SAT备考资料：201711北美及答案

可能是SAT老师中，做申请最好的可能是SAT老师中，做申请最好的2017年申请季还没结束，已经在2017年10月20日提前斩获一枚排名12位的ColbyCollege科比文理学院ED录取，并且，学生的ACT成绩只有30分。而绝大多数学生的ED消息要在12月中旬才能得知。在去年2016年申请季的学生中，最差的一位同学托福只有50+，SAT1100+，同时获得了UCIrvineDavis70+60GPA2.0MichiganStateUniversity70700SAT1500+MIT申请文书，真的很关键。源于自己，高于自己的文书才是真“包装”。好的申请材料，一定同时具备4个属性：1、独特性：别人想抄2-3句话，都没办法，因为和自己的背景高度相关；2、学术性：要有超越普通中学生的知识水平和专业术语；3、长期性：不要写2-3周的活动；而是能持续2-3年的兴趣和活动；4、公益性：只炫耀是不够的，要有关心人类和世界的情怀希望同学们可以用这个标准，修改自己的文书。想写一篇100分的文书，要在下笔之前多思考，找准明线（故事主线）和暗线（主旨精神），占一篇好文书的80分。文书初稿之后20如果你对自己的文书有不满意的地方，可以关注微信公众号【美国本科申请】获得更多资料。或者，你可以和我一起讨论。微信号kangkanglaoshi 康康老师个人微信美国本科申请公众号MayQAS11/4/20171711NA21111ReadingTest65MINUTES,52QUESTIONSTurntoSection1ofyouranswersheettoanswerthequestionsinthissection.Eachpassageorpairofpassagesbelowisfollowedbyanumberofquestions.Afterreadingeachpassageorpair,choosethebestanswertoeachquestionbasedonwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassageorpassagesandinanyaccompanyinggraphics(suchasatableorgraph).Questions1-10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ThispassageisadaptedfromGeorgeEliot,Middlemarch.Originallypublishedin1871.Dorotheaandherhusband.Mr.Casaubon,amiddle-agedscholar,areontheirhoneymooninRome.WillLadislaw,anartist,isCasaubon’scousin.“Yes,”saidDorothea,withoutpause;“showhimintothesalon.”HerchiefimpressionsaboutyoungLadislawwerethatwhenshehadseenhimatLowickshehadbeenmadeawareofMr.5Casaubon’sgenerositytowardshim,andalsothatshehadbeeninterestedinhisownhesitationabouthisShewasalivetoanythingthatgaveheranopportunityforactiveandatthismomentitseemedasifthevisithadcometoshake10heroutofherself-absorbeddiscontent—toremindherofherhusband’sgoodness,andmakeherfeelthatshehadnowtherighttobehishelpmateinallkinddeeds.Shewaitedaminuteortwo,butwhenshepassedintothenextroomtherewerejustsigns15enoughthatshehadbeencryingtomakeheropenfacelookmoreyouthfulandappealingthanusual.ShemetLadislawwiththatexquisitesmileofgoodwillwhichisunmixedwithandheldoutherhandtohim.Hewastheelderbyseveral20years,butatthatmomenthelookedmuchtheyounger,forhistransparentcomplexionflushedandhespokewithashynessextremelyunlikethereadyindifferenceofhismannerwithhismalecompanionatthemuseum,whileDorothea25becameallthecalmerwithawonderingdesiretoputhimatease.

