语法难句2013考研及长

PartOne英语语基本句型：简PartOne英语语基本句型：简单句&1．简单句的构Myfatherislisteningtothepopularmusicinthegarden.Thehandsomeboyismybrother.简单句的五种形式主语+谓语(不及物动词主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语主语+谓语+宾语+补语主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语主语+系动词+表语谓①②实义动及物动watch,不及物动系动②一些实义动词用作系动词：feel,taste,smell等HeisParentswatchTVeverynight.Myfathergavemesomeadvice.WecanmakeourcountryTheboyisthetallestinthe并列连接词并列关系句型：连接词有and,either…or…，neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…eg:LastyearImetKateandwebecamefriends.Eithermyunclecandoit,ormyauntcandoeg:Ithasnomouth,butitcantalk.对比关系的并列句型eg:Helikedsports,whileIwouldrathercollect主语——施动者或动作的主体宾语——受动者1通常主语和宾语由名词或通常主语和宾语由名词或代词构成Ilove（一）1.可数名①不定冠词：a/an，通常表示一，但是不强调数目，翻译时注意eg：GermanyisaEuropean②定冠词：表示特定或特eg：Isthisthebookthatyouarelooking定冠词还可以使用于一些比较独特的语言现象：如指代地球或宇宙这种独一无二的事the+名词：表示全部或者整eg：Doyouknowwhoinventedthecomputer？通常是物质名词或者抽象名词,其前可以不加任何东西，若有特指，可以加①apieceof+advice/bread/cloth/fortune/information②abitof、anitemof、anarticle名词在翻译中遇到的问题（1）不可数名词和可数名词间的转换形式sand＆sand（wood＆wood（goods，ash(2)名词的格：‟s以及of逻辑语义Rachel：I‟mCarol‟sex-husband'ssister'sDoctor：I‟myourroommate'sbrother'sex-wife'sobstetrician.(产科医生——老友of:理清逻辑语义，翻译方法：“AofB”翻译成“BThecomingofageofpost-warbabyboombroughtremarkableinfluenceuponAmerican特殊：Chinaisproudofitsfivethousandyearsofthehistoryand（二）人称代第一、二、三人称，主格、宾格、所有I,you,he,she,it,me,you,him,her,it,my,your,his,her,its.物主代①形容词性物主代词：my,your,his,her,our,their，后面加名词②名词性物主代词：mine,yours,his,hers,ours,theirs，后面不能加名词eg:MayIborrowyour3.反身代Mineis2通过反身代词指代主语，使动作发出者把动作在通过反身代词指代主语，使动作发出者把动作在形式上反射到发出者本人。强调人称问题eg：ImyselftookMarytothe4.指示代词：this,that,these,Icookedit一些比较重要的不定代词之间的区all,each,可分割的整体；each只能表示两个或两个以上的人，侧重个体；everyone等同于everybody，allpeople，指的是所有的人eg：Everyonethinkstheyhavetherighttobeeg：EveryoneofushasfaultsandEveryoneofthefilmswehaveshownthisyearhasbeenanonoone只能指人，none既可以指人，也可以指物，none后面还可以接eg：NoonefailedtheNoneofthestudentsfailedthe指代人，通常用于口语中书面语it用来指代时间、距离、温度、天气eg：It'sthreeyearssinceIsaweg：I'velostmybook.WhereisThereisnodoubtaboutitthathewasafineit做形式主eg：Isitpossibletolearntypewritingvery常见动词有：feel,consider,find,believe,make,takeimaginethinksuppose,regardeg：Shethinksitnousetellingme.Hehasmadeitclearthathewouldn'tagreetothe如何区分强调句中的it和形式主语中的it？eg：It'sclearthattheyhavewon.如果It'sthat去掉后，剩下的部分依然能构成完整的句子，就是强调句；否则，即形式主（三）数词分为基数词和序1.表示大约的词汇：about，approximately，around，roughly，some，moreorless,or3iteg：About200peoplewerekilledinthecrash.Thetownis5Milesorsofromhere.表示多于的词汇eg：About200peoplewerekilledinthecrash.Thetownis5Milesorsofromhere.表示多于的词汇：above，morethan,表示少于，不到的词汇：almost，below，lessthan,undereg：It's2:57,andit'salmost3o'clock一些可以直接表示数字的单词：dozen、score、decade、hundred、thousand、这些词前面出现基数词，表示确切的数时，不能加复数；若不能表明确切数字，只是大约有多少的时候，以上这些词不可以加确切的基数词，但是可以将其变为复数，后eg：Therearemillionsofkindsofmatterinthe（四）形容词和副形容词还可以做表语，放在be英语中有一些词语作表语和作定语时，含义会有所不同作定语时，表示特定的 AcertainMr.Wangjustcameheretolookfor作表语时，表示当然的，一定，相当于be作定语时，表示完全的作表语时，表示完成的或完作定语时，表示已故的作表语时，表示晚的、迟到的作定语时，表示现成的作表语时，表示准备好的、愿意做the+形容词：表示eg:theold,thepoor,theblind,therich,theyoung,the通常由副词构成，副词可以修饰动词，形容词，乃至整个句子其它副词通常是表示肯定的概念形容词和副词的（1）一些没supreme，inferior，junior，senior，prior，后面搭配的介词一般是to，而不用than. （2）同级比较和异级比较①同级比较4②异级比较：（倍数②异级比较：（倍数或修饰词，表示多或少）+比较级常见的修饰比较级的词有：much、still，even，byfar，abit，alittle,agooddeal或者倍eg：ThephotographyofMarstakenbysatellitearemuchclearerthanthosetakenfrom③比较级特殊用法词汇the+比较级：越来越eg：Heismorecleverthaneg：Theharderyouwork,themoreyouwill谓①②实义动及物动watch,不及物动系动主语+谓语(不及物动词主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语主语+谓语+宾语+补语主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语主语+系动词+表语谓语动词形式一:英语时1.