2022年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题5

2022年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题

PartIListeningComprehension(30%)

略

PartIIVocabulary(10%)

SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,allthesentencesareincomplete.FourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,C

andDaregivenbeneatheachofthem.Youaretochoosethewordorphrasethatbestcompletesthe

sentence,thenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.

31.Chronichigh-doseintakeofvitaminAhasbeenshowntohaveeffectsonbones.

A.adverseB.prevalentC.instantD.purposeful

32.Drinkingmorewaterisgoodfortherestofyourbody,helpingtolubricatejointsandtoxins

andimpurities.

A.screenoutB.knockoutC.flushoutD.ruleout

33.Rheumatologistadvisesthatthosewithongoingachesandpainsfirstseekmedicalhelp

totheproblem.

A.affiliateB.alleviateC.aggravateD.accelerate

34.Generally,vaccinemakers__thevirusinfertilizedchickeneggsinaprocessthatcantake

fourtosixmonths.

A.penetrateB.designateC.generateD.exaggerate

35.DanishresearchshowsthattheincreaseinobesepeopleinDenmarkisroughly_tothe

increaseofcarbondioxideintheatmosphere.

A.equivalentB.temporaryC.permanentD.relevant

36.Tedwasfelledbyamassivestrokethataffectedhisbalanceandlefthimbarelyableto

speak.

A.bluntlyB.intelligiblyC.reluctantlyD.ironically

37.Inatechnology-intensiveenterprise,computersallprocessesoftheproductionand

management.

A.dominateB.overwhelmC.substituteD.imitate

38.Althoughmostdreamsapparentlyhappen,dreamactivitymaybeprovokedbyexternal

influences.

A.homogeneouslyB.instantaneouslyC.spontaneouslyD.simultaneously

39.Wearemuchquickertorespond,andwerespondfartooquicklybygivingtoouranger.

A.ventB.impulseC.temperD.offence

40.Bymaintainingastrongfamily_,theyarealsomaintainingtheinfrastructureofsociety.

A.biasB.honorC.estateD.bond

SectionB

官方网站:

2-y

Directions:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasawordorphraseunderlined.Therearefourwords

orphrasesbeneatheachsentence.Choosethewordorphrasewhichcanbestkeepthemeaningof

theoriginalsentenceifitissubstitutedfortheunderlinedpart.MarkyouranswerontheANSWER

SHEET.

41.Informthemanagerifyouareonmedicationthatmakesyoudrowsy.

A.uneasyB.sleepyC.guiltyD.fiery

42.Diabetesisoneofthemostprevalentandpotentiallydangerousdiseasesintheworld.

A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.widespread

43.Likewise,sootandsmokefromfirecontainamultitudeofcarcinogens.

A.amatterofB.abodyofC.plentyofD.sortof

44.Manyquestionsaboutestrogen'seffectsremaintobeelucidated,andinvestigationsare

seekinganswersthroughongoinglaboratoryandclinicalstudies.

A.implicatedB.impliedC.illuminatedD.initiated

45.Anetworkchattingisalimpsubstituteformeetingfriendsovercoffee.

A.accomplishmentB.refreshmentCplementD.replacement

46.Whenpatientsspendextendedperiodsinhospital,theytendtobecomeoverlydependentand

loseinterestintakingcareofthemselves.

A.extremelyB.exclusivelyC.exactlyD.explicitly

47.Attemptstorestrictparkinginthecitycentrehavefurtheraggravatedtheproblemoftraffic

congestion.

A.AmelioratedB.aggregatedC.deterioratedD.duplicated

48.Itwasreportedthatbacteriacontaminatedupto80%ofdomesticretailrawchickeninthe

UnitedStates.

A.inflamedB.inflictedC.infectedD.infiltrated

49.ResearchersrecentlyranthenumbersongunviolenceintheUnitedStatesandreportedthat

right-to-carry-gunlawsdonotinhibitviolentcrime.

A.curbB.induceC.lessenD.impel

50.Regardlessofouruneasinessaboutstereotypes,numerousstudieshaveshowncleardifference

betweenChineseandwesternparenting.

A.specificationsB.sensationsC.conventionsD.conservations

PartHICloze(10%)

Directions:Inthissectionthereisapassagewithtennumberedblanks.Foreachblank,thereare

fourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandDontherightside.Choosethebestanswerandmarktheletterof

yourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.

