SGS食品接触材料介绍

FoodContactMaterialGerneralIntroduction食品接触材料介绍Whatourproductsdotoourfood?

我们的产品对食物有何影响？FCMRegulationIntroduction食品接触材料法规介绍TestMethodBasis测试根底Whataffectchemicalmigration?什么因素影响测试结果？Foodandbeveragescanbeveryaggressiveproductsandmayinteractstronglywithmaterialsthattheytouch.食物和饮料有时候具有很强的“进攻性〞，可以与食品接触材料发生强烈的作用。*Infact,nofoodcontactmaterialiscompletelyinertandsoitispossiblefortheirchemicalconstituentsto‘migrate’intothepackagedfood.Metals,glass,ceramics,plastics,rubberandpapercanallreleaseminuteamountsoftheirchemicalconstituentswhentheytouchcertaintypesoffoods.实际上，没有材料是完全钝化的，总有可能材料中的物质迁移至食物中。金属、玻璃、陶瓷、塑料、橡胶、纸张可以释放微量的化学成份进入食物。*1Ceramicarticlesmayposearisktotheconsumerthroughheavymetalsusedintheglazingandcolouring.陶瓷通过其釉彩和着色剂对使用者产生威胁。*Inthe1980sitbecameevidentthatrubberteatsandsoothersmayreleasecarcinogenicnitrosamines,whicharereactionanddegradationproductsfromacceleratorsandstabilisersusedintherubber.上世纪80年代，有证据说明橡胶奶头和安抚奶嘴可以释放致癌的亚硝胺，它是橡胶引发剂和稳定剂反响和分解的产物。*Chemicalmigrationisalwaysundesirableandifnotcontrolleditcouldbehazardoustothehealthofconsumer.人们总不想材料中的化学物质进入食物当中，如果控制不当，将会对人体健康产生影响。*2Ithasbeenestimatedthattheper-capitauseofpackagingmaterialsforretailfoodstuffssoldintheEUcountriesisabout1200cm2perpersonperday.据估计，在欧洲每人每天食用的零售食物，与食物接触材料接触的面积大约为1200平方厘米。*Allpartiesinvolvedintheproduction,transport,sellingandconsumptionoffoodsneedtobeawareofthepotentialforchemicalmigrationandwaysofminimisingit.所有与食物的生产、运输、销售等相关的企业都需要意识到食品接触材料化学迁移的危害，都有义务尽量进少此类迁移。primarymanufacturersofrawmaterials,e.g.,polymerandpapermanufacturersconverterswhoturntherawmaterialintopackagingforfoodusevendorsofthematerials,e.g.,retailersofarticles,supplycompaniesusersofthematerial–thefoodpackerfoodretailersenforcementauthoritiesconsumers–withrespecttotheproperusebothofpre-packagedfoodsandofmaterialsandarticlesusedinthehome.*LawStructure法规构架CommunitylegislationwhichisadoptedbytheEUandnationallegislationadoptedbytheMemberStates,soaRegulationisdirectlyapplicableineachMemberState.欧洲的公布的法令，将在欧盟成员国中直接执行。Directiveshavetobetransposedintonationallawwithtranspositiontimesofupto18months.欧盟的指令，需要在欧盟成员国中转化本国的法律执行，并有最多为18个月的过渡期。*TheFrameworkRegulation(EC)No1935/2004setsoutthegeneralprinciplesthatapplytomaterialsincontactwithfood.欧盟法令(EC)No1935/2004是欧盟食品级接触材料所有指令的框架性法令，规定了食品级材料应该遵循的根本原那么。Detailsforimplementingthesegeneralrulestakingaccountofthespecificrisksoftheindividualmaterialisgiveninthespecificlegislation.本法令的具体实施，要考虑到特定材料的特定风险，这些会在具体的指令中得以表达。*Thislistcomprises17differentmaterials.OnlyafewareyetcoveredbyspecificCommunitylegislation.本表罗列了17中不同的材料，只有一小局部被欧盟指令明确涵盖。Communitylegislationwasintroducedtoharmonisenationallegislationandtoremovebarrierstotrade.制定这些指令是为了统一各成员国的立法，消除贸易障碍。MemberStateslegislationisbasedondifferentprinciplesandthiscanstillbeobservedinthoseareaswhicharenotyetcoveredbyCommunitylegislation.个成员国有不同的立法原那么，这一点目前仍然能够在欧盟指令没有涵盖的领域可以看到。