewithrespecttoutilization,suchatankmayoccupymuchspaceandnegativelyimpactbuildingplanning.Consequently,thedesignconceptmustbalanceallthesefactors.Thebuildinginthiscaseissixfloorshigh,andtheroofareaissmallincomparisontothetotalfloorarea.Thewaterconsumptionofthewaterclosetperyear,butthemaximumrainwaterapproaches7280mcollectionis2136mperyear.Thus,significantreplenishmentfromtapwaterisrequired.Thisresultalsoleadstoaconclusionthathigh-risebuildingsuserainwatersystemslessefficientlythanotherbuildings.Lowerbuildings(e.g.lessthanthreefloors)havehighlyefficientrainwaterutilizationandthuslittleneedforreplenishmentofwaterfromthepotablewatersystem.Theefficiencyofrainwaterstoragetanksisassessedfromtheutilizationrateofrainwaterandthesubstitutionrateoftapwater.Differencesinannualprecipitationandrainfalldistributionyielddifferentresults.Figs.5and6illustratetheresultsofthementionedcalculationprocedure,toanalyzedifferencesinrainwaterutilizationandefficiencyassessment.Thesimulationrunsoveraperiodoftenyears,from1985to1994,andincludesstoragetankswithfourdifferentvolumes.Whenthevolumeoftherainwatertankis50m,theutilizationrateofrainwaterexceeds80%withabout25%substitutionwithtapwater.Usingthisapproachandtheassessmentprocedure,thevolumeofrainwaterstorageandtheperformanceofrainwaterusesystemsinbuildingdesign,canbedetermined.Intheformulaofthewaterconservationindex,Cisaspecialweightingforsomewaterrecyclingequipmentthatintermediateswaterorrain,andiscalculatedastheratioofthewater-consumptionquantityoftherecycledrainwatertothetotalwater-consumption.Therefore,thisassessmentprocedurecanalsoofferanapproximatevalueofCforthewaterconservationindex.5.Greenbuildinglabelandpolicy“GreenBuilding”iscalled“EnvironmentalCo-HabitualArchitecture”inJapan,“EcologicalBuilding”or“SustainableBuilding”inEuropeand“GreenBuildinginNorthAmericancountries.Manyfashionabletermssuchas“Greenconsumption”,“Greenliving”,“Greenillumination”havebeenbroadlyused.InTaiwan,currently,“Green”hasbeenusedasasymbolofenvironmentalprotectioninthecountry.TheConstructionResearchDepartmentoftheMinistryoftheInterioroftheExecutiveYuanhasdecidedtoadopttheterm“GreenBuilding”tosignifyecologicalandenvironmentalprotectionarchitectureinTaiwan.5.1.PrinciplesofevaluationGreenBuildingisageneralandsystematicmethodofdesigntoperusesustainablebuilding.Thisevaluationsystemisbasedonthefollowingprinciples:(1)Theevaluationindexshouldaccuratelyreflectenvironmentalprotectionfactorssuchasmaterial,water,landandclimate.(2)Theevaluationindexshouldinvolvestandardizedscientificquantification.(3)Theevaluationindexshouldnotincludetoomanyevaluationindexes;somesimilarqualityindexshouldbecombined.(4)Theevaluationindexshouldbeapproachableandconsistentwithrealexperience.(5)Theevaluationindexshouldnotinvolvesocialscientificevaluation.(6)Theevaluationindexshouldbeapplicabletothesub-tropicalclimateofTaiwan.(7)Theevaluationindexshouldbeapplicabletotheevaluationofcommunityorcongregateconstruction.(8)Theevaluationindexshouldbeusableinthepre-designstagetoyieldtheexpectedresult.Accordingtotheseprinciples,theseven-indexsystemshowninTable4isthecurrentGreenBuildingevaluationsystemusedinTaiwan.Thetheoryevaluatesbuildings’impactsontheenvironmentthroughtheinteractionof“EarthResourceInput”and“WasteOutput”.Practically,thedefinitionofGreenBuildinginTaiwanis“Consumetheleastearthresourceandcreatetheleastconstructionwaste”.Internationally,eachcountryhasadifferentwayofevaluatingGreenBuilding.Thissystemprovidesonlythebasicevaluationon“Lowenvironmentimpact”.Higherlevelissuessuchasbiologicaldiversity,healthandcomfortandcommunityconsciousnesswillnotbeevaluated.Thissystemonlyprovidesabasic,practicalandcontrollableenvironmentalprotectiontoolforinclusioninthegovernment’surgentconstructionenvironmentprotectionpolicy.The“GreenBuilding”logoissettoawardGreenBuildingdesignandencouragethegovernmentandprivatesectortopayattentiontoGreenBuildingdevelopment.Fig.7isthelogoofGreenBuildinginTaiwan[6,8].5.2.WaterconservationmeasureThispaperfocusesonwaterconservationindexingreenbuildingevaluationsystem.Waterconservationisacriticalcategoryofthisevaluationsystem,andisconsideredinrelationtosavingwaterresourcesthroughbuildingequipmentdesign.Thisevaluationindexcontainsstandardizedscientificquantificationandcanbeusedinthepre-designstagetoobtainthedesiredresult.TheevaluationindexisalsobasedonresearchinTaiwanandispracticallyapplicable.Usingwater-savingequipmentisthemosteffectivewayofsavingwater;usingtwo-sectionedwater-savingtoiletsandwater-savingshoweringdeviceswithoutabathtubareespeciallyeffective.Variousothertypesofwater-recyclingequipmentforreusingintermediatewaterandrainarealsoevaluated.Inparticular,rainwater-usesystemsinbuildingdesignsareencouraged.WhenacandidateforaGreenBuildingprojectintroduceswaterrecyclingsystemorarainwaterusesystem,theapplicantshouldproposeanappropriatecalculationreporttotherelevantcommitteetoverifyitswater-savingefficiency.ThisguidelineactuallyappearstobeareasonabletargetforperformingGreenBuildingpolicyinTaiwan.Anewbuildingcaneasilyreachtheabovewaterconservationindex.Thisevaluationsystemisdesignedtoencouragepeopletosavemorewater,eveninexistingbuildings.Allthisamountstosayingthatlarge-scalegovernmentconstructionprojectsshouldtaketheleadinusingsuchwater-savingdevices,asanexampletosociety.6.ConclusionThispaperintroducestheGreenBuildingprogramandproposesawaterconservationindexwithstandardizedscientificquantification.Thisevaluationindexcontainsstandardizedscientificquantificationandcanbeusedinthepre-designstagetoobtaintheexpectedresults.ThemeasureofevaluationindexisalsobasedontheessentialresearchonTaiwanandisapracticalandapplicableapproach.Theactualwater-savingrate(WR)forGreenBuildingprojectsshouldbe<0.8,andtheARofthewater-savingequipmentshouldbehigherthan0.8.Thus,qualifiedGreenBuildingprojectsshouldachieveawatersavingrateofover20%.Forthesustainablepolicy,thisprogramisaimednotonlyatsavingwaterresources,butalsoatreducingtheenvironmentalimpactontheearth.TheGreenBuildingLabelbegantobeimplementedfrom1stSeptember1999,andovertwentyprojectshavealreadybeenawardedtheGreenBuildingLabelinTaiwan,whilethenumberofapplicationscontinuestoincrease.Foracountrywithlimitedresourcesandahigh-densitypopulationlikeTaiwan,theGreenBuildingpolicyisimportantandrepresentsapositivefirststeptowardreducingenvironmentalimpactandpromotingsustainabledevelopment.译文：台湾的绿色建筑节约用水评价措施在台湾绿色建筑评价是一个新的制度，在它的一个7个类别中，通过建筑设备设计节省水资源，使水资源保护置于优先地位。本文介绍了绿色建筑计划，提出了节约用水指标用定量方法和案例研究。这个评价指标涉及到规范的科学量化，可用于预先设计阶段，以取得预期效果。在台湾这项措施的评价指标，也是基于一个现实的和适用的办法的必需研究。