Itwasthekindofresearchthatgaveinsightintohowflustrainscouldmutatesoquickly.The

samebranchofresearchconcludedin2022thatthe1918flustartedinbirdsbeforepassingto

humans.Parsingthisanimal-human51couldprovidecluesto52thenextpotentialsuperflu,which

Thispotentialkilleralsohasanumber:59%.AccordingtotheWHO,nearlythree-fifthsofthe

peoplewho53H5NIsince2022diedfromthevirus,whichwasfirstreported54humansinHong

Kongin1997beforeamoreserious55occunedinSoutheastAsiabetween2022and2022.(Ithas

sincespreadtoAfricaandEurope.)Someresearchersarguethatthosemortalitynumbersare

exaggeratedbecauseWHOonly56casesinwhichvictimsaresickenoughtogotothehospitalsfor

treatment.57,comparethattotheworldwidemortalityrateofthe1918pandemic;itmayhave

killedroughly50millionpeople,butthatwasonly10%ofthenumberofpeopleinfected,according

toa2022estimate.

H5NTssavinggrace—andtheonlyreasonwe'renotrunningaroundmaskedupinpublicright

now—isthatthestraindoesn'tjumpfrombirdstohumans,orfromhumanstohumans,easily.

Therehavebeenjustover600cases(and359deaths)since2022.But58itslethality,andthechance

itcouldturnintosomethingfarmoretransmissible,onemightexpectH5NIresearchtobeexploding,

withlabs59thevirus'smolecularcomponentstounderstandhowitspreadsbetweenanimalsand60

tohumans,andhopingtodiscoveravaccinethatcouldheadoffapandemic.

51.A.rejectionB.interfaceCplementD.contamination

52.A.bestoppedB.stoppingC.beingstoppedD.havingstopped

53.A.mutatedB.effectedC.infectedD.contracted

54.A.inB.onC.withD.from

55.A.triggerB.launchC.outbreakD.outcome

56.A.countsB.amountstoC.accountsforD.accumulates

57.A.ThereafterB.TherebyC.FurthermoreD.Still

58.A.givenB.regardingC.inspiteofD.speakingof

59.A.parsesB.parsedC.parsingD.toparse

60.A.potentlyB.absolutelyC.potentiallyD.importantly

PartIVReadingComprehension(30%)

Directions:Inthispart,therearesixpassages,eachofwhichisfollowedbyfivequestions.Foreach

question,therearefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosethebestanswerandmark

theletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.

PassageOne

Ifyouarereadingthisarticle,antibioticshaveprobablysavedyourlife—andnotoncebut

severaltimes.Arottentooth,akneeoperation,abrushwithpneumonia;anynumberofminor

infectionsthatneverturnednasty.Youmaynotremembertakingthepills,sounremarkablehave

theseone-timewonderdrugsbecome.

Modernmedicinereliesonantibiotics—notjusttocurediseases,buttoaugmentthesuccessof

surgery,childbirthandcancertreatments.Yetnowhealthauthoritiesarewarning,in

uncharacteristicallyapocalypticterms,thattheeraofantibioticsisabouttoend.Insomeways,

Notthistime.Infectionsthatoncesuccumbedtoeverydayantibioticsnowrequirelast-resort

drugswithunpleasantsideeffects.Othershavebecomesodifficulttotreatthattheykillsome

25,000Europeansyearly.Andsomebacterianowresisteveryknownantibiotic.

Regularreaderswillknowwhy:NewScientisthasreportedwarningsaboutthisforyears.We

havemisusedantibioticsappallingly,handingthemouttohumanslikemedicinalcandyandfeeding

themtolivestockbythetonne,mostlynotforhealthreasonsbuttomakemeatcheaper.Now

antibiotic-resistantbacteriacanbefoundallovertheworld-notjustinmedicalfacilities,but

everywherefrommuddypuddlesinIndiatothesnowsofAntarctica(南极洲).

Howdidwereachthispointwithoutviablesuccessorstotoday5sincreasinglyineffectualdrugs

Theanswerliesnotinevolutionbuteconomics.Overthepast20years,nearlyeverymajor

pharmaceuticalcompanyhasabandonedantibioticspaniesmustmakemoney,andthereisn'tmuch

inshort-termdrugsthatshouldbeusedsparingly.Soresearchershavediscoveredpromising

candidates,butcan'treachintothedeeppocketsneededtodevelopthem.

