新SAT真题分享资料：201812北美及答案

CONTINUEPAGECONTINUEPAGE16OBVUIPSJ[FEDPQZJOHPSSFVTFPGBOZQBSUPGUIJTQBHFJTJMMFHBM.2018年年12⽉月北北美1 1Reading65MINUTES,52QUESTIONSTurntoSection1ofyouranswerssheettoanswerthequestionsinthissection.DIRECTIONS&IBTTBFPSSPGTTFTFMXTPMMFEZBVFSPGRVFTPT.GFSFBEHFITTFPS,PPTFFFTUBTFSPFIRVFTPOTFEPOUTTFEPSMFEOFBTTBFPSBTTBFTBEOBZBPNBOHBQJT(TVIBTBBMFPSB).Line510152025

Questions1-10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.IJTQTTFJTQUFEGN(MTLJN,tMyrem.ª8Z(JMTVLJN.&NBITTJFEGN)OH,OHUPUIF6JFEUUTO0UPUUFOEDMFH.NotquitethreeweeksafterleavingHongKong,EmmachangedintoacottoncheungsamandfinallysetfootonPier19inSanFrancisco.Thelate-afternoonsunfeltmuchcoolerthansheexpected.Bythetimeshesaidatearfulgood-byetotheotherpassengers,thenfoundherluggagewaitingonthedock,Emmafeltscaredandalone.SisterMadeleinefromthecollegehadpromisedinherlastlettertohavesomeonewaitingforher,butnooneappeared.Theairsmelledsaltyandmetallic.Thesunlighthadgivenwaytoshade.Emmawaitedasthepassengersdisembarkedandthecrowddissipated.Whatwouldbecomeofher?Aloneonthepier,shelistenedforthevoicesofMah-meeandAuntieGotellingherwhattodo,buttheyseemedlostacrosstheocean.EmmatookadeepbreathandthoughtofhersisterJoan’sadvice:WhatwouldLaurenBacalldo?ShedecidedtotakeataxitoLoneMountainCollege.Asympatheticcabdriver,himselfanimmigrantfromRussia,waskindandhelpful.“You’reasmartone,takingtaxi.Thesedocksisnogoodatnight,”hesaid,histhick,bushymustachemovingupanddownashetalked.“Don’tworry,Sergeiisgettingyoutoyourschoolniceandsafe.”Emmawatchedashebodedherluggageintothe