“IwasnotawarethatyouandMr.CasaubonwereinRome,untilthismorning,whenIsawyouintheVaticanMuseum,"hesaid."Iknewyouat30once—but—Imean,thatIconcludedMr.Casaubon’saddresswouldbefoundatthePosteRestante,andIwasanxioustopaymyrespectstohimandyouasearlyaspossible.“Praysitdown.Heisnotherenow,buthewill35begladtohearofyou,Iamsure,"saidDorothea,seatingherselfunthinkinglybetweenthefireandthelightofthetallwindow,andpointingtoachairopposite,withthequietudeofabenignantmatron.Thesignsofgirlishsorrowinherfacewereonlythe40morestriking.“Mr.Casaubonismuchengaged;butyouwillleaveyouraddress—willyounot?—andhewillwritetoyou.”areverygood,”saidbeginningtolosehisdiffidenceintheinterestwithwhichhe45wasobservingthesignsofweepingwhichhadalteredherface.“Myaddressisonmycard.ButifyouwillallowmeIwillcallagainto-morrowatanhourwhenCasaubonislikelytobeathome."“HegoestoreadintheLibraryoftheVatican50everyday,andyoucanhardlyseehimexceptbyanappointment.Especiallynow.WeareabouttoleaveRome,andheisverybusy.Heisusuallyawayalmostfrombreakfasttilldinner.ButIamsurehewillwishyoutodinewithus.”55 Ladislawwasstruckmuteforafewmoments.HehadneverbeenfondofCasaubon,andifithadnotbeenforthesenseofobligation,wouldhavelaughedathimasaBatoferudition.Buttheideaofthisdried-uppedant,thiselaboratorofCONTINUE1CONTINUECONTINUEPAGE4CONTINUEPAGE4460smallexplanationsaboutasimportantasthesurplusstockoffalseantiquitieskeptinavendor’sbackchamber,havingfirstgotthisadorableyoungcreaturetomarryhim,andthenpassinghishoneymoonawayfromher,thissuddenpicture465stirredhimwithasortofcomicdisgust:hewasdividedbetweentheimpulsetolaughaloudandtheequallyunseasonableimpulsetoburstintoscornfulinvective.Foraninstanthefeltthatthestrugglewascausingaqueercontortionofhismobilefeatures,70butwithagoodeffortheresolveditintonothingmoreoffensivethanamerrysmile.Dorotheawondered;butthesmilewasirresistible,andshonebackfromherfacetoo.WillLadislaw’ssmilewasdelightful,unlessyouwere75angrywithhimbeforehanditwasagushofinwardlightilluminatingthetransparentskinaswellastheeyes,andplayingabouteverycurveandlineasifsomeArielweretouchingthemwithanewcharm,andbanishingforeverthetracesofmoodiness.The80reflectionofthatsmilecouldnotbuthavealittlemerrimentinittoo.evenunderdarkeyelashesstillmoist,asDorotheasaidinquiringly,"Somethingamusesyou?""Yes."saidWill,quickinfindingresources.*AmagicalspiritinShakespeare’sTheTempest11Overthecourseofthepassage,themainfocusshiftsbetweenthepointsofviewofDorotheaandLadislawinordertodevelopthecharacters’thoughtsandexploretheiractions.settingsoftheandtheCasaubons’hotelinRomeinordertoemphasizeDorothea’sisolationfromherhusband.contemptthatLadislawfeelsforCasaubonandtheaffectionhefeelsforDorotheainordertorevealhisinnerconflict.narrator’somniscientperspectiveandthecharacterslimitedperspectivesinordertosuggestthatthecharactersknowfarlessaboutoneanotherthantheybelieve.

22ThepassagesuggestthatwhileatLowick,Ladislawexpresseduncertaintyabouthisprospectsformarriage.choiceofoccupation.leisurepursuits.standingwithinhisfamily33AsusedInline7,"aliveto"mostnearlymeansreliantupon.eagercarefulabout.suspiciousof.Inthepassage.DorothearegardstheoccasionofLadislaw’sarrivalmainlyasachancetoseektemporaryamusementconfessthefullextentofhersadness.strengthenheralliancewithherhusband.makeagoodimpressiononamemberofherhusband’s55Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines7-12("Shewas...deeds")Lines13-16("Shewaited...usual")Lines16-18("Shemet...tohim")Lines24-25("Dorothea...case")6 969ThecomparisonofLadislaw’sinteractionwithhis“malecompanion”tohisinteractionwithDorothea(lines21-25)mainlyservestorevealtheamountoftimeLadislawspendserestsLadislawshareswitheach.degreeofself-consciousnessLadislawexperienceswitheach.10enjoymentLadislawderivesfromconversationswitheach.10

