李金妹制作语言学unit7.-Language-Culture-and-Society1

1Linguistics语言学教程（第三版）胡壮麟主编Chapter7Language,Culture,andSociety2023最新整理收集do

something2Chapter7Language,Culture,andSocietyTeachingobjectives:

Bytheendofthechapter,thelearnerswillbebetterabletoknowsomeimportantpointsabouttherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureandsociolinguistics.TeachingFocus:

therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture,Sapir-WhorfHypothesis,sociolinguistics,theimportanceofcultureinlanguagelearningandteachingTimeAllocation:Relationshipbetweenlanguageandculture20minutesSapir-WhorfHypothesis20minutesImportanceofcultureinlanguagelearningandteachingTask20minutesTeachingMethodsandStrategies:

teacherpresentationandclassdiscussion31.LanguageandCulture2.Languageandsociety3.ImportanceofCultureinLanguageLearningandTeaching4.Cross-culturalCommunication5.TaskTeachingProcedures

41.LanguageandCulture5Whatisculture?Broadlyspeaking,itmeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeople,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andlanguage.Inanarrowsense,itreferstolocalorspecificpractice,beliefsorcustoms.Classactivity:What’stherelationbetweenlanguageandculture,languageandsociety?Whydoweneedtostudycultureandsocietywhenwestudyalanguage?61.1TherelationshipbetweenL&CGenerally,therelationofLtoCisthatofparttowhole,forLispartofC.Theknowledgeandbeliefsthatconstituteapeople’sculturearehabituallyencodedandtransmittedinL.Thereexistsacloserelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture.ThisisevidencedbythefindingsofanthropologistssuchasMalinowski,Firth,Baos,SapirandWhorf.Thestudyoftherelationbetweenlanguageandthecontextinwhichitisusedistheculturalstudyoflanguage.7Anthropologicalstudyoflinguistics:studyoflanguageinasocioculturalcontext.a)Malinowshi(1884-1942),andhisfindingsinAfrica--themeaningofawordgreatlydependsonitsoccurrenceinagivencontext;pavedthewayforacultural,orratheracontextualstudyoflanguageuse.1)ThestudybyBritishscholars8b)

J.R.Firth(1890-1960):triedtosetupamodelforillustratingtherelationbetweenlanguageuseandspeakingsituation.Histheoryofthecontextofsituation:Therelevantfeaturesoftheparticipants,persons,personalities.Therelevantobjects.Theeffectsoftheverbalaction.----“whospeakswhattowhomandwhenandtowhatend”9c.Hallidayandhisfunctionalapproachtogrammar.TheBritishstudyismainlycontextualandfunctional.10a)Boas,Sapir,andWhorf.TheystudiedAmericanIndianlanguagesandrealizedthesignificanceofcultureinthestudyoflanguageuse.b)DellHymes(1927-):Ethnographyofcommunication

Speechcommunity.Situation,event,andact.SPEAKING:situation,participants,ends,actsequence,key,instrumentalities,norms,andgenres2)ThestudybyNorthAmericanscholars11c)Whorf:

Averyinfluentialbutalsoextremelycontroversialtheoryproposedbasedonthestudyoftherelationbetweenlanguageandculture—theSapir-WhorfHypothesesEdwardSapir(1884-1939)andBenjaminLeeWhorf(1897-1941)12Ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressspeakers’uniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.Linguisticdeterminism:Lmaydetermineourthinkingpatterns.Linguisticrelativity:a.Similaritybetweenlanguageisrelative;b.thegreatertheirstructuraldifferentiationis,thediversetheirconceptualizationoftheworldwillbe.13English:horseshoeFrench:feracheval——ironforhorseGerman:hufeisen——hoofironTheEskimoshavecountlesswordsforsnow.TheArabs,forcamels.14LinguisticevidenceofculturaldifferencesTermsofaddressGreetingsThanksandcomplimentsPrivacyandtaboosColorwords151.2Culture-loadedwords烫手的山芋vs.hotpotato雨后春笋vs.springlikemushroom大鱼大肉、鱼肉百姓、酒肉朋友meatandpotatoes,meatanddrinktosomeoneSweetsmile(甜甜的笑容),sweetgirl（甜美的女孩）,sweetnothings（甜言蜜语）16killthegoosethatlaysthegoldeneggs”vs.“杀鸡取卵”Coldwordsvs.冷言冷语Constantdroppingwearsthestone.滴水穿石Diamondcutdiamond.棋逢对手Killamanwhenheisdown.落井下石171.3CulturaloverlapanddiffusionThroughcommunication,someelementsofcultureAentercultureBandbecomespartofcultureB.LoanwordsinChineseandEnglish.肥皂剧、卡通、布丁、苹果派、雀巢、巴士、排挡、耐克、因特网、KTV、EMAILTyphoon,kongfu,etc.LinguisticimperialismLinguisticnationalism182.Languageandsociety2.1SociolinguisticsThesub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive.192.2RelatednessbetweenlanguageandsocietyLanguageisnotalwaysusedtoexchangeinformationasisgenerallyassumed,butratheritissometimesusedtofulfillanimportantsocialfunction---tomaintainsocialrelationshipbetweenpeople.20Usersofthesamelanguageinasenseallspeakdifferently.Thekindoflanguageeachofthemchoosestouseisinpartdeterminedbyhissocialbackground.Whenwespeakwecannotavoidgivingourlistenerscluesaboutouroriginandourbackground.Thesocialenvironmentcanalsobereflectedinlanguage,andcanoftenhaveaneffectonthestructureofthevocabulary.Forexample,asocial’skinshipsystemisgenerallyreflectedinitskinshipvocabulary.21Asasocialphenomenonlanguageisclosedlyrelatedtothestructureofthesocietyinwhichitused,andtheevaluationofalinguisticformisentirelysocial.222.3Micro-studies¯o-studiesTolookatsocietyfromthepointofviewofanindividualmemberswithinit,oraworm’s-eyeviewoflanguageinuse.Tolookatsocietyasawholeandconsiderhowlanguagefunctionsinitandhowitreflectsthesocialdifferentiations,abird’seyeviewofthelanguageusedinsociety.232.4SociolinguisticstudyoflanguageToknowmoreaboutsomelinguisticvariationsinlanguageusebyturningtopotentialsocioculturalfactorsforadescriptionandexplanation.structuralvariantsAddressformsGenderdifferencesPidginandCreolelanguages242.5sociolinguisticstudyofsocietyToknowmoreaboutagivensocietybyexaminingthelinguisticbehavioursofitsmembers.DiglosisBilinualism&multilingualismCode-switchingLanguageplanning253.VarietiesoflanguagePeoplewhoclaimtobeusersofthesamelanguagedonotspeakthelanguageinthesamemanner.Varietiesrelatedtotheusersarenormallyknownasdialectsandvarietiesrelatedtouseasregisters.263.1RegionaldialectRegionaldialectsarelinguisticvarietiesusedbypeoplelivingindifferentregions.Regionaldialectboundariesoftencoincidewithgeographicalbarrierssuchasmountians,rivers,orswamps.Thisdifferentiatonsisaccountedforbythelackofcommunicationintheolddayswhentravelwasdifficult.273.2Social-classdialectSocial-classdialect,orsociolect,referstothelinguisticvarietycharacteristicofaparticularsocialclass.Socialdialecthastodowithseparationbroughtaboutbydifferentsocialconditions.28eg:America,cake,helping,ice,lavatory,lookingglass,pudding,relatives,rich,Royalties,scent,scurf,sick,sofa,spectacles,writingpaper(upperclass)TheStates,pastry,portion,ice-cream,toilet,mirror,dessert,relations,wealthy,Royals,perfume,dandruff,ill,settee,notepaper(lowerclass)29SpeakerAIdidityesterday.Hehasn’tgotit.Itwasshethatsaidit.InBritain,oneofthemostimportantmarkersofstatusisaccent.“ReceivedPronunciation”,anon-localizedformofpronunciation,referstotheparticularwayofpronouncingstandardEnglish,whichisanindicatorofapublicschooleducationandthusahighsocialstatusonthepartofthespeaker.SpeakerBIdoneityestersay.Heain’tgotit.Itwasherthatsaidit.30Itshouldbeclearthatsocial-classdialectsarenotdistinctentities;theymergeintoeachothertoformacontinuum.Itisonlytheproportionswhicharedifferent.31LanguageandAgelanguageusedbytheoldgenrationdiffersfromthatusedbytheyoungergeneration.Ingeneral,oldpeopletendtobemoreconservative.Ethnicdialectasocialdialectofalanguagemainlyspokenbyalessprivilegedpopulationthathasexperiencedsomeformofsocialisolationsuchasracialsegragation.323.3languageandgenderComparedwithmen,womentendtousesuchadverds:horridly,abominably,immersely,excessively,amazingly,so,most,etc.Womenoftenusetheseintensifierstoexcesssothattheintensityofthesewordshaveweakened.What’smore,theoveruseofthesewordsimplythattheusersaresentimental,shallowandnotobjectiveenough.33Oh!MydearMr.Bennet,wehavehadamostexcellentball…Janewassoadmired.Everybodysaidhowwellshelooked.MrBingleythoughtherquitebeautiful,…Iwassovexedtoseehimstandupwithher…Iamquitedelightedwithhim.Heissoexcessivelyhandsome!...[MrDarcy]isamostdisagreeable,horridman.Sohighandsoconceitedthattherewasnoenduringhim!Hewalkedhere,andhewalkedthere,fancyinghimselfsoverygreat!Nothandsomeenoughtodancewith.

