2021高考英语典型技巧01 长难句的分析与理解（解析版）

备战2021年高考英语二轮复习之阅读理解“典型技巧”高效练

典型技巧01长难句的分析与理解

【技巧释义】

高考阅读理解的文章一般会有一些结构复杂的句子，增加了句子的长度和难度，干扰了学生正常的阅

读速度和思维方式。

一、长难句的常见形式

1.复合句

这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句。其实，不管句子有多长、多复杂，它只由两部分构成，

即主干和修饰成分。主干主要指主谓宾结构（如：Iwantaticket.）或主系表结构（如：Themanisateacher.）（＞而

修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其

是定语从句和状语从句。应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构

就清晰了。

Iurgeyoutocontactyourstatelegislatorstomovethislegislationforwardsothatthisweekendwillbeoneof

thelasttimeswhenwehaveto“fallback”.

分析此句的主语为I,谓语是urge,sothat引导的结果状语从句。在结果状语从句中when引导定语从

句。

2.分隔结构

高考试题中出现较多的分隔结构是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子

成分（一般是定语）过长而出现后置，也可以看作是插入现象。

“Theresultsareprettyexciting—stronglevelsofreductions——butthereclearlyaregoingtobethingstobe

learnedfromtheareaswherethereductionsarenotasgreat.^^saidPennStateUniversityprofessorElizabeth

McGraw.

提醒分析长难句时务必注意这些非限制性修饰成分，它们打断了原来的行文逻辑，插入补充了一些

额外的信息.

3.成分省略或倒装

在英语句子中，用词简洁是一条重要的修辞原则.省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文

紧密连接。有时为了强调句子表达的重心，对句子进行倒装。

（2019•北京高考阅读）Bytheendofthecentury,ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreener

thankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.

分析此句正常语序为：Bytheendofthecentury,ifitisnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerand

greenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.

二、长难句突破策略

1.结构分析法

通过语法分析，迅速弄清句子的结构，把握句子的基本框架的基本步骤是：首先，判断该句是简单句、

并列句还是复合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主语和谓语，再分清句子的附属成分。

方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法找主谓语，即找主干成分

较复杂单句在高考试卷中经常出现，所以应引起同学们的足够重视。

【真题再现】

（2020•浙江1月高考阅读C）Akeyskillsetforsuccessispersistence（毅力）,acharacteristicthatresearchers

sayisheavilyinfluencedbyfathers.

分析主语是Akeyskill,谓语是is,表语是persistence,acharacteristic是同位语，解释说明persistenceo

that引导同位语从句，解释名词characteristico

方法二：并列复合句的处理方法一找并列连词

Therewasabitofmethatdidn'twanttolovethiswheneveryoneelseontheplanetdid,butthehorrorstoryis

brilliant.

分析句中的but是并列连词，连接两个并列单句。

方法三：主从复合句的处理方法——找从属连词

【真题再现】

（2020•浙江1月高考阅读C）Akeyfindingisthatovertime,childrenraisedbyanauthoritativefatherwere

significantlymorelikelytodeveloppersistence,whichleadstobetteroutcomesinschool.

分析该句主语是Akeyfinding,that引导表语从句，从句中含有which引导的非限制性定语从句，修

饰名词persistenceo

方法四：并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法——先读懂并列复合句，再看主从复合句

【真题再现】

（2019•北京高考阅读）beawhilebeforewecanstatisticallyshowthatthechangesarehappeningbecause

ofclimatechange,“Dutkiewiczsaid,"butthechangeinthecoloroftheoceanwillbeoneoftheearlywarning

signalsthatwereallyhavechangedourpIanet.^^

分析but引导两个并列的主从复合句，but前的主从复合句中是before引导的时间状语从句，该从句

中show后是由at引导的宾语从句；but后的主从复合句中，主语是Ihechange,谓语是willbe,Ihal引导的

同位语从句，解释说明名词signals的内容。

【技巧演练】（建议用时：45分钟）

1

Ifyouaskedmetodance,I'dprobablyfreezeonthespotandsomepeoplesayIhavetwoleftfeet!Butwith

somepersuasionandDutchcourageIcanbetemptedtotaketothedancefloorandshakesomemoves-andthat,

apparently,isonlynatural.