trunk,thenopenedthereardoorandwaitedforhertostepin.Hewasshortandheavyset,yetlightandquickonhisfeet.Hishairlongerthananyotherman’sshe’deverseenbefore,havinginunevenyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy30strandsbelowthebackcollarofhisplaidshirt.Shewrappedhersweatercloseragainstthecoldwind,happytobeinthesafeconfinesofthecab.yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyySergeiturnedaroundandlookedoverhisshoulder.“We’lltakescenicroute.Iwanttobefirst35onetoshowyouthisgreatcity!”Emmafeltsuddenlywarm.“No,Ihaveto...”“Don’tworry.Noextracostforyou.Sitback!Enjoy!”Hewinkedandstartedthecarwithagreatroaroftheengine.40 Emma’sfearquicklydisappearedasSergeidrovealongtheEmbarcaderotowardthebrightlightsofaplacehecalledFisherman’sWharf.Emmafixedhergazeoutthewindowatthelargebuildingsandthebigcarsparkedalongthewide,openstreets—soclean45anduncluttered.“Thisiswhereyoucaneatbestcrabsinalltheworld!”Sergeiboasted.Whenthecabturneddownanarrowstreettowardtheharbor,Emmahadafullviewofthesmall50fishingboatsdockedinthecrowdedmarina,andshesmiledatthehopefulnamespaintedontheirbows—TheLuckyStar,Mary’sDream,TheFullCatch,APotofGold.Shesatforwardandrolleddownherwindow,inhalingthedistinctaromasof55freshfishandcrabs.Inthenarrowstreet,Emmacouldalmostreachoutthewindowtotouchthecrabs1111CONTINUEPAGE10CONTINUEPAGE106OBVUIPSJ[FEDPQZJOHPSSFVTFPGBOZQBSUPGUIJTQBHFJTJMMFHBM.thatscrabbledovereachotherinboxes,waitingtobeboiledinalargeblackpot.Fromthecrowdedwharf,Sergeiturnedontoa60streethecalledColumbus.“Liketheexplorer,”hesaid,slowingdownashepeekedatherinhisrearviewmirror.“AndthisisNorthBeach,wherealltheItaliansliveandeat.”Emmalookedawayfromthemirror.“From65Italy?”Henodded.“Atonetime.”“AndwheredoalltheRussiansliveandeat?”“Whereverwecan,”Sergeiansweredwithlaugh.Hedroveseveralblocks,thenturnedright.“This70isWashingtonStreet.Justremember,thefirstAmericanpresident.”ThenhemadeanotherrightturnontoGrantAvenue.“WearenowinheartofChinatown!”Histhickeyebrowsflashedupwardasheagaincaughthereyesinthemirror.75 Emma’spulseraced.Chinatownappearedmuchsmallerthanshehadexpected.Restaurantsandstorefrontspaintedred,green,andgoldwerecrowdedtogetherintoseveralblocks.Sheturnedfromwindowtowindow,soakinginallshecould,80seekingechoesofthelifeshe’dleftbehind.PreoccupiedfacesshemighthaveseeninWanchai,ordowninCausewayBay,rusheddownthebustlingGrantAvenue.Namesofstreetsflashedby—Jackson,Pacific,andbacktoBroadway.Asifheknewwhat85shewasthinking,SergeicircledanddrovethroughChinatownagain.Emmasmiled,findingcomfortintheChinesecharacterswrittenonsignsandwindows:TheForbiddenCityNightclub,GoldenHarvest,KuoWahRestaurant,TheGreatWallof90China...AsdifferentasthiswasfromHongKong,SanFrancisco’sChinatownheldthemostfamiliarsightsshe’dseeninweeks.EmmaleanedforwardandwhisperedtoSergei,“Youareverykind.”95 Hequicklyturnedbackwithasmile,hiswarmbreathtouchinghercheek.“Iknowhowitfeels.”

11yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy.y.yy.yOnecharacterbeginsaquestforfriendship,whileanothercharacterbeginsaquestknowledge.Acharacterisisolatedaftertravelingfarfromherhome,shemeetssomeonewhomakesherfeelmoreease.AcharacterrelivesthesightsandsoundsofadistantthensheabsorbsthesightsandsoundsofanewOnecharactermournsherlostfriendships,whileanothercharactersharesherlossandtoconsole22InsayingthatthevoicesofMah-meeandGoseem“lost”(line15),themostlikelymeansthattheyseemstrangeanddesperateandunsure.distantandirretrievable.andmisjudged.33WhenSergeifirstmeetsEmma,heassumesthatshefeelsintimidatedbythecollegestaff.waryofacceptingbyhersurroundings.anxiousaboutanunexpectedexpense.44Whichchoicebestrepresentsthetwodistinctmeaningsofasusedinlines24and32?Cozy;Convenient;reliableCautious;uncontroversialprotected5 858Basedonthepassage,Sergeicanmostlikelybecharacterizedasgenerousudandboisterous.curiousandinnocent.poisedandserene.66Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines20-21...Lines28-30...shirt”)Lines37-39...Lines46-47(“This...boasted”)77referencestoexplorer”(line60)and“thefirstAmerican(lines70-71)servemainlytorevealhispassionforlearninghistoricaltrivia.showhisdesiretohelpEmmamakeroduceaserioussidetohisotherwisejovialportrayhisneedtoimpressEmmawithhisknowledge.