PrideandPrejudice34Wife:Youalwaysleaveyourpapersaboutdear!Husband:Really?Didn’tIputtheminplaceyesterday?Inasense,theoveruseofthewordsofabsolutenessorextremitymaycausechangesinthemeaningofawordatlessintheeyeofaman.35Womenmayusetheintensifieratthesacrificeoftheliteralmeaningsofthesewords.Afinewoman…isvastlyobliged,orvastlygreatsmallonesarevastlylittle;andapursecouldbevastlypretty,becauseiswasvastlylittle.36Womenhavetheirownvocabularyforemphasizingcertaineffects:Females:sogood,suchfun,exquisite,lovely,divine,precious,adorable,darling,fantastic.Neutral:great,terrific,cool,neat37TheuseofparticlesShit,damn,damnit,thehellOhdear,dearme,goodnessme,mygoodness,Ohdear,you’vemadethatmistakeagain.Shit,you’vemadethatmistakeagain.38Womanusemoretagquestions.Womenusemorestatementquestionswitharisingintonationattheend.Women’slinguisticbehaviorismoreindirectandmorepolite.39Idiolectisapersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombineselementsregardingregional,social,gender,andagevariations.403.4RegisterHallidayLanguageasitsfunctionvaries;itdiffersindifferentsituations.Thetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituationisaregister.41Fieldofdiscourse:whatisgoingon,purposeandsubject-matterofcommunication,why,whatTechnicalvs.non-technicalTenorofdiscourse:theroleofrelationshipinthesituation,who,towhomThelevelofformalityModeofdiscourse:themeansofcommunicaiton,howAlectureonbiology42Decidethefield,tenorandmodeofdiscourseinthefollowingexample:1.Aistalkingtoadoctorabouthisillness.2.anarticleonairpollutioninChinaDaily.3.alettertoone’sparentsoncampuslife.4.alectureonbiology433.5DegreeofformalityLeech&Svartvik(1975):Formal,informal,withcommoncoreinbetween.MartinJoos(1962):Frozen,formal,consultative,casual,intimate,whichisbelievedthateveryspeakerhasaccessto.

44Visitorswouldmaketheirwayatoncetotheupperfloorbywayofthestaircase.(frozen)Visitorsshouldgoupthestairsatonce.(formal)Wouldyoumindgoingupstairsplease?(consultative)Timeyouallwentupstairsnow.(casual)Upyougo,Chaps!(intimate)45诸位来宾，请即刻举步缘梯上楼。来宾们，请立即上楼。请你们马上上楼，好吗？现在你们都该上楼了。伙计们，上楼去！463.6StandarddialectSociallyprestigiousdialectBythegovernment,massmedia,schools,Anymemberscanpossiblyuse.Basedonaselectedvariety.Notacquirednaturally,superimposed普通话的定义是“以北京语音为标准音，以北方话为基础方言，以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范的现代民族共同语。”474.SociolinguisticstudyofsocietyToknowmoreaboutagivensocietybyexaminingthelinguisticbehaviorofitsmembers.BilingualismandDiglossia(双语现象和高低双言现象)Code-switching（语码转换）PidginandCreole（皮钦语和克里奥语）---languagevarietiesinmultilingualcommunities484.1BilingualismandDiglossiaBilingualism

referstoalinguisticsituationinwhichtwostandardlanguagesareusedinaspeechcommunity;Diglossia:

Twodistinctvarietiesofthesamelanguageareused,sidebyside,fortwodifferentsetsoffunctions.Theformerismorestandardandhigher,andusedformoreformalmatters,andthelatterlessprestigious,andusedforcolloquialsituations.