Expertshavefoundaswellasbeingfun,dancingmighthavehelpedustosurviveasaspecies.Evolutionary

anthropologist（人类学家）BronwynTarrfromtheUniversityofOxfordbelievesthatdancingaloneisonethingbut

it'sdancingasagroupthatmakesourbrainrewarduswithacocktailoffeel-goodhormonesthatchangehowwe

feelaboutourselvesandthosearoundus.Thisislikelytoleadtoprofoundsocialeffects.It'skeepingpaceswith

othersthatmakesushappy.BronwyTarrsaysthat“dancingfosterssocialclosenessbetweenpeople.Ithelpsus

buildsocialconnectionsandcommunities.Inourpast,thosesocialconnectionswouldhavebeencriticalfor

surviving.”

Danceisalsoagoodwaytokeepfitandimproveourmentalhealth.InWalestherehavebeencallsfordoctors

toprescribedanceclassestopeoplewhoareunwell.TheArtsCouncilofWalesclaimstherearemanyhealth

benefits.AndBronwynTarrsays“moreandmorewe'reactuallydiscoveringthatyourlongevity（长寿）-yourlife

expectancy-ispredictedbythesocialconnectionsthatyouhave...stilltodayit'ssomethingweshoulddomoreof.^^

ItcouldbepartofbeingaconservativeEnglishmanthatmakesmeareluctantdancer.Lookatother

nationalitiessuchasCubanswheredancingisattheheartoftheirculturalidentity.AndinBrazilatCarnivallime,

peoplelettheirhairdownbydancingtogetherdayandnight.Theyseemtobehavingagoodtime-somaybeI

shouldgetonmyfeetanddance!

1.Whatdoestheauthorimplyinthefirstparagraph?

A.Hedoesn'tlikedances.B.Hedoesnotdancewell.

C.Helacksconfidenceindance.D.Hedoeseverythingoutofnature.

2.WhatcanbeinferredfromTarr'swordsinParagraph2?

A.Dancingalonedoesn'tbenefitatall.

B.Dancingwithothershelpspeoplesurvive.

C.Itisfunnytokeeppaceswithotherpeople.

D.Itmattersmosttodanceonsocialoccasions.

3.Howdoestheauthorfeelaboutdancinginthelastparagraph?

A.Positive.B.Negative.

C.Unclear.0.Objective.

4.Whichisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.Whatmakesyouarealdancer?B.Whatcandancesbringus?

C.Whydopeoplelovetodance?D.Howcanwedancewell?

【答案】LB2.B3.A4.C

【分析】

这是一篇说明文。文章剖析了“人为什么要跳舞”及跳舞对种群生存的积极意义。

1.推理判断题。根据第一段中“Ifyouaskedmetodance,TdprobablyfreezeonthespotandsomepeoplesayI

havetwoleftfeet!（如果你请我跳舞，我可能会当场呆住，人们会说我笨手笨脚的。）”可知，作者不擅长跳

舞。故选B项。

2.推理判断题。根据第二段中“Expertshavefoundaswellasbeingfun,dancingmighthavehelpedustosurviveas

aspecies.（专家们发现，舞蹈不仅有趣，还可能帮助我们作为一个物种生存下来°）”和"BronwyTarrsaysthat

“dancingfosterssocialclosenessbetweenpeople.Ithelpsusbuildsocialconnectionsandcommunities.Inourpast,

thosesocialconnectionswouldhavebeencriticalforsurviving?*（BronwyTarr说：“跳舞能促进人们之间的社

会亲密感。它帮助我们建立社会联系和社区。在我们过去，这些社会关系对生存至关重要。“）”可知，Bronwy

Tarr认为和别人跳舞有助于人们生存。故选B项。

3.推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Theyseemtobehavingagoodtime-somaybeIshouldgetonmyfeetanddance!

（他们似乎玩得很开心，所以也许我应该站起来跳舞！）”可知，作者对跳舞的看法是积极的。故选A项。

4.主旨大意题。根据第二段中“Expertshavefoundaswellasbeingfun,dancingmighthavehelpedustosurviveas

aspecies.（专家们发现，舞蹈不仅有趣，还可能帮助我们作为一个物种生存下来。）”和“Thisislikelylolead

toprofoundsocialeffects.（这可能会导致深远的社会影响。）”以及第三段中“Danceisalsoagoodwaytokeep

fitandimproveourmentalhealth.（舞蹈也是一个很好的方式来保持健康，改善我们的心理健康。可知，文

章剖析了“人为什么要跳舞''及跳舞对种群生存的积极意义，因此选项C“为什么人们喜欢跳舞？”最合适作文

章标题。故选C项。

2

Whatdoyoudowitholdstuff?Thatdressyouboughtforapartythreeyearsago,forexample.Youworeit

onceandputitawaysomewhere.So,whattodo?