WhichchoicebestdescribesoverallperspectiveonChinatown?yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy.y.yyySheisoverwhelmedbytheenergeticpaceofthepeople.Sheisworriedaboutinitiatingconversationswiththelocalresidents.Sheisgratefultohaveaplacethatremindsherofherhometown.99Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines71-74(“Then...Lines75-78...Lines81-84(“Preoccupied...Lines86-88(“Emma...1010Accordingtothepassage,SergeitreatsEmmathewayhedoesbecauseheunderstandswhatsheisgoingthrough.heenjoysshowingofthesightsoftheEmmaremindshimofsomeoneheknows.Emmaemigratedfromhishomeyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy.y.yyyy...Line510152025303540

Questions11-21arebasedonthefollowingpassage.IJTQTTFOEGJHF1FQUFEGN3DIM&IFCF,0TOS4DSUZwª6CZ4DJFUZS4DJFDF&UIFCMJ.“Weareinaworldthat’spaintedblackandwhite,”saysagriculturaleconomistMatinQaim.“InEuropeinparticular,peoplearedeeplyconvincedthatgeneticallymodified(GM)cropsarebadfortheworld.IfyousayanythinginfavorofGMcrops,youaretalkinginfavorofevil.”Thatdesignationofevilisoneofthetwoprevailingnarrativesconcerninggeneticallyengineeredfoods.Opponentsofgeneticallymodifiedorganisms(GMOs)tellthestorythat“Franken”organismsareanewtechnologythatposesknownandunknowabledangerstohumanhealth,theenvironment,andsocietyatlarge.Ontheotherside,proponentsarguethatGMOsareaharmlessandnecessarytoolforsavingaworldthreatenedbyoverpopulationandachangingclimate.TheloudestvoicesontheproponentsidearetypicallycastasshillsforBigAgriculture(someofthemare),whiletheloudestontheanti-GMOsidearetypicallycastasfear-mongeringluddites(someofthemare).Thebroadbrushisproblematicforseveralreasons,Qaimandothersargue.ThetermGMOitselfisacatchallthatencompassesawiderangeofproductsdevelopedthroughavarietyofmeans,eachwithitsownrisksandbenefits.ThereareGMOsthathaveledtolargereductionsintheuseofpesticides,forexample,andthereareGMOsthathavemadeherbicideuseskyrocket.ThebroadbrushalsofailswhenlabelingthedevelopersofGMtechnology:CommercialgiantsoftheagrochemicalpesticideindustryhavedevelopedGMOs,butsohaveacademicscientistsfundedbynonprofitsorthepublicsector.“AtechnologylikeGMcropsisneithergoodnorbad,”Qaimsays.“TalkingabouttheimpactofGMOsiswaytoobroad.”Thediversityofengineeringprocessesandtheproductsthatresultwillprobablycontinuetogrow.Forexample,therelativelynewCRISPRtechnology,whichallowsforsuperprecisegeneediting,maysoonbecomeaGMOtoolofchoice.Butgenerally

speaking,thetechnologiesbehindGMOsaredecadesold.Anddespitefearsofunknownrisks,GMOshavebeenstudiedextensively.45 Thepicturedrawnfromdecadesofresearchisoutofsyncwithmanycommonpublicperceptions.Whileunforeseeablehealthissuesareoftenattheforefrontofpublicconcern,foodscontainingGMOshavebeenongroceryshelvesformorethan5020years.PilesofevidencesuggestthateatingGMOsisnoriskierthaneatingconventionalfoods.Effectsontheenvironmentaremoremixed.Someoftheproblemsthathavearisen,suchastheuptickintheuseofcertainherbicides,aremoreaboutfarming55practicesthanaboutdangersinherenttoGMtechnology;thesameproblemsarisewithconventional,non-GMcrops.Theenvironmentalconsequencesofengineeredgenesescapingintothewildarelessclear.Butwhile60falloutcanbehardtopredict,theoddsofsuchescapesactuallyhappeningcanoftenbeevaluated.WiththeFoodandDrugAdministrationsrecentapprovalofGMsalmon,forexample,scientistsagreethatthereisaslimpossibilitythatescapeescould65harmnativefishpopulations;thatriskcouldbecurtailed,however,withstrictoversightaboutwhereandhowsuchfisharefarmed.There’salsoalotofunrealizedpromise.GMOsareoftentoutedasawaytoboostthenutrient70contentoffoodstofightmalnutrition.YetGMOsthatareonthemarkethavelargelybenefitedthoseproducingthem—companiesandfarmers—ratherthanconsumers.Therearemanyhealth-boostingGMOsindevelopment,includingbananaswith75increasediron,plantsthatmakeomega-3fishoils,andrice,sorghumandcassavaenrichedwithvitaminA.Newcrops,suchasthoseengineeredtotoleratedroughtorexcesssaltinthesoil,couldplayacrucialrole.PercentPercentofacresofthecrop6040200