*Mostofthe25MemberStatesdonothavespecificnationalrules.大多数成员国没有自己特有的国家法律。NewerEUMemberStatesreplacedtheirnationallegislationwithCommunitylegislationbeforeaccessiontotheEU.欧盟新成员国在进入欧盟前，需要提前修改本国法律，以与欧盟指令一致。MemberStatesthatdonothavespecificnationallegislationonfoodcontactmaterialswillsometimesrefertootherMemberStates’legislation,suchasDutchwarenwetortheGermanrecommendations,whentestingforsafetycompliance.没有特有食品接触材料平安法律的成员国，通常会借鉴其他国家的食品接触材料平安法律。*Norway,IcelandandLiechtenstein,aspartoftheEuropeanEconomicArea(EEA),alsoapplytheCommunitylegislationwhilekeepingadditionalnationallegislation.SwitzerlandhasadoptedregulationscorrespondingtotheCommunitylegislation.挪威、冰岛、列支敦士登作为欧洲经济区的一局部，也采用欧盟的食品接触材料平安指令。*MemberStatesDuty成员国的义务MemberStateshavetheresponsibilityforenforcingtheCommunityandtheirownnationallegislationandmustmonitorthattherequirementsofthelegislationarefulfilledbythebusinessoperators(generalfoodlaw).成员国有责任执行欧盟的指令，并监控商业机构遵守食品接触材料平安要求。*MemberStateshavetolaydownacatalogueofsanctionsandmeasuresincludingdissuasivepenaltiesfornon-conformitywiththefoodlegislation.成员国必须制定一系列措施食品接触材料平安要求得以实施。ThemeasurestakenbyMemberStatesmayincludeprohibitingplacementonthemarket;theymayorderandmonitorwithdrawalofgoodsfromthemarket,recallanddestruction.Officialcontrolcancoverthefollowingactions:monitoring,surveillance,verification,audit,inspection,samplingandanalysis.这些措施包括禁止投放市场，成员国可能监控、责令停销问题产品，召回或者销毁它们。这些措施还包括监督、认可、检验、抽样、测试等。*Furthermoretheyhavetherighttodetainconsignmentsfromthirdcountries.海关也可扣押可疑货物。*WhenMemberStatestakemeasuresthataffectotherMemberStates,suchaswithdrawalfromthemarketwhenthearticleoriginatesfrom,orisdistributedto,anotherMemberState,theyshouldinformtheCommissionandtheotherMemberStatesviatheelectronicRapidAlertSystemforfeedandfood(RASFF).当一个成员国发生回收，应通报欧盟的快速警戒系统，本系统会通知其他各欧盟成员国。**Thismeanstheyhavetomakesurethatsubstancestheyuseinthefoodcontactmaterialareauthorised(ifpositivelistsexist)and/orarenottransferredintofoodinconcentrationsthatposeadangertohumanhealth.Theyhavetoconfirmthisinadeclarationofcompliance.以上措施说明，商家必须使用许可的材料，并保证材料不得迁移出对人体有害的化学物质。*Theconsumersshouldbeinformedon:消费者应被通知到：(i)thesuitabilityoftheproductforfoodcontact(tothispurposeasymbolrepresentingaglassandforkcanbeused);本产品适合与食物接触。(ii)thepersonresponsibleformanufactureorplacingonthemarketoftheproduct;商家负责人。(iii)instructionsforthesafeuseoftheproduct;产品平安使用说明。(iv)meansofidentificationoftheproductfortraceability.产品的识别的追溯。*Definitionsoftraceability追溯的定义。‘theabilitytogobackinthehistoryofafoodcontactmaterialorarticle,fromtheretailstagebacktothepointofitsmanufacturing,identifyingallappropriateinformation.’*Obviously,traceabilitycanbeattainedonlyiftheidentificationelementsofeachoftheaboverawmaterialsareproperlyobtainedbytherelevantsuppliers,butthemostdifficultpartconsistsofthemanagementofsuchidentificationelementsinthevariousstepsofstorage,transformationandwarehousingoffinishedgoods.*WhatisFoodContactMaterial