ThepassagemakesclearthatLadislawregardsDorotheaasunknowinglyself-centeredexcessivelyneedlesslycautious.physicallyattractive.77Basedonthepassage.Ladislaw’srelationshipwithMr.Casaubonisbestcharacterizedassuperficiallycivil,becauseLadislawfeelsindebtedtoCasaubon.blatantlycompetitive,becauseLadislawandCasaubonshareanobligationtoDorothea.subtlyhostile,becauseLadislawbelievesthatCasaubonhasbeenignoringhim.outwardlyspiteful,becauseLadislawresentsCasaubon’scontrollinginfluence.85

Whatmaineffectdothephrases“gushofinwardlight,”“playingabouteverycurve.”and“touchingthemwithanewcharm.”usedintheseventhparagraph(lines71-82).haveonthenarrator’sdescriptionofLadislaw’ssmile?Theyunderscore.Ladislaw’struefeelingaboutCasaubonconcealedbehindthesmile.TheyemphasizetheenchantingeffectofthesmileonDorothea.TheyreinforceLadislaw’sefforttoamuseDorotheabysmiling.Theyrevealthesmile’spowertobringjoyeventothosewhoareangrywith88Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines2-6(“Herchief...career”)Lines28-32(“Iknew...possible”)Lines45-47(“Butif...home”)Lines55-57(“Hehad...erudition”)Questions11-20arebasedonthefollowingpassages.Passage1isadaptedfromShirleyChisholm,“AddresstotheUnitedStatesHouseofRepresentatives,21May1969.”Passage2isadaptedfromPhyllisSchlafly,What’sWrongwith‘EqualRights’forWomen?©1972byPhyllisSchlafly.TheEqualRightsAmendmentwasaproposedamendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitutionintendedtoprohibitdiscriminationonthebasisofgender.ChisholmwasamemberofCongresswhenshemadeheraddress.Passage1MorethanhalfofthepopulationoftheUnitedStatesisfemale.Butwomenoccupyonly2percentofthemanagerialpositions.Theyhavenotevenreachedtheleveloftokenismyet.Nowomensiton5theAFL-CIOcouncilorSupremeCourt.TherehavebeenonlytwowomenwhohaveheldCabinetrank,andatpresenttherearenone.Onlytwowomennowholdambassadorialrankinthediplomaticcorps.InCongress,wearedowntooneSenatorand1010Representatives.Consideringthatthereareabout31/2millionmorewomenintheUnitedStatesthanmen,thissituationisoutrageousItisforthisreasonthatIwishtointroduce15today15aproposalthathasbeenbeforeeveryCongressforthelast40yearsandthatsoonerorlatermustbecomepartofthebasiclawoftheland—theequalrightsamendment.Letmenoteandtrytorefutetwoofthe20commonestargumentsthatareofferedagainstthisamendment.Oneisthatwomenarealreadyprotectedunderthelawanddonotneedlegislation.Existinglawsarenotadequatetosecureequalrightsforwomen.Sufficientproofofthisisthe25concentrationofwomeninlowerpaying,menial,unrewardingjobsandtheirincrediblescarcityintheupperleveljobs.Ifwomenarealreadyequal,whyisitsuchaneventwheneveronehappenstobeelectedtoCongress?...30 AsecondargumentoftenheardagainsttheequalrightsamendmentisthatitwouldeliminatelegislationthatmanyStatesandtheFederalGovernmenthaveenactedgivingspecialprotectiontowomenandthatitwouldthrowthemarriageand35divorcelawsintochaos.Asforthemarriagelaws,theyaredueforasweepingreform,andanexcellentbeginningwould