Figure1AdoptionofGMCropsintheUnitedStatesYear

80yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy..PercentPercentchange200

Figure2AverageImpactofChangefromNon-GMCropstoGMCrops,1996-201468.2-36.9-39.2BtcottonHTcottonBtcornHTcornBt=toxictospecificinsectsHT=herbicidetolerant BtcottonHTcottonBtcornHTcornBt=toxictospecificinsectsHT=herbicidetolerantcropyieldpesticidequantitypesticidecosttotalproductioncostfarmproft0=non-GMcropbaselineJVF2TEFEGPNMMN,NFSE.SJOJN,".FZJTPGFJNDTGFFJDMZ.PJJE$Pw4ZMN,MNFSE.JOJ.1111ThefirstparagraphservesprimarilyroduceaproblemthatisspecifictodrawtothenatureofGMOs.expresssupportaworldwidebanGMOagriculture.12 151215Asusedinline11,thewordmostnearlymeansarranges.presents.questions.imitates.1313Incontext,theitalicizationtheinline35servestowhichmeaning?ThatthereisonekindGMOthatgovernmentsneedtobeespeciallyconcernedaboutThatGMOsthesoletechnologythatcanaddresstheThatthenotionthatGMOscouldhaveonlyasingleeffectissimplisticThatGMOsthemostsignificantissuethatscienceisgrapplingwithtoday

Whichchoicebestdescribestheauthor’sperspectiveontheconsumptionofgeneticallymodifiedfoods?yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy..GMfoodsrequirefurtherstudybeforescientistscandetermineconclusivelythattheyhealthful.issafetouseGMcropsfeedlivestock,butitisnotsafetothemofresearchhavethatGMOsshouldnotbepartofthediet.1616Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines45-46(“Thepicture...Lines50-51(“Piles...Lines51-52(“Effects...Lines59-61...evaluated”)14 171417TheauthorcitesCRISPRasanexampleofrecenttechnologicalinnovationsrelatedtoGMOs.aGMOtechniquewhoseimpacthasbeenextensivelystudied.anespeciallyriskymethodofmodifyinggenes.lesscontroversialtoincreasingcropyields.

WhichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheideathatGMOstendedtoservetheinterestsoftheotherthangeneralpublic?Lines52-56...technology”)Lines62-65...Lines70-73...Lines77-79...18 201820ThemakeswhichthefollowingclaimsaboutGMsalmon?ThefishingindustrycannotbetrustedtopreventGMsalmonfromescaping.NewresearchhasledtothedevelopmentofenvironmentallysafeGMsalmon.ThecurrentinadequateregulationssurroundingGMsalmonfailtoprotectnativefish.ThepotentialdangersassociatedwithGMsalmoncanbeanticipatedandmanaged.