一般现表示经常性、习惯性的动作eg：Igetupat7o'clockintheIleaveschoolforhomeat6everyeg：Theteachertoldus:theearthmovesaroundtheShanghailiesintheeastof2.一般过常用时间状语有：yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等eg：Did toShanghailast补充：usedto/beused一般过去式和过去完成时的（1）过去完成时：过去的过去eg：BeforeIcametoBeijing,Ihadstayedineg：Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadruneg：Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyou5WehadthoughtthatWehadthoughtthathewouldtakepartinthecompetition，buthe3.一般将eg：WhichparagraphshallIreadeg：WhatareyougoingtodoWhatwillyoudothisafternoon?will表示纯粹的将来；eg：Weareto/willdiscussthereportnextSaturday.（4）beaboutto不定式：意为马上做某事，后面不可以接时间状语eg：HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.注意一般现在时有时也可表将来eg：Thetrainleavesatsixtomorroweg：Whendoesthebusstar?Itstartsinten②在时间或条件句中，用一般现在时表将来eg：I'llwritetoyouassoonasIarrivein现在进行时也可表将来：通常用于口语，翻译为打算come,go,start,arrive,leave,stay等词可以用进行时表将来---Iamleavingforsomeimportant---OK,see4.现在完现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果对现在造成影响eg：IhavejustfinishedmyIthasrainedfor3过去时与现在完成时的区别eg：IcametoBeijinginIhavestayedinBeijingsince一般过去时常用时间状语：yesterday,lastweek，…agoin1980inOctober…（具体时间）现在完成时常用时间状语：for,since,sofar…（长期的段时间）eg：HehaddinnerwithmeIhaveplayedbasketballfor3现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live,teach,learn,work,study,know；过去时常用的非持续性动词有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,getmarried等；6eg：HegotmarriedtwoyearsIhavelivedineg：HegotmarriedtwoyearsIhavelivedinBeijingfor10用于现在完成时Itisthefirstsecondtimethat…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.ItwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenThisisthe…that…结构，that从句要用现在完成时ThisisthebestfilmthatI've(ever)Thisisthefirsttime(that)I'veheardhim典型例---Haveyou beentoourtown---No,it'sthefirsttimeI A.even,C.ever,B.even,haveD.ever,havelargestfishIhaveeverseen.Itiswasthefirsttimethat-clause的句型中，从句要用完成时since用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度eg：IhavelivedhereformorethantwentyIhavelivedheresinceIwaseg：Ihavelivedheretwentyyears错句：Ihaveworkedheresincemanysince句型：Itis+一段时间+since从句，since从句要用一般过去时eg：ItistwoyearssinceIbecameapostgraduateItisthreeyearssinceIjoinedthe进行时态：一般进行时，过去进行时，将来进行时eg：Ithasrainedfor3days.Ithasbeenrainingfor3eg：IhavebeenlearningEnglishfor5IhavebeenlearnedEnglishfor5谓语动词形式二:被动语be+动词过去分词egForestshavebeenTheyweregivenawarmsendTheirweddingwillbeheldintheeg：Thebookwaswritten20yearsago.①某些既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词用的动词，在他们作不及物动词用时，可以用主7，burn,well,easily,smoothly等。如Thecoatwasheswell.这件大衣很耐洗。