Thiscanbefixed.Aswereportthisweek,regulatoryagencies,worriedmedicalbodiesandBig

Pharmaarefinallyhatchingwaystoremedythismarketfailure.Delinkingprofitsfromthevolume

ofdrugsold(byadjustingpatentrights,say,orofferingprizesforinnovation)hasworkedforother

drugs,andshouldworkforantibiotics——althoughtheremaybeaworryinglylongwaitbeforethey

reachthemarket.

Oneday,though,thesewillalltoresistancetoo.Ultimately,weneed,evolution-proofcuresfor

bacterialinfection:treatmentsthatstopbacteriafromcausingdisease,butdon'totherwise

inconveniencethelittleblighters.Whenresistingdrugsconfersnoselectiveadvantage,drugswill

stopbreedingresistance.

Researchershaveacoupleofcandidatesforsuchtreatment.Buttheyfearregulatorswilldrag

theirfeetoversuchradicalapproaches.That,too,canbefixed.Wemustnotneglectdevelopmentof

thesustainablemedicineweneed,thewaywehaveneglectedsimpleantibioticR&D.

Ifwedo,onedayanothertopdoctorwillbetellingusthatthedrugsnolongerwork一and

therereallywillbenohelpontheway.

61.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthoristyingto.

A.wamusagainsttherampantabuseofantibioticseverywhere

B.suggestacourseofactiontoreduceantibioticresistance

C.tellusatimeracebetweenhumansandbacteria

D.remindusoftheuniversalbenefitofantibiotics

62.Thewarningfromhealthauthoritiesimpliesthat.

A.thepre-antibioticerawillreturn

B.theantibioticcrisisisabouttorepeat

C.thewonderdrugsareadouble-edgedsword

D.thedevelopmentofnewantibioticsistooslow

63.Theappallingmisuseofantibiotics,accordingtothepassage,.

A.hasdevelopedresistantbacteriaworldwide

B.hasbeenmainlypracticedforhealthreasons

C.hasbeenseldomreportedasawarningintheworld

D.hasbeenparticularlyworsenedinthedevelopingcountries

64.Themarketfailurerefersto.

A.theinabilitytodevelopmorepowerfulantibiotics

B.theexistingincreasinglyineffectualdrugsinthemarket

C.thepoormanagementofthemajorpharmaceuticalcompanies

D.thedeprivedinvestmentindevelopingnewclassesofantibiotics

65.Duringthepresentationofthetwosolutions,theauthorcarriesatoneof.

A.doubtB.urgencyC.indifferenceD.helplessness

PassageTwo

ThisissueofSciencecontainsannouncementsformorethan100differentGorgonResearch

Conferences,ontopicsthatrangefromatomicphysicstodevelopmentalbiology.Thebrainchild（某

人的主意）ofNeilGordonofJohnsHopkinsUniversity,theseweek-longmeetingsaredesignedto

promoteintimate,informaldiscussionsoffrontierscience.Oftenconfinedtofewerthan125

attendees,theyhavetraditionallybeenheldinremoteplaceswithminimaldistractions.Beginning

intheearly1960s,IattendedthesummerNucleicAcidsGordonConferenceinruralNew

Hampshire,sharingaustere（简朴的）dormfacilitiesinaprivateboy'sschoolwithrandomly

assignedroommates.Asabeginningscientist,Ifoundthequestionperiodaftereachtalkespecially

fascinating,providingvaluableinsightsintothepersonalitiesandwaysofthinkingofmanysenior

scientistswhomIhadnotencounteredpreviously.Backthen,therewerenocellphonesandno

internet,andallofthespeakersseemedtostayfortheentireweek.Duringthelong,session-free

afternoons,graduatestudentsmingledfreelywithprofessors.Manylifelongfriendshipswerebegun,

and—asGordonintended—newscientificcollaborationsbegan.Leapforwardtotoday,andevery

scientistcangainimmediateaccesstoavaststoreofscientificthoughtandtomillionsofother

scientistsviatheInternet.Why,nevertheless,doin-personscientificmeetingsremainsovaluablefor

alifeinscience

Partoftheansweristhatscienceworksbestwhenthereisadeepmutualtrustand

understandingbetweenthecollaborators,whichishardtodevelopfromadistance.Butmost

importantisthecriticalrolethatface-to-facescientificmeetingsplayinstimulatingarandom

collisionofideasandapproaches.Thebestscienceoccurswhensomeonecombinestheknowledge

gainedbyotherscientistsinnon-obviouswaystocreateanewunderstandingofhowtheworld

works.Asuccessfulscientistneedstodeeplybelieve,whatevertheproblembeingtackled,thatthere

isalwaysabetterwaytoapproachthatproblemthanthepathcurrentlybeingtaken.Thescientistis

thenconstantlyonthealertfornewpathstotakeinhisorherwork,whichisessentialformaking