betowipetheexistingonesoffthebooks.Regardingspecialprotectionforworkingwomen,I40cannotunderstandwhyitshouldbeneeded.Womenneednoprotectionthatmendonotneed.Whatweneedarelawstoprotectworkingpeopletoguaranteethemfairpay.safeworkingconditions.protectionagainstsicknessandlayoffs,andprovisionfor45dignified,comfortableretirement.Menandwomenneedthesethingsequally.Thatonesexneedsprotectionmorethantheotherisamalesupremacistmythasridiculousandunworthyofrespectasthewhitesupremacistmythsthatsocietyistryingto50cuteitselfofatthistime.Passage2Inthelastcoupleofyears,anoisymovementhassprungupagitatingfor“women’srights.”Suddenlyeverywhereweareafflictedaggressive55femalesontelevisiontalkshowsyappingabouthowmistreatedAmericanwomenare,suggestingthatmarriagehasputusinsomekindof"slavery,"thathouseworkismenialanddegrading,and—perishthethought—thatwomenarediscriminatedagainst.60New“women’sliberation”organizationsarepoppingup,agitatinganddemonstrating,servingdemandsonpublicofficials,gettingwidepresscoveragealways,andpurportingtospeakforsome100,000,000Americanwomen.65 It’stimetosettherecordstraight.TheclaimAmericanwomenaredowntroddenandunfairlytreatedisthefraudoftheThetruthisthatAmericanwomenneverhaditsogood.Whyshouldwelowerourselvesto“equalrights”whenwe70alreadyhavethestatusofspecialprivilege?TheproposedEqualRightsAmendmentstatesthat"EqualityofrightsunderthelawshallnotbedeniedorabridgedbytheUnitedStatesorbyanystateonaccountofsex,”Sowhat’swrongwiththat?75hereareafewexamplesofwhat’swrongwithit.ThisAmendmentwillabsolutelyandpositivelymakewomensubjecttothedraft.Whyanywomanwouldsupportsucharidiculousandun-Americanasthisisbeyondcomprehension80 AnotherbadeffectoftheEqualRightsAmendmentisthatitwillabolishawoman’righttochildsupportandandsubstitutewhatthewomen’slibbersthinkisamore"equal"that"suchdecisionsshouldbewithinthediscretionof85Courtandshouldbemadeontheeconomicsituationandneedofthepartiesinthecase."UnderpresentAmericanlaws,themanisalwaysrequiredtosupporthiswifeandeachchildhecausedtobeboughtintotheworld.Whyshould90womenabandonthesegoodlaws bytradingthemforsomethingsonebulousanduncertainasthe“discretionoftheCourt”?1111InPassage1,ChisholmmentionsthenumberofwomeninCongressmostlikelytogiveoneexampleofaprofessionwithveryfewwomeninit.pointouthowharditisforwomentogetlegislationpassed.suggesthowhardshehasworkedtobecomeamemberofCongress.implythatifthereweremorewomeninCongress,theEqualRightsAmendmentwouldhavepassed1212Asusedinline14,"introduce"mostnearlymeansestablish.presentinterjectpreface.

1414InPassage2,Schlafly’suseofquotationmarksAround"women’srights"(line52)and"equal"(line82)chieflyservestostresstheurgencyofthereformsreferredtointhequotations.preventmisunderstandingbyindicatingthatChisholm’sexactwordsarebeingused.suggestthattheexpressionsaretypicallyusedaninsultingridiculetheideologicalpositionsunderlyingtheuseoftheseterms.1515InPassage2,Schlafly’suseofthewords“afflicted,“aggressive,”and“yapping”（lines53-54)servestosupporthermainargumentbyacknowledgingherunderstandingofthecomplexityofthedebateongenderconveyingherimplicitcritiqueofthecontentiousnatureofAmericanpoliticaldebate.suggestingthatthepositionstakenbyheropponentsareunreasonableandannoying.portrayingheraspersonallyattackedbyheropponentsratherthanchallengedonherargument’smerits.161613InPassage1,Chisholmindicatesthatthefederalgovernmentandmanystategovernmentshavepreviously13passedlawsfocusedonwomen’sworkingconditions.ensuredequalrightsforwomenintheworkplace.reformedmostofthemarriageanddivorcelaws.refusedtoconsiderspecialprotectionsforwomen.

WhichchoicebestsupportstheideathatSchlaflybelievesthatwomen’scircumstancesarealreadysuperiortothoseofmen?Lines59-63(“New…women”）Lines64-66(“It’s...century”）Lines67-69(“Why…privilege”)Lines70-73(“Theproposed...ofsex”)17 191719AccordingtoSchlaflyinPassage2,theEqualRightsAmendmentwouldeliminateawoman’srighttojointhereceivebeahavecustodyofherchildren.18BasedonPassage1,ChisholmwouldmostlikelyrespondtoSchlafly’sassertioninlines66-67ofPassage2(“Thetruth...good”)with18concern,becauseofthepolarizingnatureofsuchperspectivesonwomen.disagreement,becauseoftheeconomicplightofmanywomenintheresignation,becausetherearevalidargumentsonbothsidesofthisissue.becauseofthenumberofwomeninAmericawhoholdsuchbeliefs.