②在beworthdoing句型中表示被动含义，如Thebookisworth③在need,want,require等后的动名词表示被动含义，如Theflowersneed④感官动词如feel,taste,smell,look等主动形式表示被动含义，如Thefishtastes谓语动词形式三:情态动词+动情态动词主要包括can,could,may,might,must,oughtto,shall,should,will,would,dare,need,haveto,usedto,hadbetter,wouldrather等。情态动词+动词原IcanswimacrosstheHeshouldhelpthepoorintheremoteYou'dbettertakeyourparents'adviceifyouwanttofulfillyourcould/might+have+动词过去分分※特殊语言现象：虚拟语would+have+过去分词shouldhave+过去分词英语复合（一）定语从句：用于关系词引导句子定语从句的IknowtheThegirlcomesfromIknowthegirlwhocomesfrom定语从句三①先找出两个句子中相同的名②判断名词是人还是物，人who/that③将who/that/which引导的句子放于相同的名词后IlikereadingThebookswerewrittenbyO.Ilikereadingbookswhich/thatwerewrittenbyO.eg：HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Leehassaid?eg：Thisistheonlywaythatwecanthink③如果先行词中出现了序数词和形容词eg：ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveever8④如果先行词中即有人，又有物eg④如果先行词中即有人，又有物eg：Theyaretalkingabouttheschoolandtheteachersthattheyvisited1.谓语动词（结构）lookfor系紧lookat关系疏任何位置的改动；如果谓语结构和介词关系疏远，介词一般提到which/who的前面；Thisisthebookwhichyouarelookingfor.Thisisthebookatwhichyouarelooking.Thisisthebookwhichyouareinterestedin.Thisisthebookinwhichyouareinterested.Thisisthebookwhichyouaskedfor.关系代词和关系副BeijingistheIwasborninthe-BeijingistheplacewhichIwasborn-BeijingistheplaceinwhichIwasborn定语从句中，如果介词+which表示地点，则可以用where替换BeijingistheplacewhereIwasborn.Ican'tforgettheIjointhearmyontheIcan‟tforgetthedaywhichIjoinedtheIcan‟tforgetthedayonwhichIjoinedthearmy.不管是关系代词还是关系副词，都取决于从句中的谓语动词eg：Iwillneverforgetthedays Iworkedtogetherwithyou.(onwhich/when)Iwillneverforgetthedays Ispentinthecountryside.(which)通过判断先行词在定语从句中的成Isthisthemuseum（that）youvisitedafewdaysIsthisthemuseum(inwhich/where)theexhibitionwasthemuseum：充当visit关系代词:前面句子里的先行词也要在后面的句子里充当主语或者宾语的成分:限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从(1)非限定性定语从句：先行词（即名词）后有一个逗Inourschool，therewere8foreignteacherswhocomefromAustralia.（限定性定语从句Inourschool，therewere8foreignteachers，whocomefromAustralia.（非限定性定语从句）定性定语从句：定语从句和关系词关系不是很紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思不会改变，定语从句只起到补充说明的意义会改变，定语从句只起到补充说明的意义Ihaveasisterwhoisanurse.Ihaveasister,whoisa（2）非限定性定语从句①先行词是前面的整句话eg:Hewonthefirstplaceinthecompetition,whichisoutofourexpectation.WewillspendtheSpringFestivalinGuangzhou,whichwasdecidedlastyear.Thisisthehouse,whichweboughtlast定语从句引导which引导非限制性定语从句只能放在后面，as则只能放在句子前面eg:Smokingisharmfultoourheath,whichweAsweknow,smokingisharmfultooureg：Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss, cameasasurpriseA.B.C.D.C定语从句的划TherearemanythousandsofstarsintheskythatareliketheSpaceandoceansarethenewworldwhichscientistsaretryingtoInourfactory,therearemanypeoplewhoaremuchinterestedinthenewinvention.Adriverwhoisdrivingthebusmustn‟ttalkwithothersorbeabsent-minded.ThepoliceexplainedthatthedifficultieswhichtheyfacedweretooD定语从句省略（分词作定语）IknowtheboywhotheteacherpraisedjustThepoliceexplainedthatthedifficultieswhichtheyfacedweretoo关系词充当ThefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithDatabasesusedbysomecompaniesdon‟trelyondatacollectedsystematically.Hamiltonisn‟ttheonlyeducatorcrossingtheAtlantic.Careerexpertssaythatoneoftheways(that)jobseekerscanstaysafewhileusingtheInternettosearchoutjobsistoconcealtheiridentities.