关键词：绿色建筑;评价制度;节约用水;建筑设备1、导言环境问题在整个20世纪的后半段受到了全球深层关注。淡水短缺和污染正成为一个最严重的全球性问题之一。许多组织与会议就有关水资源政策和问题达成了共识：如果没有更好的解决方法，在21世纪水资源短缺可能导致战争[1]。其实，台湾已经经历了明显的不和谐的超负荷供水。由于相应的环境问题，建设新的水坝已不再是一个可以接受的解决当前的水资源短缺问题的办法。以前的研究得出结论：节水是必要的，不仅是为了节约用水，而且还为降低能源消耗[2,3]。

台湾位于亚洲季风区，可以获得充足的雨水。年降水量平均约为2500毫米。但是，最近一个关键的问题在旱季缺水。关键的、核心的问题是分布不均，暴雨，陡峭的山坡和短的河流。此外，为满足国内城市地区对水的大量利用需求，在用水困难的地区建设新的水库，也是至关重要的因素。

政府部门正全力传播众所周知的概念，节约用水。工业和商业在节约用水方面都取得了良好的进展，而公共场所在节约用水方面的进步却一直非常缓慢。由于全球性趋势，在台湾的建筑与建筑研究所（ABRI）还有财政部内部，提出"绿色建筑"的概念，并建立了评价指标体系。通过建筑设备的设计节省水资源。这个制度把优先节约用水作为它的一个七个类别之一。本文侧重于水资源的保护措施，为绿色建筑在台湾和用定量程序证明节水效率。这项工作的目的是，不仅是为节约水资源，而且还减少了在地球对环境的影响。2、节约用水指标