6-）

breakthroughs.Thus,asmuchaspossible,scientificmeetingsshouldbedesignedtoexposethe

attendeestowaysofthinkingandtechniquesthataredifferentfromtheonesthattheyalreadyknow.

66.AssembledatGordonResearchConferencearethosewho.

A.arephysicistsandbiologistsB.juststartdoingtheirsciences

C.stayintheforefrontofscienceD.areaccomplishedseniorscientists

67.SpeakingofthesummerNucleicAcidsGordonConference,theauthorthinkshighlyof.

A.thepersonalitiesofseniorscientistsB.thequestionperiodaftereachtalk

C.theausterefacilitiesaroundD.theweek-longduration

68.Itcanbeinferredfromtheauthorthatthevalueofthein-personscientificconference.

A.doesnotchangewithtimes

B.canbeexploredonlineexclusively

C.liesinexchangingtheadvancesinliescience

D.isquestionedinestablishingavaststoreofideas

69.Theauthorbelievesthattheface-to-facescientificconferencescanhelptheattendees

better.

A.understandwhatmakingabreakthroughmeanstothem

B.exposethemselvestonovelideasandnewapproaches

C.fosterthepassionfordoingscience

D.tacklethesameprobleminscience

70.Whatwouldtheauthormostprobablytalkaboutinthefollowingparagraphs

A.Howtoexplorescientificcollaborations.B.Howtomakescientificbreakthroughs.

C.Howtodesignscientificmeetings.D.Howtothinklikeagenius.

PassageThree

Backin1896,theSwedishscientistSvanteArrheniusrealizedthatbyburningcoalwewere

addingcarbondioxidetotheair,andthatthiswouldwarmtheEarth.Buthementionedtheissue

onlyinpassing（顺便地），forhiscalculationssuggesteditwouldnotbecomeaproblemfor

thousandsofyears.OthersthoughtthattheoceanswouldsoakupanyextraCO2,sotherewas

nothingmuchtoworryabout.

Thatthislatterargumenthaspersistedtothisdayinsomequartershighlightsourspecies'

propensity1倾向）tounderestimatethescaleofourimpactontheplanet.EventheEarth'svast

oceanscannotsuckupCO?asquicklyaswecanproduceit,andwenowknowthestoredCO?is

acidifyingtheoceans,aprobleminitself.

Nowahandfulofresearchersarewarningthatenergysourceswenormallythinkofas

innocuouscouldaffecttheplanefsclimatetoo.Ifwestarttoextractimmenseamountsofpower

fromthewind,forinstance,itwillhaveanimpactonhowwarmthandwatermovearoundtheplanet,

andthusontemperaturesandrainfall.

Justtobeclear,nooneissuggestingweshouldstopbuildingwindfarmsonthebasisofthis

risk.Asidefromthehugeuncertaintiesabouttheclimaticeffectsofextractingpowerfromthewind,

ourpresentandnear-termusageisfartootinytomakeanydifference.Forthemoment,any

negativeconsequencesontheclimatearemassivelyoutweighedbytheeffectsofpumpingouteven

moreCO2.Thatposesbyfarthegreaterenvironmentalthreat;weaningourselvesofffossilfuels

shouldremainthepriority.

Evenso,nowitisthetimetostartthinkingaboutthelong-termeffectsofthealternativeenergy

sourcesweareturningto.Thosewhohavealreadystartedtolookattheseissuesreportweary,

indifferentorevenhostilereactionstotheirwork.

That'sunderstandable,butdisappointing.Theseeffectsmaybeinconsequential,inwhichcase

allthatwillhavebeenwastedissomeresearchtimethatmaywellyieldinterestinginsightsanyway.

Ortheymayturnouttobesharplynegative,inwhichcasethemorenoticewehave,thebetter.It

wouldbeunfortunatetoputitmildly,tospendcountlesstrillionsreplacingfossil-fuelenergy

infrastructure（根底建设）onlytodiscoverthatitssuccessor（替代物）isalsomoredamagingthan

itneedbe.