IntheUK,wemighttakeittoacharityshop.ThefirstcharityshopsappearedinBritaininthe19thcentury.

TheSalvationArmywasoneofthefirsttorunasecond-handclothingshoptoprovidetheneedywithaffordable

clothes.ThiswasfollowedbycharitiessuchastheBritishRedCross,whoalsorelievedhardshipandraisedmoney

forthewareffortduringWorldWarTwo.In1947,OxfamopenedacharityshopinHighStreet,Oxford,whichis

themodernformweknowtoday.Thesedays,charityshopsareacommonsightwitharound11,200shopsacross

theUK,accordingtotheCharityRetailAssociation.Duringbusinesshoursthepubliccandonatetheirunwanted

itemstoacharityshop-clothes,books,electronics,furniture.Theseitemsarecheckedforwearandtearandiffound

stillserviceable,priceduptobesoldataheavilydiscountedprice.

Formany,thisisawin-winsituation.Tothecharity,itmeansavaluablesourceofincome.Totheconsumer,it

providestheopportunitytobuy,oftenextremelycheapitemsandclothes.Tothedonator,itmayhelptoassuage

consumerguilt."Youcanmakeaprettygoodcasetoyourselfthatyouaredoinggood,becausewhatyouaredoing

isgoingtowardsacharitablecauseandyouaresavingstufffromlandfill（垃圾堆）,“ClarePress,fashionjournalist

andsustainablestyleadvocate,tellstheGuardian.

Therearesometimeshiddentreasuresforthebuyers,too.Takeascreenprintforexample.Itwasboughtfor

99pandlaterfoundtobebyEnglishartistBenNicholson.Itwassoldfor£4,200.Sonexttimeyouneedtorid

yourselfofsomething,spareathoughtfbrthecharityshop-afterall,charitybeginsathome!

5.Thetextismainlywrittento.

A.commentonthebenefitsofcharityshops

B.analyzethepopularityoftheUKcharities

C.listthenamesofthefirstUKcharityshops

D.introducesomethingaboutUKcharityshops

6.Moderncharityshopsmightberunby.

A.BritishRedCrossB.TheSalvationArmy

C.OxfamD.CharityRetailAssociation

7.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“assuage”inParagraph3probablymean?

A.Ease.B.Add.C.Mix.D.Increase.

8.Whatdoestheauthoradvisepeopletodointhelastparagraph?

A.Getridofunwanteditems.B.Startcharityfromdailylife.

C.Beenvironmentallyfriendly.D.Makeadifferenceforthefuture.

【答案】5.D6.C7.A8.B

【分析】

本文是•篇说明文。介绍了英国的慈善商店，以及慈善商店带来的益处。

5.推理判断题。根据第二段内容“ThefirstcharityshopsappearedinBritaininthe19thcentury.TheSalvation

Armywasoneofthefirsttorunasecond-handclothingshoptoprovidetheneedywithaffordableclothes.v（第——

家慈善商店出现在19世纪的英国。救世军是最早经营二手服装店的组织之一，向有需要的人提供他们买得

起的衣服。）以及第三段“Formany,thisisawin-winsituation."（对许多人来说，这是双赢的局面。）可知本文

主要目的是介绍英国的慈善店。故选D。

6.细节理解题。根据第二段“In1947,OxfamopenedacharityshopinHighStreet,Oxford,whichisthemodern

formweknowtoday79（1947年，牛津饥荒救济委员会在牛津的高街开了一家慈善商店，这就是我们今天所

知道的现代形式。）可知，现代慈善商店可能会被Oxfam管理。故选C。

7.词句猜测题。根据前文“Formany,thisisawin-winsituation.Tothecharity,itmeansavaluablesourceof

income.Totheconsumer,itprovidestheopportunitytobuy,oftenextremelycheapitemsandclothes.（对许多人

来说，这是双赢的局面。对于慈善机构来说，这意味着一种宝贵的收入来源。对消费者来说，它提供了购

买的机会，通常是非常便宜的物品和衣服。）以及后文“Youcanmakeaprettygoodcasetoyourselfthatyouare

doinggood,becausewhatyouaredoingisgoingtowardsacharitablecauseandyouaresavingstufffromlandfill”