职业专家说求职者用因特网找工作时保持安全的一个方法是隐瞒其真实身ThatarecausingcompaniestoInterestinpursuinginternationalcareershassoaredinrecentyears,enhancedbychronicpersonnelshortagessearchbeyondtheirhomebordersfortalent.Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadgrownatannualrateof3.9percent,form800,000in1975to2.5millionin(二)名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句及同位语从句1．同位语从句：对前面名词的进一步解Iknowtheman,thepresidentoftheNewOriental英语中的简单句：陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句Eg：HeEg：HeisaWhoisa同位语从句：关系词不再和前面的名词有关系，而是取决于后面的从句eg：IknowtheHeisaIknowthefactthatheisastudent.eg：Ihaveaquestion.AreyouaIhaveaquestionwhetheryouareastudent.eg：Ihaveaquestion.whoisaIhaveaquestionwhoisa同位语从句的构hope,message,news,promise, question,thought等形式：名词+从句如果是陈述句，直接加that引导；Thenewssoonspreadthewholeschool.Theyhadwonthegame.Thenewsthattheyhadwonthegamesoonspreadthewhole定语从句与同位语从句的区Thesuggestionthatsheshouldstayintheroomisgood.Thesuggestionthatshehasgiveninthemeetingisgood.Thefactthatordinarycitizensarenowstartingtothinkseriouslyaboutthenation'smoralclimate,saysthisethicsprofessorattheUniversityofChicago,isthereasontohopethatnewideaswillcomeforwardtoimproveit.2．宾语从从句部分的连词取决于从句时一般疑问句、特殊疑问句还是陈述句eg：WemustfindoutwhodidallIwanttoknowweatherhewillcome.Ihopethathewillcome.宾语从句的时态例如Myteachertoldthatwewouldgothere.Myteachertoldthattheearthis的谓语动词是don'tdoubt，则后的谓语动词是don'tdoubt，则后面从句的连接词一定是宾语从句如果谓语动词是wonder，句型为Iwonderif，后面的连接词不能用宾语从句的否定转移：think,believe,suppose,expect,imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词3．表语从若从句为陈述句，直接加若从句为特殊疑问句：直接保留特殊疑问词，后面的句子变成陈述句语序Chinaisnolongerwhatsheusedtobe.Thequestioniswhoisresponsibleforwhathas（2002text3）Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthatithasn‟toccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.（2000）Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams.ThatthecollegewilltakeinmorestudentsisWeatherhewillcomeornothasn'tbeenWhyheisn'thereisnotcleartoItis+名词+主语从句eg：ItisapitythatyoushouldhavetoItis+形容词+主语从eg：Itisclearthatthewholeprojectisdueto如果Itisnecessary/importantstrange/natural+that引导的主语从句，从句中的谓语动词一定要用should+动词原形；eg：ItisnecessarythatoneshouldmastertheskillsofoperatingItissaid/planed/expected…eg：ItissaidthatPresidentBushwillvisitourschoolnexteg：Itseemedcertainthathewillwintheprize.Whethershewillcomeornotisunknown.Itisunknownwhetherhewillcomeornot.Idon'tknowwhetherhewillcomeornot.Thequestioniswhetherhewillcomeornot.Thequestionwhetherhewillcomeornotisnot (很多人没有意识到的)isthatSimonisaloverofsportsandfootballinparticular（Whatmanypeopledon'tInmysixties,onechangeInoticeis (thatIfeeltiredmoreeasilythanbefore)Yourresumeshouldattractawould-beboss'sattentionbydemonstrating (whyyouwouldbethebestcandidateforacertainSincemychildhoodIhavefoundthat (nothingismoreattractive/appealingtomethanreading)Agreatmanypeopleholdtheidea .Agreatmanypeopleholdtheidea .(中文学起来其实很有趣(thatChineseisactuallyinterestingto作宾（1）to(2)+acknowledge，admit,advocate,appreciate,avoid,enjoy,delay,escape,deny,consider,mind,miss,finish,resist,imagine,postpone,practice,suggest,prevent,keep,quit(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差1)(4)+1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to6) feelobserve注意到，看overhearwatchlistentoperceive察觉，感知notice注意see看见hear听OnseeingtheyoungchildfellintothelakeEricsprangtohisfeet，andwentontherescue.2)另一类是某些使役动词，如make,let，have等。