Basedonthepassages,whichstatementdescribeshowSchlaflywouldmostlikelyrespondtoChisholm’sremarksaboutthemarriageanddivorcelawsofthattime?RevokingthemarriageanddivorcelawsrequiresanamendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution.Activistswhobelievethatmarriageisakintoslaveryoverlookotherilleffectsofgenderdiscrimination.TheEqualRightsAmendmentshouldcodifygenderequalityinareasotherthanchildsupportandalimonypayments.Currentmarriageanddivorcelawsshouldnotbechangedbecausetheyprovideasignificantbenefittowomen.2020WhichchoicefromPassage2providesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines53-58(“Suddenly…against”）Lines75-76(“This...draft”）Lines76-78("Wprehension’’)Lines86-91(“Under…Court”）Questions21-30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thispassageisadaptedfromwechatkangkanglaoshi"EvenBirdbrainsLearnfromExperience."©2013bySigmaXi,TheScientific:ResearchSociety.Figarowasonlyabirdbrain:acaptivecockatoo(Cacatuagoffini).ButwhenAliceAuersperg,cognitivebiologistattheUniversityofVienna,spiedhimwielding10toolshehadspontaneously5inventedfromtwigsandsplinters,shewasamazed.SuchinnovativetoolusewasknowntoexistonlyinprimatesandNewCaledoniancrows.AuerspergfirstsawFigaromake,shorten,andbendsticktoolstorakeinasmallstonehehad10droppedthroughameshpartition.ShereplacedthestonewithaseriesofcashewnutsandobservedFigarorepeathisperformance.Auersperg’sobservationsculminatedinastudyshowingthatcockatooscansolveelaboratemultisteplock15puzzles,withoutintermediatebehavioralreinforcements,andimmediatelytransfertheirnewknowledgetoanovelchallenge.Figaroshowsthatcockatooscan“planinterventionsinthephysicalworldwellaheadof20beingreinforced,”saysAuersperg’scoauthor,AlexKacelnik,abehavioralecologistattheUniversityofOxford.Figaro’sachievementraisedthequestion,whatextentcancockatoosplanahead,completingaseriesofactionstowardamentally25representeddistantgoal withoutsupport?Auerspergandcolleaguesreasonedthatifacockatoomustcompleteachainofactionstoreceiveasubstantialrewardattheend,andifeachactionleadsonlytothepossibilityofachievingthe30nextaction,thenthebirdcouldbeunlikelytoattainthefinalgoalbymeredistance.Randomlyattemptingtheactionsinthelongorder,forexample,wouldleadtofailure.Totestcockatoos’planningandmechanical35capacities,Auerspergdesignedaboxhousingavisablecashewnutblockedbyfiveinterlockingdevices.Thelockswereconcatenatedsothatthebirdwouldhavetosolvethelockpuzzlefarthestfromtherewardbeforegainingaccesstothenext,40andsoon.Theteammadeeachlockuniquesothattheknowledgerequiredtoopenitwouldbenovel.Auersperg’steambeganbytestingthecockatoos’learningprocesstodiscernwhetherandtowhat