节约用水指标应是实际数量的水消耗在建筑物内，一般以平均水耗计。这个指数也被称为"节水率"。评价的水消费量，包括节水效率的评估，厨房，浴室和所有水龙头，以及回收的雨水和中水。2.1、使用节约用水指数的目标虽然台湾有很多的雨，由于其人口众多，平均雨量为分配给每一个人相比世界平均水平是很少的。如图1所示。因此，台湾是反而是用水紧缺的国家。然而，最近由于公民的生活水平的提高，导致城市用水需求较大幅度增长。并如图2所示，其中，再加上很难取得新的水资源，使水资源短缺问题更为严重。在过去由于不适当的供水设施的设计，低水费，以及人们在使用水的一般性行为，使台湾人往往使用了大量的自来水。在1990年，平均水的消费量在台湾每人每天是350升，而在德国每人每天约145升，和在新加坡每人每天约150升。这些统计数字显示，需要台湾人民节约用水。促进设计更好的节水设施，方便节水将成为一个新趋势，其中，市民和设计师，因为关注的环保问题。节约用水指数也旨在鼓励利用雨水，中水在日常生活中使用和使用节水型设备，以减少使用，从而节省水资源。2.2、有效利用水资源的方法

一些为有效利用水资源的施工考虑和建设系统设计描述如下面。2.2.1、使用节水型设备

研究家庭自来水消费显示，用在冲洗厕所和洗澡的比例大约占家庭总耗水量的50％，如所给表1。许多建筑设计师往往在房屋使用豪华的供水设施，以及大量的水造成浪费。使用节水型设备来取代这些设施可以节省大量的水。举例来说，用在淋浴间和浴室的水是不同的。一个单一的淋浴头使用70升左右的水，而用浴缸洗澡大约使用150升。此外，当前在台湾房屋的建筑设计往往设计两套浴缸和厕所，不少家庭都有自己的按摩浴缸。要使这种情况得以改善，只有通过淘汰浴缸和更换他们的淋浴喷头，以节约更多的水。现在在台湾普遍使用节水型设备包括新型水龙头，节水型厕所，多次使用水的壁橱，节水型淋浴喷头，自动传感器冲厕装置系统等。这些节水设备不仅用于房屋，而且还可用在其他类型的建筑物。如公共建筑物，特别是要带头使用节水型设备的公共建筑。2.2.2、建立一个雨水储存供水设备雨水储存供水设备储存雨水是利用自然地貌或人为制造的设备，利用简单的水净化程序，就可以供给用户使用。雨水不仅可以用来替代淡水供应，而且可以作为消防用水。它的使用可以减少雨水的高峰期对城市的负荷。在台湾平均每年降雨量是约2500毫米，几乎高于全球平均水平的三倍。然而，由于地域限制，我们无法建立足够的水存储设备，如水坝，以保存所有雨水。很可惜的是，在台湾每年约80％的雨水被浪费，没有被保存和储存，直接流入海中。雨水储存供应系统被作为雨水收集系统，水处置系统，蓄水系统和供水系统。首先，它作为雨水收集系统用来收集雨水。然后，水流通过管道流向水处理系统，之前被送到水的存储系统。最后，它通过另外的管道送到用户的设施。在建筑物屋顶上留下的雨水，可以流向地下蓄水槽。这被认为是一种收集雨水的有效手段。雨水经过简单处理，可用于杂务，如内务清洁，清洗地板，安装空调或浇灌植物。2.2.3、建立中水系统中水是从城市收集的雨水，并包括已处理完毕的再造废水，并可以在一定范围内反复使用，但不可饮用或与人接触。冲厕所消耗的中水占所有中水的35％。如果每个人使用中水冲洗马桶，大量饮用水可以有效地节约。建议在一个大的区域建立大型中级中水系统设备。每个中水系统的设备可以从附近的政府建筑物，学校，住宅，酒店，和其他建筑物收集，处理和回收一定数量的废水。所得到的水可用于冲洗厕所，清洗车辆，灌溉植物及清洗街道，或为花园使用，并补充河流或湖泊的水。一个小规模的中水系统从日常使用生活污水的收集废水，然后，通过适当的水处理过程，改善水质到一定程度，最后成为可以重复使用的非饮用水。有很多的地方使用中水。它可用于卫生目的，如公共喷泉，花园的灌溉设备和清洗街道。相比雨水利用系统，为了回收高污染废水，成本较高，因为需要设立相关的水处理设备，因而处理费用更加昂贵，并且产生较少的经济效益。除了设置在一定区域的中水系统，如果我们又在这些大型社区或大型建筑工程建立中水系统的发展计划，那就一定能有效地节约更多的水资源，而且积极的为整个国家改善环境作出贡献。4、回收雨水的评价方法因为水费低和水处理设备成本高，回收雨水和中水系统还不能产生很好的经济效益。然而，回收雨水系统比重谁更容易实施。在这里引入一种评估回收雨水的方法回收雨水的消耗占消耗水总量的比值。4.1、计算的基础上回收雨水设计一个循环回收雨水系统，首先要确定雨水的数量和需求，这将决定雨水收集装置区和储罐数量。雨水的数量其实由一个简单的方程式和收集降水装置区域决定。不过，降水不能均匀的分布