Theseclimaticeffectsmayevenbebeneficial.Thefirst,tentativemodelssuggestthat

extractinglargeamountsofenergyfromhigh-altitudejetstreamswouldcooltheplanet,

counteractingtheeffectsofrisinggreenhousegases.Itmightevenbepossibletobuildanenergy

infrastructurethatgivesusadegreeofcontrolovertheweather:turningoffwindturbineshere,

capturingmoreofthesun'senergythere.

Wemayalsoneedtorethinkourlong-termresearchpriorities.Thesunisultimatelytheonly

sourceofenergythatdoesn'tendupalteringtheplanefsenergybalance.Sothebestbetmightbe

investheavilyinimprovingsolartechnologyandenergystorage—ratherthanineffortstoharness,

say,nuclearfusion.

Forthemoment,allofthisremainssupposition（推测）.Butourspecieshasatendencyto

myopia.Wehavenothingtolose,andeverythingtogainbytakingthelongviewforachange.

71.Inthefirsttwoparagraphs,theauthoristryingtodrawourattentionto.

A.theescalatingscaleoftheglobalwarming

B.thedivisionofscientistsovertheissueofglobalwarming

C.reasonsforustoworryaboutextraCO2fortheoceans

D.thehumantendencytounderestimatetheharmfuleffectsontheplanet

72.Theauthor'sillustrationofwind-powerextractionreflects.

A.thepriorityofprotectingtheenvironment

B.thesamehumanpropensityasmentionedpreviously

C.thebeststrategyofreducingtheenvironmentalthreat

D.thedefinitehugeuncertaintiesabouttheclimaticeffects

73.Theauthorarguesthatitwouldbeunfortunatetoreplacefossilfuelsonlytofindoutthat.

A.thesuccessorsarealsodamaging

B.thecountlesstrillionsspentarewasted

C.thealternativeenergysourcesdon'twork

D.theresearchinvitesindifferentorevenhostilereactions

74.Accordingtotheauthor,thebeststrategyis.

A.tocounteracttheeffectsofrisinggreenhousegases

B.todevelopadegreeofcontrolovertheweather

C.toextractlargeamountsofenergyfromwind

D.toexploresolarenergyanditsstorage

75.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethatweneedtotakethelongviewon_.

A.humanexistenceontheplanetB.humanity'senergysupplies

C.ourenvironmentalthreatsD.ourtendencytomyopia

PassageFour

Opticalillusionsarelikemagic,thrillingusbecauseoftheircapacitytorevealthefallibilityof

oursensesButthere?smoretothemthanthat,accordingtoDr.BeauLotto,whoiswowingthe

scientificworldwithworkthatcrossestheboundariesofart,neurology,naturalhistoryand

philosophy.

Whattheyreveal,hesays,isthatthewholeworldisthecreationofourbrain.Whatwesee,

whatwehear,feelandwhatwethinkweknowisnotaphotographicreflectionoftheword,butan

instantaneousunthinkingcalculationastowhatisthemostusefulwayofseeingtheworld.It'sa

bestguessbasedonthepastexperienceoftheindividual,alongevolutionarypastthathasshaped

thestructureofourbrains.Theworldisliterallyshapedbyourpasts.

Dr.Lotto,40,anAmericanwhoisareaderinneuroscienceatUniversityCollegeLondon,has

setouttoproveitinstunningvisualillusions,sculpturesandinstallations,whichhavebeen

includedinart-scienceexhibitions.Heexplainshiscomplexideasfromthestartingpointofvisual

illusions,whichfarfromrevealinghowfragileoursensesareshowhowremarkablyrobusttheyare

atprovidingapictureoftheworldthatservesapurposetous.Forcenturies,artistsandscientists

havenotedthatagreydotlookslighteragainstadarkbackgroundthanbeingagainstalight

background.Theconventionalbeliefwasthatitwasbecauseofsomewaythebrainandeyeis

intrinsicallywired.ButDr.Lottobelievesit'salearntresponse;inotherwords,weseetheworldnot

asitisbutasitisusefultous.