extentthe10birdsintheirstudycouldsolveallfive45puzzleswithoutintermittentrewardsorobservationofbirdalreadytrained.Theresearchershadnoprecedentforpredictinghowmuchtimeandsupportthecockatooswouldrequire.Intheend,onlyonebird,namedPipin,solvedallfivelockswithinthe50numberofsessions,numberoftrials,andamountoftimethatAuerspergusedtodefinesuccess.ButPipincompletedtheentirepuzzle,utterlyunassisted,inonly100minutes a“rapidroutetoperfection,”Auerspergnotes.Theteamsupportedtheothernine55birdswithreinforcementuntiltheyopenedthefivelocks.(youmanyalsogotoformoretestpapers.)Theteamthensubjectedall10birdstoanexperimentdesignedtorevealthenatureoftheir60newlyacquiredknowledge:whetheritwasrote,oritindicatedunderstandingofmechanicalfunctions.Thescientistsremovedorresequencedpartsoftheoriginalpuzzle.Inresponse,"thebirdsimmediatelyapproachedthenowmostrelevantpieceof65equipmentdownstreamfromthegoal,”saysKacelnik.Insteadofrigidlyadheringtotheoriginallocksequence,inotherwords,theystrategizedaccordingtothevariousfunctionsoftheinterlockingmechanisms.70 Thecockatoosexploredthelocksusingtheirbills,tongues,andfeet;individualsdifferedinhowtheyopenedthelocks.However,all10birdsprogressedlogically:Oncetheyhadsolvedalock,theyspentnotimeonthatlockinfuture75sessions,butfocusedonthenextchallengeinthechain.Thisstepwiseapproachtothecomplexsequenceshowsthatcockatooscan,withoutreinforcement,workbackwardfromadistantgoal.802121Theprimarypurposeofthepassageistodiscussastudyofcockatoos’cognitivefilearesearcherstudyingcockatoos’behavior.explainatheoryaboutcockatoosskills.analyzedataoncockatoosmemorizationpractices.22 252225Thecentralideaofthepassageisthatcockatooscanuseknowledgegainedfromobservingotherspeciestoachievetheirowngoals.recallinformationfrompreviousexperiencesandapplyittowhollynewsituations.arecapableofperceivingandcompletingmultipleindependentstepstoaccomplishanobjective.E)Ifyouneedanswersofthistest,pleasecontactwechatkangkanglaoshireconcileconflictinggoalsbyassessingwhichgoaliseasiesttoE)Ifyouneedanswersofthistest,pleasecontactwechatkangkanglaoshi23Inthecontextofthepassageasawhole,themainfunctionofthefirstparagraphisto23introduceaphenomenonfirstdiscoveredinthestudiespresentedinthepassage.outlinethecontroversythattheanalysispresentedinthepassageisintendedtosettle.explainthehypothesisthattheexperimentsdiscussedinthepassageweredesignedtotest.24describeanincidentthathelpedinspiretheresearchdiscussedinthepassage.24WhichstatementaboutFigaro’sdevelopmentoftoolsisbestsupportedbythepassage?FigarodevelopedtoolsthatweresimilarinappearancetothoseusedbyNewCaledoniancrows.FigarodevelopedtoolsthatenabledhimtoopentheJocksthatAuerspergandhercolleaguesdesigned.Figarodevelopedtoolswithoutpreviouslyobservingothercockatoosusingtools.Figarodevelopedtoolsonhisowninitiativeandtosolveaproblemhehadnotanticipated.

Asusedinline12,"performance"mostnearlymeansactions.presentation.imitation.2626Basedonthepassage,onepremiseoftheresearchers’firstexperimentwasthatpresentingcockatooswithuniquelocksthathadtobesolvedsuccessivelywouldforestalltheobjectionthatthecockatoosweretryingtoachieveintermediategoalsratherthanasinglefinalgoal.bolstertheclaimthatthecockatoosplannedtheiractionsknowingtheywouldnotreceivereinforcementastheyprogressed.reducethepossibilitythatthecockatooscouldsucceedintheexperimentwithoutpossessingtheskillsbeingassessed.ensurethattheexperimentwasevaluatingcockatoos’intellectualcapabilitiesratherthantheirmechanicalcapabilities.2727Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines22-25(“Figaro’s...support”)Lines25-31(“Auersperg...chance”)Linestest...devices”)Lines36-38(“Thelocks...soon”)28Thefourthandfifthparagraphs(lines33-55)primarilyserveto28describethedesignandoutcomeofthefirstlockexperiment.summarizetheviewsofotherresearchersoncockatoointelligence.contrastthefirstlockexperimentwithotherassessmentsofanimalcognition.speculateonthesignificanceoftheresultsofbothlockexperiments.29Asusedinline42,“discern”mostnearlymeans29differentiate.determine.notice.question.30Whichchoicemostaccuratelydescribestheresultsofthefirstlockexperiment?30Onlyoneofthecockatooswasabletoopenallofthelocks,butthatcockatoorequiredsupportfromtheresearcherstodoso.Allofthecockatoosopenedallofthelocks,butonlyonecockatoodidsowithoutsupportfromtheresearchers.Nineofthecockatooswereunabletoopenanyofthelocks,butonecockatooopenedsomeofthelocks.Thecockatoosthatreceivedsupportopenedalllocks,butthecockatoothatdidnotreceivesupportopenedonlysomeofthelocks.