Whichabouttheofcornthatistoxictospecificinsectsissupportedbyfigure1?yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy..dippedslightlytheyear2000buthasriseneversince.remainedfairlysteadyforaboutadecade,thenroseabruptly2006.hasconsistentlyexceededtheplantingofherbicide-tolerantcorn.21211919Accordingtofigure1,whatpercentofacresofintheStatesin2004wereherbicidetolerant?A) 20%B) 40%C) 60%D)80%

Figure2bestsupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheaverageeconomicimpactfarmersthechangefromnon-GMtoGMcrops?Duetotheirhigherproductioncosts,GMhaveledtoanoveralldecreaseinfinancialreturnsfarmers.TheincreaseinprofitsseenfarmerswhohaveswitchedtoGMcropswastheresultincreaseddemandthosecropsworldwide.EventhoughGMcropshavegenerallyresultedinhigheryields,theyhadlittleifeffectonprofits.GMcropsincreasedtotalproductioncoststheyincreasedoverallprofitsyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy.y..y.yLine510152025303540

Questions22-31arebasedonthefollowingpassage.IJTQTTFJTQUFEGNTDOUOH3UN:HIUMTFT*MMJOUF3F#MDL)Mwª4ZIF6OJFSJUZGSMOEMMFHFGNQU,UINJD,OEUSM4DFDF.Nearlyallblackholesfallintooneoftwoclasses:big,andcolossal.Astronomersknowthatblackholesrangingfromabout10timesto100timesthemassofoursunaretheremnantsofdyingstars,andthatsupermassiveblackholes,morethanamilliontimesthemassofthesun,inhabitthecentersofmostgalaxies.Butscatteredacrosstheuniverselikeoasesinadesertareafewapparentblackholesofamoremysterioustype.Rangingfromahundredtimestoafewhundredthousandtimesthesun’smass,theseintermediate-massblackholesaresohardtomeasurethateventheirexistenceissometimesdisputed.Littleisknownabouthowtheyform.Andsomeastronomersquestionwhethertheybehavelikeotherblackholes.Nowateamofastronomershassucceededinaccuratelymeasuring—andthusconfirmingtheexistenceof—ablackholeabout400timesthemassofoursuninagalaxy12millionlightyearsfromEarth.Thefinding,byUniversityofMarylandastronomygraduatestudentDheerajPashamandtwocolleagues,waspublishedonlineinthejournalNature.Co-authorRichardMushotzky,aUMDastronomyprofessor,saystheblackholeinquestionisajust-right-sizedversionofthisclassofastralobjects.“Objectsinthisrangearetheleastexpectedofallblackholes,”saysMushotzky.“Astronomershavebeenasking,dotheseobjectsexistordotheynotexist?Whataretheirproperties?Untilnowwehavenothadthedatatoanswerthesequestions.”Whiletheintermediate-massblackholethattheteamstudiedisnotthefirstonemeasured,itisthefirstonesopreciselymeasured,Mushotzkysays,“establishingitasacompellingexampleofthisclassofblackholes”Ablackholeisaregioninspacecontainingamasssodensethatnotevenlightcanescapeitsgravity.Blackholesareinvisible,butastronomerscanfindthembytrackingtheirgravitationalpullon