（你可以很好地证明自己是在做好事，因为你所做的是为了慈善事业，你是从垃圾填埋场中节省东西）可

推知，可以帮助捐赠者减轻负罪感。故assuage的意思是“减轻”的意思，A项ease减轻，缓解。故选A。

8.推理判断题。根据文章最后一句话“Sonexttimeyouneedtoridyourselfofsomething,spareathoughtforthe

charityshop-afterall,charitybeginsathome!^^（下次你需要处理一些东西时，为慈善商店想一想----毕

竟，慈善始于家庭!）由此判断出，作者建议慈善从家庭开始做，故选B。

3

Asthebirthplaceofkitesintheworld,Weifang,ShandongprovinceofChina,producesbeautiful,vivid,

colorfulandhigh-qualitykites.Now,morethan70%ofkitesintheworldareexportedfromWeifang.Ifyouwant

toseevariousshapesandsizesofkitescoveringthesky,youcannotmisstheWeifangKiteFestivalheldonthe

thirdSaturdayofeveryApril.

Butthisyear,tensofthousandsofChineseparticipantsgatheredinWeifang,fromSept26to29forthe37th

InternationalKiteFestival.Heldsince1984,theInternationalKiteFestivalisanannualeventto“exhibitthe

excellenceofthekiteloverstothepublic,“accordingtothefestival'swebsite.

Duringthefestival,kiteloverscanenjoystunt（特技表演）kiteflying,alsoknownasaerialballet.Controlled

byeitherasinglepersonoragroup,thekitesformdifferentshapesintheair.Peoplealwaysdevotealotoftime

andwisdomtomakingtheirownkites.Fromanimalsthatcrawl（爬彳亍）onthegroundorswiminthewaterto

legendslikeMonkeyKing,everythingcanflyintheskyatthefestival.Oneofthisyear'shighlightswasthegiant

kitesdecoratedwithimagesofmedicalstaffandtheLongMarch5rocket,whichreflectthehottopicsthisyear.

“Flyingakiteislikeflyingyourdream.Alltheculturalsymbolsfromancientandmodemtimescanbefound

intheskyofWeifang,notedMedium.Aftermorethanthreedecadesofdevelopment,thefestivalhasbecomea

placetoappreciatekites.Butmostimportantly,itservesasauniqueculturaleventtopromoteinternational

exchange.

9.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?

A.Akitefestival.B.Akitebimhplac已

C.Thefutureofkites.D.Kiteperformances.

lO.Forwhatpurposeisthekitefestivalheldeveryyear?

A.Toenjoyanimalsflyingintheair.B.Toshowkite-lovers*brilliance.

C.Toperformspecializedkiteflying.D.ToenhanceWeifang*sglobalimpact.

11.WhatcanbeknownfromParagraph3?

A.Ittakesalotoftroubletomakeakite.B.Stuntkiteflyingistheonlyhighlight.

C.Imaginationcanbeshowninthekite.D.Decorationsmatterleastintheshow.

12.Whatisthemostimportantrolethefestivalplays?

A.Ithelpsorganizeaninternationalevent.

B.Itofferstipsonhowtoappreciatekites.

C.Ithelpsmaketheplaceknownworldwide.

D.Itenhancesinternationalculturalexchange.

【答案】9.A10.Bll.C12.D

【分析】

这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了潍坊的国际风筝节。

9.主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Ifyouwanttoseevariousshapesandsizesofkitescoveringthesky,youcannot

misstheWeifangKiteFestivalheldonthethirdSaturdayofeveryApril.（如果你想看到各种形状和大小的风筝

覆盖天空，你不能错过每年四月的第三个星期六举行的潍坊风筝节。）”可知，这篇文章主要介绍了潍坊的

风筝节。故选A项。

10.细节理解题。根据第二段中“Heldsince1984,theInternationalKiteFestivalisanannualeventto"exhibitthe

excellenceofthekiteloverstothepublic,accordingtothefestivafswebsite.（据国际风筝节网站介绍，自1984

年以来，国际风筝节每年举行一次，目的是“向公众展示风筝爱好者的卓越才能“可知，每年举行风筝节

的目的是展示风筝爱好者的才能。故选B项。

11.推理判断题。根据第三段中“Peoplealwaysdevotealotoftimeandwisdomtomakingtheirownkites.（人们

总是投入大量的时间和智慧来制作他们自己的风筝。）“可知，想象力可以在风筝上表现出来。故选C项。

12.细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Buimostimportantly,itservesasauniqueculturaleventtopromote

internationalexchange.（但最重要的是，它是促进国际交流的独特文化活动。）”可知，这个节日最重要的作

用是它促进了国际文化交流。故选D项。

4

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13.Whatisthefunctionof