固定句1）Itisnouse,nogoodfun,agreatpleasure,awasteoftime...)等名词+doingItisnousecryingoverthespiltmilk.Itisnogoodobjecting.Itisagreatfunplaying2)Itisuselessnice,good，interestingexpensive等形容词doingsth．Itisuselessspeaking.光说没用。Itisniceseeingyouagain．真高兴又遇到了你Itisgoodplayingchessafter 晚饭后弈棋挺好（四）eg：Igotup IwaslateforBecauseIgotuplateIwaslateforschool.（原因状语从句Igotuplate，soIwaslateforschool.（结果状语从句1.地点状语从)eg：WhereIlivethereareplentyofWhereveryouwork,youwillgainmuchvaluableexperienceaslongasyouarewillingtoWherever=nomatterEverywheretheywent,theywerewarmly(2)where：不能翻译成在……地方时，通常翻(2)where：不能翻译成在……地方时，通常翻译为如果，表示在……条件下；eg:Whereyouareconfident，youwillsucceed.Wherethereisawill,thereisaeg：Wherepreviouslythebankhadconcentratedonthebiginfrastructureprojects,suchasdams,roadsandbridges，itbegintoswitchtoprojectswhichdirectlyimprovedthebasicservicesofacountry.2.方式状语从eg：WhenyouenterRome,doastheRomansdo.asif/though：“仿佛……似的”，“好像……似的有时用虚拟语气，有时不用；Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasifasthough)theyneverexisted.（与事实相反，谓语Itlooksasiftheweathermaypickupverysoon.eg：AlGorecallsglobalwarmingan“inconvenienttruth,”asifmerelyrecognizingitcouldputusonapathtoasolution.eg：Ishoulddothejobthewaymyfatherdid.ManyEuropeansnowapparentlyviewtheUSthewaymanyAmericansviewasacheapplacetovacation,shopand3.目的状语从lest=forfearthat以防；从句中的谓语should+动词原形；eg:Hewrotethenamedownforfearthat(lest)heshouldforgetit.Hetooktheumbrellawithhimlestitshouldincase：以防；与lest不同，从句里时态不做特殊变eg：Taketheumbrellawithyouincaseit(2003.35)Intheseactivities，itisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshaveshortspan.AVarietyofactivitiesshouldbe35participantscanremainactiveaslongtheywantandthengoOntosomethingelsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheparticipants.A.ifB.nowC.soD.even4.结果状语从结果状语从句常so…thatsuch…that引导；so保留，that可以省略；如此……以至Eg：Hewassoexcitedthathecouldn'tfallHemadesuchaninspiringspeechthateverybodygot比较：so（1）so形容词、副词+that；so+形容词+a/an+名词+thateg：Thewindwassostrongthatwecouldhardlymoveforward.HeransoHeransofastthatIcouldn'tcatchupwithhim.Itwassohotadaythatcropswilted.Heissolovelyaboythateveryoneloves（2）sucha/an+形容词+名词+thateg：Itwassuchahotdaythatcropswilted.Heissuchalovelyboythateveryoneloves比较状语从than,as…as…，notsoas…,（not)thesameaseg：Lighttravelsfasterthansound.the+比较级eg：Thesooner，the(2005.46)NeverbeforehastelevisionservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.Girlsarethusseenaslessvaluablethanboysandarekeptathometodohouseworkwhiletheirbrothersaresenttoschool-theprophecy（预言)becomesself-fulfilling,trappingwomeninaviciouscircle(恶性循环)ofneglect.(2007text7）Fewthingsaremorelikelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghands.(2000Text4)Inaddition,farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10othercountriessurveyed.倍数类(2000Text1)AftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,theUShadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleled(无与伦比的)economiesofscale.(2003Text3)Railroadstypicallychargetheshippers20to30percentmorethantheydoanotherrailroadiscompetingforthe6.