otherobjects.Matterbeingpulledintoablackholegathersarounditlikestormdebriscirclinga45tornado’scenter.Asthiscosmicstuffrubstogetheritproducesfrictionandlight,makingblackholesamongtheuniversesbrightestobjects.Sincethe1970sastronomershaveobservedafewhundredobjectsthattheythoughtwere50intermediate-massblackholes.Buttheycouldn’tmeasuretheirmass,sotheycouldn’tbecertain.“Forreasonsthatareveryhardtounderstand,theseobjectshaveresistedstandardmeasurementtechniques,”saysMushotzky.55 PashamfocusedononeobjectinMessier82,agalaxyintheconstellationUrsaMajor.Messier82isourclosest“starburstgalaxy,”whereyoungstarsareforming.Beginningin1999aNASAsatellitetelescope,theChandraX-rayObservatory,detected60X-raysinMessier82fromabrightobjectprosaicallydubbedM82X-l.Astronomers,includingMushotzkyandco-authorTodStrohmayerofNASA’sGoddardSpaceFlightCenter,suspectedforaboutadecadethattheobjectwasan65intermediate-massblackhole,butestimatesofitsmasswerenotdefinitiveenoughtoconfirmthat.Between2004and2010NASA’sRossiX-RayTimingExplorer(RXTE)satellitetelescopeobservedM82X-labout800times,recordingindividualX-ray70particlesemittedbytheobject.PashammappedtheintensityandwavelengthofX-raysineachsequence,thenstitchedthesequencestogetherandanalyzedtheresult.Amongthematerialcirclingthesuspected75blackhole,hespottedtworepeatingflaresoflight.Theflaresshowedarhythmicpatternoflightpulses,oneoccurring5.1timespersecondandtheother3.3timespersecond—oraratioof3:2.Thetwolightoscillationswereliketwodust80motesstuckinthegroovesofavinylrecordspinningonaturntable,saysMushotzky.Iftheoscillationsweremusicalbeats,theywouldproduceaspecificsyncopatedrhythmlikeaLatin-inflectedbossanova.Inmusic,thisisa3:2beat.Astronomerscanusea853:2oscillationoflighttomeasureablackhole’smass.Thetechniquehasbeenusedonsmallerblackholes,butithasneverbeforebeenappliedtointermediate-massblackholes.yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy.y..y.y90M82X-1is428timesthemassofthesun,giveortake105solarmasses.Hedoesnotproposeanexplanationforhowthisclassofblackholesformed.“Weneededtoconfirmtheirexistenceobservationallyfirst,”hesays.“Nowthetheoristscan95gettowork.”2222Themainpurposeofthepassageistoaccountthedifferencesbetweenthetwomajorclassesofblackholes.discussthedifficultiesscientistsencounterwhenmeasuringthemassofblackholes.describehowevidencesupportstheexistenceofparticularofblackhole.explainwhythebrightnessofablackholeheightensthechallengeofmeasuringitsmass.2323Inline9,theusestheindicatethatacharacteristicofcertainblackholesisvisible.conclusionaboutcertaintypesofblackholesisobvious.descriptionofacertainofblackholesismisleading.characterizationofcertainobjectsasblackholesisplausible.

2424Thepassageindicatesthatresearchintointermediate-masblackholeshasbeenimpededbythefactthatsuchblackholesseemtoashortlifespan.currentmodelstheevolutioncannotexplainsuchblackholes.ithasbeendifficultscientistspreciselymeasuresuchblackholes.thegravitationalpullthatsuchblackholesexertonotherobjectsisnegligible.2525WhichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencethatMushotzkywouldcharacterizeearlierdiscussionsofintermediate-massblackholesaslargelyspeculative?Lines25-28...objects”)Lines29-30(“Objects...Lines32-33...Lines34-38(“While...2626Themainpurposeofthesixthparagraph(lines39-47)istoprovideexamplesofblackholesanddiscussthepropertiesofeach.describetheofblackholesandexplainhowtheycanbedetected.presentcompetingtheoriesabouttheoriginsandcharacteristicsofblackholes.illustratethedifferencesbetweensupermassiveandintermediate-massblackholes.27 302730yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy.y..y.ytrailing.traversing.monitoring.paralleling.2828Inofthepassageasawhole,thequotationfrominlines52-54servesmainlytodefendtheoftheresearchersagainstthepotentialcriticismsofotherscientists.explainwhytheresearcherswereabletointerestrelativelyfewotherscientistsintheirsuggestaparticularscientificprocessthattheresearcherseventuallyadaptedandrefinedtheiremphasizeasignificantscientificchallengethattheoftheresearchersultimatelysurmounted.2929canreasonablybeinferredfromthepassagethatthecollectedbytheChandraX-rayObservatorywereinsufficienttorulewhichpossibility?M82X-1isamemberofoneofthetwoestablishedclassesofblackholes.TheX-raysassociatedwithM82X-1comefromanotherobjectChangesinthebrightnessofM82X-1reflectimperfectionsinthetelescopeitself.M82X-1wasformedlaterthanwasknownsupermassiveblack