“Contextiseverything,becauseourbrainshaveevolvedtoconstantlyre-definenormality,“

saysDr.Lotto."Whatweseeisdefinedbyourownexperiencesofthepast,butalsobywhatthe

humanracehasexperiencedthroughitshistory.，f

Thisisillustratedbythefactthatdifferentculturesandcommunitieshavedifferentviewpoints

oftheworld,conditionedovergenerations.Forexample,Japanesepeoplehaveafamousinabilityto

distinguishbetweenthe"R"andthe"L〃sound.ThisarisesbecauseinJapanesethesoundsare

totallyinterchangeable.''Differentiatingbetweenthemhasneverbeenuseful,sothebrainhasnever

learnttodoit.It'snotjustthatJapanesepeoplefindithardtotellthedifference.Theyliterally

cannothearthedifference.”

Dr.Lotto'sexperimentsaregroundingmoreandmorehypothesesinhardscience.<6Yes,my

9-y

workisidea-driven//hesays."Butlotsofresearch,suchasMRIbrainscanning,istechnique-

driven.Idon'tbelieveyoucanunderstandthebrainbytakingitoutofitsnaturalenvironmentand

lookingatitinalaboratory.Youhavetolookatwhatitevolvedtodo,andlookatitinrelationship

toitsecology.

76.Whatdoestheword"them"inthefirstparagraphreferto

A.Humansenses.B.Thefallibilityofsenses.

C.Revealingcapacity.D.Opticalillusions.

77.Accordingtothepassage,whatisknownaboutDr.BeauLotto

A.Thoughheisaneuroscientist,hehasshockedthescientificworldwithhisextensive

researchinart,neurology,naturalhistoryandphilosophy.

B.Dr.LottoisaprofessoratUniversityCollegeLandonwhoisspecializedinanumberof

disciplinessuchasart,neurology,naturalhistoryandphilosophy.

C.Dr.Lottohasbeenattemptingtoexhibithiscreativeproductionsinart-scienceexhibitions

inthehopeofprovinghisideaonopticalillusions.

D.Dr.Lottohassetouttocreatevisualillusions,sculpturesandinstallationswhichwell

combinedtheknowledgeofart,neurology,naturalhistoryandphilosophy.

78.WhichofthefollowingstatementscanbeinferredfromDr.Lotto5sstudy

A.Peopleshouldbelievetheirbrainsratherthantheireyesastheworld,toagreatmeasure,is

createdandshapedbyhumanbrain.

B.Peopleshouldneverbelievetheirsensesforwhattheysee,hear,feel,andthetruthmaybe

contrarytothephotographicimageoftheworld.

C.Peopleshouldneverbelievetheireyesforwhattheyseeareonlyaccidentalandtemporary

formsoftheworld,whichvariesinaccordancewithcontexts.

D.Peopleshouldbeawarethattheireyescanplaytricksonthemaswhattheyseeisactually

createdbytheirbrainswhichareshapedbytheirpastexperiences.

79.AccordingtoDr.Lotto,whatisthereasonforthefactthatagreydotlookslighteragainsta

darkbackgroundthanbeingagainstalightbackground

A.Itisafactthatthedotemergedtobelighteragainstadarkbackgroundthanbeingagainsta

lightone.

B.Humansensesareremarkablyrobustatprovidingapictureoftheworldthatservesa

purposetousthroughwhattheyhavelearntfrompastexperiences.

C.Itisbecauseofsomewaythebrainandeyeisintrinsicallywired.

D.Becausethecontextinwhichthelittledotplacedhaschangedtobelighter.

80.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueabouttheresearchinneuroscience

A.Investigationonthebraininvolvesscrutinizinganetworkinwhichbothenvironmentand

thebrainitselffunctiontogether.

B.Bothidea-drivenandtechnique-drivenarepopularresearchmethodsinresearchstudyin

neuroscience.

D.Braincanbeinvestigatedinisolationwithotherfacultiesandorgansaslongastheresearch

iscarriedoutinpropernaturalcontext.

PassageFive

Thebiggestthinginoperatingroomsthesedaysisamillion-dollar,multi-armedrobotnamed

daVinci,usedinnearly400,000surgeriesnationwidelastyear-triplethenumberjustfouryears

earlier.

Butnowthehigh-techhelperisunderscrutinyoverreportsofproblems,includingseveral

deathsthatmaybelinkedwithitandthehighcostofusingtheroboticsystem.Therealsohavebeen

afewdisturbing,freakincidents:arobotichandthatwouldn'tletgooftissuegra