时间状语从当……的时候：while,when,aseg：WhenIwaswatchingTV,mymothercameback.eg：Myfatheriscookingwhilemymotherisreadingnewspaper.eg：Astimewentby,thedaysbecamelongerand一……就……：assoonas,directly，immediately,instantly连接两个句子；一些名词theminute，themoment,theinstant也可表示eg：Iwillwritetoyouthemoment/minuteIarrivedin另：nosooner…than,hardly…when后面的句子需要倒eg.Hardlyhadheseenmewhenheranaway.他一看到我就跑开了eg.Nosoonerhadtheyreachedhomethanitrainedmoreandmore他们一到家，雨就越下越大起来①肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时"，动词必须是延续性否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"，一般用until，动词为延续性或非延续性可以eg:I可以eg:IsleptuntilWaittillIcallShedidn'tarriveuntil6till可用于句首，而until通常不用于句首，通常用于 Ihadheardnothingofwhathappeneduntilyoutoldme.“not...until"的四种不同句式：正常句式Wedidn‟tgohomeuntilwefinishedourUntil在句首 倒装句强调句★倒总共分为两种形式：全部倒装和部分倒1）全部倒装的情况ThebusiscomingThencamethehourwehadbeenlookingforward②如果句首出现了地点状语，句子也可以进行全部Theoldmanlivesinthecitycenter.Atemplestandsonthemountain.在句首，把be动词留在中间当作谓语动词，主语放在后面。Aboyagedabout18waslyingonthefloor.Aboyagedabout18liesonthefloor.Agroupofyoungpeoplearesittingontheground.eg.300名日本青年正在访问北京。300Japaneseyoungpeoplearevisiting2）部分倒装的形式:主谓宾保持原来的形式，谓语动词的助动词放到主语1、当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，这个句子就需要部分倒这类词语有hardly,scarcely,rarely,seldom,never,few,little,less,atnotime,bynomeans,innocase,undernocircumstance,innoway,onnoaccount,onnoconsideration,nolonger,notonlyeg.Heneversmokes.他从来不抽eg.Notonlydidthecustomercomplainaboutthefoodhealsorefusedtopayforit.2、当句首为only加状语的时候，这个句子需要部分倒装。eg.OnlywithyoucanIfeel3、so......that结构中的so位于句首时，常引起部分倒eg.HerunssofastthatIcan'tcatchupwitheg.Themoonwassobrightthattheflowersbrightasbyday.4、as表示虽然的意思。eg.AlthoughIamyoung,Icaneg.AlthoughIamyoung,IcanlivebyAlthoughIlikemusicverymuch,5.虚拟语气的倒Deeplyinvolvedwiththisnewtechnologyisabreedofmodernbusinesspeoplewhohaveagrowingrespectfortheeconomicvalueofdoingbusinessabroad.与新技术息息相关的是一些现ReachingnewpeaksofpopularityinNorthAmericaisIcebergWater,whichisharvestedfromicebergsoffthecoastofNewfoundland,Canada.萃取自加拿大纽芬兰沿岸冰山的“冰水”在北美NotonlyhasthehighwaysystemaffectedtheAmericaneconomybyprovidingshippingroutes,ithasledtothegrowthofspin-offindustrieslikeservicestations,motels,restaurants,andshoppingNotonlydoweevaluatethecauseofthepain,whichcanhelpustreatthepainbetter,butwealsohelpprovidecomprehensivetherapyfordepressionandotherpsychologicalandsocialissuesrelatedtochronicpain.我们不仅要找出疼痛的病因，帮助我们更好地治疗；还要提供综合疗法，治HadInotattendedthisworkshop,Iwouldhaveautomaticallyassumedthemanwasthebestcandidatebecausethepositionrequiredquiteabitofextensivetravel.如果我不是参加了这次讲Itissaidthatneverbeforehasmanbeensohighlysuccessfulinhisattemptstomodifyweatheronaverysmall述气候据说人们从来没有过这么大的成功尝试用这么小的规模去7.条件状语从（1）连接词：if,onceaslongas,oncondition①如果引导的条件可以实现，主将从现②如果引导的条件和事实相反，则用虚Aslongasitdoesn'train,wecanYoucangooutonconditionthatyouwearanovercoat.ifonly：只要；onlyif:只有Theseniorlibrarianatthecirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebookforme sherememberwholastborrowedA.everB.muchC.evenD.if8.原因状语从句because,since,as,for,nowthat,inthat,owingto,dueto,thanksto,becauseof,asaresult比较：because,since,as 见的或已为人们所知，就用as或since。