canreasonablybeinferredfromthepassagethatmadewhichassumptionaboutthepatternoflightflaresdetectednearM82X-1?arisesvariationsinthewavelengthoftheX-raysemittedbyM82X-1notfromvariationsintheintensityofthoseX-rays.couldbeusedtoanalyzeM82X-Iinthesameassimilarpatternshadbeenusedtoanalyzeotherblackholes.displaysa3:2ratiobecausethemassofM82X-1isgreaterthanthemassofblackholesinthesmallerofthetwomajorclassesofblackholes.couldserveasareliableofestimatingthedistancefromEarthtoM82X-1.3131Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines58-61(“Beginning...M82X-1”)Lines70-73...Lines76-78(“Theflares...3:2”)Lines86-88(“Thetechnique...Line5101520253035

Questions32-42arebasedonthefollowingpassage.TTHF1JTGNBQFDIFMJFFEO6Z$MJOMJH,ressereeAernAsscnfersngece,stn,D”THF2JTQUFEGN4USU$ITFOE..4IML,rMeysr:AStudyintheWasteoftheConsumer’sDollar.ª1927CZ4UVBSU$ITFOE..4DIJOL.Passage1Itistobeseenthatadvertisingisnotaneconomicwaste.Itministerstothetruedevelopmentoftrade.Itisnodoubtpossibletowastemoneythroughwrongmethodsofadvertising,asitcanbewastedthroughwrongmethodsinanydepartmentofindustry.Butrightfullyapplied,itisthemethodbywhichthedesireiscreatedforbetterthings.Whenthatonceexists,newambitionisdevelopedforthecreationanduseofwealth.Theuncivilizedmakelittleprogressbecausetheyhavefewdesires.Theinhabitantsofourcountryarestimulatedtonewwantsinalldirections.Inordertosatisfytheirconstantlyincreasingdesirestheynecessarilyexpandtheirproductivepower.Theycreatemorewealthbecauseitisonlybythatmethodthattheycansatisfytheirwants.Itisthisconstantlyenlargingcirclethatrepresentstheincreasingprogressofcivilization.Agreatpowerhasbeenplacedinthehandsofthosewhodirecttheadvertisingpoliciesofourcountry,andpowerisalwayscoupledwithresponsibilities.Nooccupationischargedwithgreaterobligationsthanthatwhichpartakesofthenatureofeducation.Thoseengagedinthateffortarechangingthetrendofhumanthought.Theyaremoldingthehumanmind.Thosewhowriteuponthattabletwriteforalleternity.Therecanbenopermanentbasisforadvertisingexceptarepresentationoftheexacttruth.Wheneverdeception,falsehood,andfraudcreepintheunderminethewholestructure.Theydamagethewholeart.Theeffortsofthegovernmenttosecurecorrectlabels,fairtradepractices,andequalopportunityforallourinhabitantsisfundamentallyanefforttogetthetruthintobusiness.TheGovernmentcandomuchinthisdirectionbysettingupcorrectstandardsbutallitseffortswillfairunlessithastheloyalsupportofthebusinessmenoftheNation.Ifourcommerciallifeistobecleanandwholesomeandpermanentinthelast