49Bilingualism/multilingualism:Canada: English,FrenchSingapore: Chinese,English,MalaySwitzerland: German,French,ItalianBelgium: Flemish,FrenchIndia: Indian,EnglishRwanda: Rwanda,French50diaglossia:highvariety&lowvariety(高级和低级变体)Thehighvarietyisofhighprestigeandisusuallyusedonformaloccasions.Thelowvarietyisoflowprestigeandisappropriateforsuchoccasionsasachatbetweenfriendsorfamilymembers.Q:Whatarethemodernversionsforthefollowingquotations?1.关关雎鸠,在河之洲。窈窕淑女,君子好逑。2.执子之手,与子偕老。

Highvariety

Lowvariety wenyan vernacular Putonghua localdialect关关鸣叫的水鸟，

栖居在河中沙洲。

善良美丽的姑娘，

好男儿的好配偶。51Code-Switching:

meansthealternationbetweentwoormorelanguages,languagevarietiesorregistersincommunication.Yetitismoreoftenappliedto

bilingual/multilingualspeechcommunitiesandcommunitieswithdiglossia,wherespeakersmayswitchbetweenlanguagesorbetweenhighandlowvarieties.4.2Code-Switching52“Hi，你好呀！This

morning，我们对你的case进行了discuss，我们发现，这对我们没什么benefit。所以我们不得不遗憾地告诉你：与这件事相关的所有Project都将被cancel掉。”好touching啊!好nice,好cute搭lift,去shopping,唱K,吃MMiss,阿sir我们到canteen去吃饭。我take四个课程。你是哪个group的?53“我是beast……那你呢……” “我比你少一个A,……所以我是best。”辛楣吃晚饭回来,……问鸿渐道:“你在英国到过牛津、剑桥没有?他们的tutorialsystem是怎么一回事?”这种同情比笑骂还难受,鸿渐咬牙来个中西合璧的咒骂:“ToHell滚你妈的蛋!”《围城》

54歌曲：快乐崇拜什么年代吹着什么样的风

我拿我的麦克风

唱出oldschoolshow

yallreadytoroll

70的年代

复古我最high

discofever

从来不肯saygoodbye55Apidginisaspeciallanguagevarietythatmixeslanguagesanditisusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.4.3PidginandCreole（皮钦语和克里奥语）56Pidgin:notanativelanguageofanyone.learnedinformallyincontact.usedesp.astradelanguage.involvesthemixtureoftwoormoreLs.eg.NigerianPidginEnglish;VietnamesePidginFrench;NewGuineaPidginGerman,etc.57Frompidginto

creolesAsaresultofintermarriage,thepidginisspokenathomeandlearnedbychildrenasamothertongue.Pidginisnotjustacontactlanguagewithlimitedsocialfunctions,butcandealwithmore.eg.HaitianCreole,HawaiianCreoleEnglish58上海话中的洋泾浜英语“蹩脚”（BILGE，船底污水，引申为肮脏的、下三滥的、劣质的）“大兴”（DASHY，浮华的，华而不实的，引申为假的、冒牌的、劣质的）“肮三”（ONSALE，二手货贱卖，引申为垃圾货、形容人的品质低劣）“瘪三”（BEGSIR，乞丐先生，用来形容叫花子、难民、逃荒者等各式穷人，后引申为最广泛的骂人用语之一。“赤佬”是英语“CHEAT”（欺骗）和中文“佬”的混生词语，一个鲁迅时代最流行的洋泾浜俚语（隐语）。593.ImportanceofCultureinLanguageLearningandTeaching

60Learningaforeignlanguageisinseparablefromlearningitsculture.Weneedtolearnenoughaboutthelanguage’sculturesothatwecancommunicateinthetargetlanguageproperlytoachievenotonlythelinguisticcompetencebutalsothepragmaticorcommunicativecompetenceas