什么是食品接触材料？materialsthatarealreadyincontactwithfoodsuchasthepackagingofpre-packagedfood;materialsthatareintendedtocomeintocontactwithfood,suchascups,dishes,cutlery,foodpackagingnotyetinuse;materialsthatcanreasonablybeexpectedtobebroughtintocontactwithfoodsuchastablesurfacesinfoodpreparationareasortheinnerwallsandshelvesofarefrigerator;andmaterialsthatcanreasonablybeexpectedtotransfertheirconstituentstofoodsuchasacardboardboxaroundaplasticbagofcereals.*Conventionaltestingfollowsthefollowingdiscretesteps:

食品接触材料测试的几个步骤：1.Gatheringinformationaboutthecompositionofthematerial

收集材料信息2.Selectrelevantlegislation

筛选适合法规3.Checkwhethercompositionisinaccordancewiththelegislation

检查成份是否和法规要求4.Performanceoftherelevanttests

测试Besidescomplianceofaproduct’scompositionwithlegislation,oneneedstodemonstratethattheproductcomplieswiththelimitssetforoverallmigration,specificmigration,residualcontentandrequirements.TestMethodBasis测试根底*

PlasticsfoodcontactmaterialsandarticlesshouldcomplywithDirective2002/72/ECanditsamendmentsthatinclude:

2002/72/EC的限制要求anoverallmigrationlimit(OML)specificmigrationlimits(SMLs)onmonomersspecificmigrationlimits(SMLs)onadditivescompositionallimits(QMs)onsomemonomers.TestMethodBasis测试根底*Fromtheavailabletoxicityandmigrationdata,aspecificmigrationlimit(SML)isderivedandseveralassumptionsaremade:基于的毒性和迁移数据，特殊迁移限值(SML)是通过以下假设制定的：1kgoffoodeateneveryday1kgoffoodcorrespondsto6dm2ofpackagingpackagingalwayscontainsthesubstancemigrationofthesubstanceatSMLconsumerbodyweightof60kg.*Toavoidpossibleargumentsaboutwhatkindoffoodshouldbechosentoperformmigrationtesting,EUlegislatorshaveagreedonfourfoodsimulants,whichareabletomimicfoods:为防止关于食物类型的争论，欧盟规定了四种食物模拟液：SimulantA,water,mimickingaqueousfoodstuffsSimulantB,3%aceticacid,mimickingacidicfoodstuffsSimulantC,10%ethanol,mimickingalcoholicfoodstuffsSimulantD,oliveoil,oranotherapprovedoil,mimickingfattyfoodstuffs.*Directive85/572/EECdefineswhichsimulantsneedtobeusedtosimulatecertainfoods.Insomecasesitisnotpossibletouseoliveoilasafoodsimulantbecauseoftechnicalreasonsandalternativesimulantsmaybeusedlikeisooctaneand95%ethanol.

85/572/EEC指令规定了模拟液。某些情况下，由于技术原因，不能使用橄榄油模拟液，这是可以使用替代液。*Thereasonfordeterminingoverallmigrationisthatthefoodcontactmaterialmaybringaboutanunacceptablechangeinthecompositionofthefood(Article3oftheframeworkRegulation(EC)1935/2004).Themethodsofdeterminingtheoverallmigrationintotheaqueoussimulants(A,BandC)areasfollows:

食品接触材料可能给食物的成份带来不可接受的变化，所以要进行全迁移测试，其步骤如下：Bringthefoodcontactmaterialincontactwiththesimulantforaselectedtimeandtemperature(seesection5.3.1).Separatethesamplefromthesimulantandevaporatethesimulant.Determinetheweightoftheresidueandcalculateoverallmigration.Asaconsequencevolatilechemicals,whichmigrate,arenotincludedintheoverallmigrationvaluefortheaqueoussimulants.*Migrationtestinghastobeperformedunderworstforeseeablecontacttimeandtemperaturefortheenvisagedapplication.Along-termstorageatroomtemperatureis,forexample,representedbystoragefortendaysat40∞C.测试的条件，通常选择产品使用范围的上限。*3Colourrelease

颜色迁移Whenfoodisincontactwithfoodcontactmaterial,thecolourofthefoodcontactmaterialmustremainonthefoodcontactmaterialandmaynotcolourthefood.

食品级材料与食物接触时，其颜色不得染污食物。*Volatiles

挥发性Forsiliconmaterialssomevolatilecomponentscanremaininthesiliconmaterialafterpolymerisation.Themethodofdeterminationis:

对于硅胶类材料，一些挥发性成份会在硅胶合成后残留在材料中，测定的方法是：Preparethesiliconmaterial(cuttoprescribedsizes).Removewaterfromthesiliconmaterialusingwaterfreecalciumchloride.Determinetheweightofthesiliconmaterial.Exposethesiliconmaterialforacertaintimetoacertaintemperature.Determinetheweightofthesiliconmaterial.Calculatetheweightloss.Theseareexemplifiedby‘hard’materialssuchasmetals,glassandceramics.一些“硬质〞材料具有此特点，比方金属、玻璃、陶瓷。Whataffectchemicalmigration?什么因素影响测试结果？Theseareexemplifiedby‘plastic’materialssuchasplastics,rubbersandelastomers.一些合成材料具有此特点，比方塑料、橡胶、弹性体等。Exemplifiedbypaperandboardmaterialswithaheterogeneous,open