40resort,itwillbebecausethosewhoareengagedinitaredeterminedtomakeitso.Theultimatereformersofbusinessmustbethebusinessmenthemselves.Myconceptionofwhatadvertisingagencieswantisabusinessworldinwhichthestandardsaresohighyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy.y..Passage2Thegreatbulkofthethingswhichweconsumers50buyarenotreviewedbyanyimpartialtestingbody.Mostofthemadvanceuponusfrombehindagreatsmokescreenofadvertising.Giventimeenough,andtrialanderrorenough,qualitywillinmanycasesmakeitselffelt.Butconsiderthewasteofthistrial55anderrormethodasagainstapermanentsourcetowhichwemightturnfortheresultsofscientifictestsandthesettingofimpartialstandards.TheUnitedStatesGovernmenthassolvedthisproblemsometimesince,foritsownpurposes,and60providesaworkingmodelofhowtodoit,andwhatistobegainedfromit.EachyeartheGovernmentbuyssome$300,000,000ofsuppliesandequipment—rangingallthewayfromthumbtackstodredgingmachines;frombaseballstobattleships.65Nearlyeverykindofthingthegeneralconsumerbuys,theGovernmentatWashingtonbuys—thoughinnotsuchgreatvariety—foodstuffs,textiles,clothing,furniture,buildingmaterials,officesupplies,sportinggoods,toiletarticles...70everything.Butinbuyingmuchofthismaterial,theseveral[government]purchasingagentspaylittleattentionto...magazinecovers,noryettosuper-salesmen TheypayattentiontotechnicaladvicefromtheBureauofStandards.Halfwaybetween75Washington[DC]andChevyChase[Maryland],thesegreatlaboratoriesrise.Skilledchemists,physicists,engineers,researchworkers,inahundredfieldsarepassingcontinuallyandrelentlesslyupontherelativequalityofthegoodswhichthepurchasing80agentproposestobuy.Duringthelastfiscalyear,theBureaumadenolessthan180,000tests.Foranoperatingcostof$2,000,000,itisestimatedthattheBureauofStandardssavestheGovernmentintheneighborhoodof$100,000,000everyyear—an85investmentwhichnetsfifty-fold.cannotthistechniquebeextendedtoaidtheconsumeratlargeasithasaidedtheStatesGovernment?Ifithashelpedtosecurebetterandcheapergasmasksanddreadnoughts,whyshouldit90nothelptosecurebetterandcheaperboots,vacuumcleaners,breakfastfoodsandhouses?3232TheprimarypurposeofPassage1istoanalyzetherelationshipbetweenadvertisingandgovernment.discusstwocompetingconceptionsofthenatureadvertising.advanceaviewabouttheroleandresponsibilityofadvertising.opposeproposedreformstotheadvertisingindustry.3333Accordingto1,advertisingisusefultosocietybecauseithelpspeopleunderstandtheoverarchinggoalsofthegovernment.energizesthebyencouragingpeopletonewproducts.inspiresasenseofsharedculturalidentityamongpeople.allowspeopletouncoverthedeceptionsofsomemanufacturers.

3535Passage1suggeststhatthosewhocreateadvertisementsaresimilartowhodonotunderstandthefullsignificancetheirinventions.officialswhosetpoliciesthatregulatethebehaviorofcitizens.teacherswhopermanentlyinfluencetheideasandbeliefsothers.artistwhoofgreatbeautypeopletoadmire.3636Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines9-12(“Theuncivilized...directions”)Lines14-17(“They...Lines18-21great...responsibilities”)Lines24-26(“They...eternity”)3737AccordingtoPassage2,consumersgenerallylearnaboutthemeritsofaproductbyusingitandobservingtheresultsovertime.readingreviewswrittenbyjournalists.assessingreportspublishedscientists.engaginginwiththeirfriends.34 383438yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy.y..y.ytasked.blamed.assaulted.purchased.

Asusedinline65,“general”mostnearlymeanscollective.widespread.39 413941Theauthorsofbothpassageswouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichstatementaboutdeceptiveadvertisements?Theygenerallymoreeffectivethantruthfuladvertisements.Theymoreincertainmediathaninothers.Theytendtoinspirepubliccynicismabouttheadvertisingindustry.Theyunlikelytomisleadthepublic

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy.y..Lines35-38(“TheGovernment...Lines42-46conception...aboutLines46-48will...4040Theof1mostlikelyclaimthatthesuggestedinthelastparagraphof2wouldbeviableonlyifithadthegenuinesupportofbusinesseslikelyfailbecausei