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Fiber-OpticCommunicationTechnology2023/12/12Outline1.Introduction2.Fiber
→
(Loss,Dispersion,Nonlinearity)3.OpticalTransmitter→(LD/LED,Drivingcircuit)4.OpticalReceiver→(PIN/APD,Noise,Sensitivity)5.System→(Structure&Design)6.Frontiers→(EDFA,DWDM,OTDM,AON)Fiber-OpticCommunicationTechnologyChapter1Introduction2023/12/14Chapter1.IntroductionSystemComponents&CharacteristicsEvolutionReviewBasicConcepts2023/12/15Nearinfrared近红外DWDM:densewavelengthdivisionmultiplexing密集波分复用Modulationformat调制格式Regenerator再生器Repeaterspacing中继距离Bitrate-distanceproduct比特距离的乘积Dispersionshiftedfiber色散位移光纤Submarinetransmissionsystem海底传输系统Dryfiber无水光纤Opticalsoliton光孤子Binaryrepresentation二进制表示方法Samplingtheorem抽样定理Nyquistcriterion奈奎斯特准则Quantizationnoise量化噪声PPM:脉冲位置调制PDM:脉冲宽度调制PCM:脉冲编码调制TDM:时分复用FDM:频分复用Digitalhierarchy数字体系SONET:同步光网络SDH:同步数字体系STM:同步转移模块RZ:归零码NRZ:非归零码CSRZ:载波抑制归零码AM,FM,PM:幅度/频率/相位调制ASK/FSK/PSK幅/频/相移键控OOK:通断键控Free-spacecommunication自由空间光通信系统Opticaltransmitter光发射机Launchedpower发射功率IM/DD:强度调制/直接探测BER:误码率Receiversensitivity接收机灵敏度Quantumnoise量子噪声Shotnoise散粒噪声Thermalnoise热噪声2023/12/161.1SystemComponents&Characteristics1.1.1ComponentsinLightwaveSystems
Carrier→OpticalwaveMedium→Opticalfiber2023/12/17Fig.1.1Schemeofopticalfibercommunicationsystems2023/12/18CATV2023/12/19OpticalTransmitterBinarytosingleCoding/linecodingModulatorOpticalSourceDrivingCircuitPCMChannelcouplerOpticalsignaloutputLDorLEDLaunchingpower,spectrallinewidth!2023/12/110LaserDiode2.5Gb/stransmitter
MQW-DFB-LD2023/12/111OpticalFiber
FiberLossFiberDispersionFiberNonlinearity&High-orderDispersion2023/12/112RepeaterRepeater3R:ReamplificationRetimingReshaping1.O/E/O3R2.O/O2R:opticalamplifier,dispersioncompensation2023/12/113OpticalamplifierEDFASOA2023/12/114DispersionCompensationbyUsingChirpedBraggGrating
Chirped
Bragggrating••
•
llonglshortG.652:PositiveDispersion@1550nmChirpedBraggGrating2023/12/115OpticalReceiverChannelcouplerPhotondetectorPreamplifierLinearchannelDecisionSingle-binaryDecodingPCMsignalOpticalsignalinputNosie&sensitivity!PINorAPD2023/12/116Photondetector2.5Gb/sAPD
10Gb/sPIN2023/12/117Simulation
2023/12/1181.1.2CharacteristicsAdvantagesOpticalwave→Carrier→B,
ForDWDMapplicationin1.55μmwindow
morethanmicrowave2023/12/119Opticalfiber(lowloss)→Media→Repeaterspacing Capacity→B*L(Bitratedistanceproduct)
:bit/s·km
Ex.:telegraph→telephone→coaxialcable→microwave →opticalwave→EDFA→DWDMSignalwellprotected&ImmunetoelectricalinterferenceEconomical(silica)Noteasytobecorroded
2023/12/120Really?!2023/12/121DisadvantagesDifficulttocoupleandsplitDifficulttoconnect:fusedsplicingUnabletobendsharplyEasytobebroken2023/12/122LensedFiber&Collimator2023/12/123Chapter1.IntroductionSystemComponents&CharacteristicsEvolutionReviewBasicConcepts2023/12/1241.2EvolutionReview1.2.1EarlytimeFire,smokesignalsOpticaltelephone(Bell,1880)Fig.1.2Opticaltelephone2023/12/125opticalsource:notstable,reliable media:largeloss1960,Maiman
Rubylaser:stable,reliableopticalsource
atmosphere:largescatteringloss
2023/12/1261.2.2MilestoneinEvolutionFiber:lowlossmedia!1966,K.C.Kao1000dB/kmto20dB/km(byreducingconcentrationofimpurities)
1970,Corning→20dB/km
1972,Corning→7dB/km 1973,Belllab→2.5dB/km 1976,Japan→0.5dB/km@1.55µm
1979,→0.2dB/km@1.55µm
now
→0.16dB/km@1.55µm
Limitation:Rayleighscattering&intrinsicabsorption2023/12/127LD:stable,reliableopticalsource!