Ididn'tgo,becauseIwasSince/Astheweatherissobad,wehaveSince/Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayour)说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。Heisabsenttoday,becauseforheisill.Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.nowthat：既然；inthat:因为，通常只能放在句中，强调重要的，唯一的的原因eg：Nowthatthissemesterisfinished,Iamgoingtorestafewdaysandtakeatrip.Humanbeingsaredifferentfromanimalsinthathumancanspeakandthink.owingto,dueto,thanksto,becauseof,asaresultof等短语后面只能接词或短语不能接从句；eg.(1995语法)Hydrogen(氢元素)isthefundamentalelementoftheuniverse itprovidesthebuildingblocksfromwhichtheotherelementsareproduced.A.so B.but C.inD.providedEg.(1996.46)Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements—usuallycarbon(碳元素)，hydrogen，oxygen(氧元素)，andsometimesnitrogen(氮元素)．Theyare theirelementsarearrangedA.inB.so C.such D.exceptEg.(2004.22)Theoriescenteringontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior22theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeeds(违法行为)orthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthroughinteractionwithA.B.C.D.9.让步状语从常见的连接词有though,although,as,while,eveneg：Although/thoughheisachild,hecanlivebyhimself.as表示虽然的时候，要进行倒装；Childas/thoughheis,hecanlivebyeg：Although/thoughsheworksveryhard,shemakesverylittleAlthough/thoughsheisyoung,shehastraveledtomanycountriestoputshowseg：HeisexperiencedwhileheisWhilethere‟snoquestionthatcontinuousstressisharmful,severalstudiessuggestchallengingsituationsinwhichyou‟reabletorisetotheoccasioncanbegoodfor补充1、as作介词，表示作为，一般情况下后面只能接一eg.SheworksasaAsaLeaguemember,I'lltaketheleadin2、as作关系代词，as引导这样的从句一般最好是放在句子的开头eg.Themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth,whichisknowntoAsisknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeveryItisknowntoeverybodythatthemoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.（主语Eg.Aswehaveseen，thefocusofmedicalEg.Aswehaveseen，thefocusofmedicalcareinoursocietyhasbeenshiftingfromcuringdiseasetopreventingdisease——especiallyintermsofchangingourmanyunhealthybehaviors,suchaspooreatinghabits,smokingandfailuretoexercise.①时间状语从句（ 的时候eg.Asthesummercomes,thedaybecomesshorterand②原因状语从句（表示显而易见的原因since在用法上保持一eg.Asshewasnotfeelingwell,wealltoldhertostayateg.AlthoughthegraphisSimpleasthegraph④方式状语从句（就像....一样；正 一样eg.Doastheinstructioneg.I'mastallasyou.4、as短语：aslongassuchasassoonas一.... soasto为了asif好像asthoughjustas10.状语从句的省略独立主格结的变化，主动语态变成ing形式，若是被动语态，则变为ed形式。条件：状语从句，前后主语一形式：分词作状语在句首+分词作状语在句省略方式：关系词（可保留）+动词形式变化（-ing/-Eg.When[Assoonas]themousesawthecat,itranGivenmoretime,Iwouldbeabletocompleteit.Readingtheletter，sheburstoutcrying.另：分词短语做状语时，可以保留相应Eg.Afterhavingannoyedeverybody,hewentEg.When differentcultures,weoftenpayattentiononlytothedifferenceswithoutnoticingthemanysimilarities.A.C.B.beingD.having withsomuchtrouble,wefailedtocompletethetaskonA.B.C.Eg.1998语法)Hewasn'taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety，——insufficiently(不够地)popularwithallmembers.A.being B.C.tobe D.havingA.being B.C.tobe D.havingEg.(1992语法 oftheburdenofice，theballoonclimbedupanddriftedc0theA.TobefreeB.FreeingC.TofreeD.Eg.(1999Text1)Feelingthreatened，companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels，tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Eg.