859095100105110115

Questions31-41arebasedonthefollowingpassageandsupplementarymaterial.ThispassageisadaptedfromBenBranstetter,“EveryTimeYouSendSomeoneanEmoji,aLittlePartofLanguageDies.”©2015byDailyDotMedia.Emojiaresmallimagesthataregenerallyusedintextmessaging.Language—whatyou’rereadingrightnow—isentirelymadeupofsymbols.Thewordsyou’rereadingaretranslatedbyyourliteratemindandgiventhemeaningyou’vebeentaughttheyhave.Eventhelettersthemselves,thoughseeminglyabstractnow,oncereliedonliteraltranslations.Theletter“H,”forexample，,comesfromtheEgyptianhieroglyphfor“fence.”Infact,arowofHs—HHHHHH—certainlydragsthismillennia-oldmeaningout.TheEnglishlanguageistheproductofthousandsandthousandsofyearsofsuchsymboliclayering—literalimagesformingsinglesymbolsformingwordslike“heart,”“hearth,”and“hearthstone.”Themoreseparatedithasbecomefromtheobjectsandactionsofthephysicalworld,themoreithasenabledustocommunicatethefullcomplexityoflifeasweknowit.Andwhilelanguageisalwaysevolving—changecanoftenlookalotlikedeterioration—therehasbeenarecentreturntotheliteralsymbolismofthehieroglyphsofold.Emojiarecertainlysymbols,andtheyhavethemeaningwegivethemandnothingelse—justlikelettersandlogos.Buttheirrelianceonphysicalimagery—onsmileyfaces,devilhorns—meanstheylimitusfromleavingthephysicalworld.Theabstractionoflanguageisanecessarytactictofurtherdevelopourunderstandingofthingswecannotsee.Emojimakethismissionallthemoredifficult.ArecentstudydonebyMwouldseemtocontradictme.Thedatingsiteanalyzedthetextingbehaviorof5,600singleAmericansandfoundemojiuseisnotreplacinglanguageasmuchasitisreplacinginflection.LedbyRutgersanthropologistHelenthestudyfoundtexting‘‘jeopardizesyourabilitytoexpressyouremotion“andemojihavefilledthisholeas”anotherwaytoexpressemotion.”Fiftypercentofthestudy’ssubjectsfoundCONTINUE10CONTINUE10120125130135140145150155160

emojitoshow“personality”and35percentfeltitmade“expressingfeelings”easier.Easierthanlanguage?Easierthantheinfinitecombinationsandwordsinfrontofyou?Easierthanthewayyouactuallyprocessthoughtsinyourmind,tothepointsomescientistsbelievewedontactuallyhavethoughtsuntilwedeveloplanguage?Whilesarcasmmightbeabitdifficultovertext,I’veneverstruggledwithgettingmymeaningthroughtexttothepointofneedingpre-ordainedcartoonstomakemyfeelingsunderstood.Ofcourse,theemojipoolisalwaysgrowing.Currently,theUnicodeConsortiumrecognizes722distinctemoji,anastonishingamount.However,eventhisimpressivenumberofsymbolsislimitedbyitsverymethodofproduction.Whereasalanguageisbuiltandalteredbyallwhospeakit,emojiiscontrolledbytheelitesofthetechnologyworld.Thishasshownitselfnowhereasstronglyasithasinreactiontothehomogeneityofemojifaces.ThedemandforethnicdiversityamongthecharactersurgedtheConsortiumtoreleaseaveritablecolorpaletteofsmiling,frowning,winking,andsmirkingfaces.WhereastheOxfordEnglishDictionaryrespondstothegrowthoftheEnglishlanguage,emojimustwaititselfforthedecisionsofanunelectedcommittee.Andtherelianceofemojiuponalready-filledlanguagestand