1970,DFB(distributedfeedback)theory 1975,Longwavelengthlaserdiode
InGaAsP/InP,λ>1µm
µm=10-6m,nm=10-9m,pm=10-12m 1985,Multi-quantumwell→MQW-DFBLD lowthreshold→10mA narrowbandwith→0.1nm@-20dB highoutputpower→1mw
2023/12/128Systems:
1976,Atlanta,lightwavesystem
1977,Chicago,fieldtest:audio,data,video
2023/12/1291.2.3SeveralGenerations
Thefirstgeneration
LD→multi-longitudinalmode(MLM)
Fiber→multimodefiber
λ→0.85µm(3.5dB/km)
ThesecondgenerationLD→MLMFiber→multimodefiber→singlemodefiber
λ
→1.31µm(loss,dispersion)2023/12/130ThethirdgenerationLD→MLM→singlelongitudinalmode(SLM)Fiber→singlemodefiber→dispersion-shiftedfiber
λ→1.55µm(loss,dispersion)
ThefourthgenerationWDM+EDFADispersionmanagement!2023/12/131
Thefifthgeneration
soliton+dispersionmanagement2023/12/132FunctionalityYear199420002006OpticalNetworkEvolution
opticalamplifierspoint-to-pointWDM&DWDMDWDMpoint-to-multipointStaticOADMsdynamicOADMs
e-g-STM1ondemandColouredsectionringsOXCandDXCco-existencewavelengthconversionWavelengthroutingOpticalpacketswitchingConnectivityCapacityFlexibility2023/12/133Chapter1.IntroductionSystemComponents&CharacteristicsEvolutionReviewBasicConcepts2023/12/1341.3BasicConcepts 1.3.1Analog&DigitalSignals Fig.1.3Representationof(a)ananalogsignaland(b)adigitalsignalAnalogsignals:audio,video(continuous)Digitalsignals:data(discrete,binaryrepresentation)
2023/12/135Fig.1.4.Threestepsofrequiredforconvertingananalogsignalintoabinarydigitalsignal(a)sampling,(b)quantization,and(c)coding.
2023/12/136Analog→DigitalSampling:fs2⊿f(NyquistCriterion)Quantization:leadingadditionalnoise!M>Amax/AN
Amax:themaximumamplitudeofthegivensignal AN:theroot-mean-squareamplitudeoftheanalogsignalSNR(signal-to-noiseratio)=20log10(Amax/AN)Coding:mlog2M
m:numberofbits,M:quantizedsignallevel2023/12/137⊿f→B?B=mfs=log2M·2⊿f SNR=20log10(Amax/AN) M>Amax/AN
B>(⊿f/3)·SNREx.HDTV:SNR=50dB,⊿f=4MHz,B>66Mbit/s Whyusedigitalsignalsforopticaltransmission?2023/12/138Analog:AM,FMandPMAM1.3.2ModulationFormats2023/12/139Digital:ASK,FSK,PSKFSKPSKforopticalcarrier
?UsuallyOOK(on-offkeying)---intensitymodulation!2023/12/140RZ&NRZ
clockforretiming,butlargebandwidth!
smallbandwidth,butbit-pattern-dependenteffectFig.1.5Digitalbitstream010110…codedbyusing(a)return-to-zero(RZ)and(b)non-return-to-zero(NRZ)formats.2023/12/1411.3.3ChannelmultiplexingTDM
Channel210101Channel1
110011001110101
t
1FDM10101Channel1Channel2101011010110101
1
2
t
1
2TDM&FDM2023/12/142ETDMFordigitalvoicechannel,sampling24channels,samplinggatecouldbeopenfor125/24microsecond.Bitrate:64k*24=1.536Mb/s12422023/12/14364
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