(2004.64)Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought，Whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.独立结构的构成PartTwo长难句分1、长难句拆分原则把主句和从句拆分出来，把主干部分和修饰部分拆分出来if等。②介词：引导介词短语，充③不定式符号to：引导不定式做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语④分词：过去分词和现在分词充当修饰语⑤标点符号：或显或隐隔离主——两个逗号或破折号形成插入语、破折号解释说明、分号两1themoreexpensivethecamera，thebetteritsquality.GeneralSpeakingGenerallySpeaking，generallyconsidering（一般认为，judgingfrom……（根据……判断）等。例2Twomiddle-agedpassengersfellintothesea. ，neitherofthemcouldA.InB.C.D.，surely（，frankly（obviousl（naturall（luckilyfortunatel（，briefly（例3Yourperformanceinthe例3Yourperformanceinthedrivingtestdidn‟treachtherequired ， intheafterinotheratthesame，in，in，in，infactfirstoffor例4Itissonicetohearfromher. ，welastmetmorethanthirtyyearsWhat„sThatistoInotherBelieveitor，what，what糟糕的是，thatis（也就是说）whatisimportant（重要的是）等（2009）Whilefewcraftsmenorfarmers,letalonedependentsandservants,leftliterarycompositionstobeanalyzed,itisobviousthattheirviewswerelessfullyintellectualized.(插例句BillGates,thebillionaireMicrosoftchairmanwithoutasingleearneduniversitydegree,isbyhissuccessraisingnewdoubtsabouttheworthofthebusinessworld‟sfavoriteacademictitle:theMBA(MasterofBusinessAdministration).3.五步拆分步骤①隔离插入成分，寻找特殊标②寻找连词，确定句子种类——并列句③寻找句中的动词或动词结④确定整句框架——标出主句主干部分及从属连词⑤确定从句框架——标出从句主谓部分**⑥分別翻译——主从句分别进行翻译(2001.74)Butthat,Pearsonpointsout,isonlythestartofman-machineintegration:"Itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimatelyleadtoafullyelectronicbeforetheendofthenext(1994Text1)Privatebusinessmen,strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.(33words)(2007Text3)Evendemographicsare(2007Text3)Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamily,astheoddshavingaweakelderlyparent—andalltheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistance—havejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration.(1999.75)Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecific(1999.74)Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistorical(2000)Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmasscommunications，peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas，whilegovernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.名词性从句(2005Textl)Whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyinmonkeysandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.(2011）ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.(1995.72)Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.(1997.72）Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract,aspartofexchangeofdutiesand定语从句(2008Text2)TheInternet—andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit—ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.（2011）Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore(andmorediverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.(2008Text4)TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSally(2008Text4)Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhis状语从(1999.71)Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainsignificanteventsofthe(2002.65)Untilth