2024届中考英语专项复习时态和语态：被动语态 讲义

被动语态当主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。被动语态的构成被动语态的构成形式是：助动词be+及物动词的过去分词。助动词be有人称、时态和数的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。现以ask为例，将八种时态的被动语态的肯定式、否定式和疑问式列表如下：肯定式否定式疑问式一般现在时Iamasked...He/Sheisasked...We/You/Theyareasked...Iamnotasked...He/Sheisnotasked...We/You/Theyarenotasked...AmIasked...?Ishe/sheasked...?Arewe/you/theyasked...?一般过去时I/He/Shewasasked...We/You/Theywereasked...I/He/Shewasnotasked...We/You/Theywerenotasked...WasI/he/sheasked...?Werewe/you/theyasked...?现在进行时Iambeingasked...He/Sheisbeingasked...We/You/Theyarebeingasked...Iamnotbeingasked...He/Sheisnotbeingasked...We/You/Theyarenotbeingasked...AmIbeingasked...?Ishe/shebeingasked...?Arewe/you/theybeingasked...?过去进行时I/He/Shewasbeingasked...We/You/Theywerebeingasked...I/He/Shewasnotbeingasked...We/You/Theywerenotbeingasked...WasI/he/shebeingasked...?Werewe/you/theybeingasked...?一般将来时I/He/She/We/You/Theywillbeasked...I/Weshall/willbeasked...I/He/She/We/You/Theywillnotbeasked...I/Weshall/willnotbeasked...WillI/he/she/we/you/theybeasked...?Shall/WillI/webeasked...?过去将来时I/He/She/We/You/Theywouldbeasked...I/Weshould/wouldbeasked...I/He/She/We/You/Theywouldnotbeasked...I/Weshould/wouldnotbeasked...WouldI/he/she/we/you/theybeasked...?Should/WouldI/webeasked...?现在完成时I/We/You/Theyhavebeenasked...He/Shehasbeenasked...I/We/You/Theyhavenotbeenasked...He/Shehasnotbeenasked...HaveI/we/you/theybeenasked...?Hashe/shebeenasked...?过去完成时I/He/She/We/You/Theyhadbeenasked...I/He/She/We/You/Theyhadnotbeenasked...HadI/he/she/we/you/theybeenasked...?含有情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的被动语态的构成形式：情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词Teenagersshouldbeallowedtomaketheirowndecisions.Yourhomeworkmustbehandedintoday.Aconcertwillbeheldnextmonth.Maythetreesbeplantedbehindthehouse.被动语态的用法强调动作的承受者HisspokenEnglishhasbeenimprovedgreatly.Theyweregivenasecondchance.TheseletterswillbesenttoMissWhite.当不知道或没必要说明谁是动作的发出者时Sometentshavebeenputupatthefootofthemountain.Anewschoolisbeingbuilthere.Airconditionersarewidelyusedinourdailylife.当动作的发出者带有较长的修饰语时Thenovelwaswrittenbyayoungladywhowasdisabledbecauseofanaccident.Theadvicewasacceptedbythestudentswhohaddifficultyingettingalongwithothers.IhavebeeninvitedtoahousewarmingpartybythenewneighborwhocamefromSouthAfrica.主动语态转换为被动语态主语+及物动词+宾语Thegovernmenttakemanymeasurestopreventpollution.Manymeasuresaretakentopreventpollution.Myfatherfixedupthebike.Thebikewasfixedupbymyfather.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语主动句中的宾补变为被动句中的主补Wesawhimout.Hewasseenout.Shehaskeptuswaitingforanhour.Wehavebeenkeptwaitingforanhour.主动句中用带to的不定式作宾补，转换为被动句时要加上to（let除外）Canyoumakethiswatchwork?Canthiswatchbemadetowork?Iheardtheboyplaythedrums.Theboywasheardtoplaythedrums.主语+及物动词+直接宾语+间接宾语这一句型转换成被动句时，直接宾语和间接宾语都可用作被动句的主语Theoldmangaveusmuchhelp.Weweregivenmuchhelpbytheoldman.（间接宾语转化成主语）Muchhelpwasgiventousbytheoldman.（直接宾语转化成主语）〖注意：当直接宾语转化为被动句的主语，间接宾语可以直接位于动词之后，也可以由介词to或for引出。在间接宾语前加“to”，这类动词有：give,offer,lend,pass,promise,tell等；在间接宾语前加“for”，这类动词有：buy,cook,get,make等〗OurteachertaughtusEnglishsongs.Englishsongsweretaughtusbyourteacher.（直接宾语转化成主语）WeweretaughtEnglishsongsbyoutteacher.（间接宾语转化成主语）并非所有的间接宾语都可作为被动句的主语ShewroteMissGreenaletter.AletterwaswrittentoMissGreenbyher.（√）MissGreenwaswrittenaletterbyher.（×）宾语从句不能作为被动句的主语Myfriendstoldmewhereweweregoingtomeet.Iwastoldwhereweweregoingtomeetbymyfriends.（√）Wherewegoingtomeetwastoldmebymyfriends.（×）主动形式表示被动含义在主语是物的句子中，谓语动词是由某些及物动词转化来的比及物动词，如：sell，clean，write，wash等。这些不及物动词的主动形式常表被动含义。Thebooksellswell.Theseclotheswasheasily.Mypenwritessmoothly.“need/require/want+动名词”结构表被动含义。Yourhairneedscutting.Theplantwantswateringeveryday.Thisproblemrequiresdiscussingindetail.“beworth+动名词”结构表被动含义Themovieisworthwatching.Thebookisworthreadingagain.感官动词作如feel,smell,sound,taste,look等作为系动词时，常表示被动含义。Silkfeelssoftandsmooth.Theseapplessmelldelicious.Yourideasoundsgreat.Thecaketastesgood.Itlooksnice.某些表示“发生（happen,takeplace,occur）”、“爆发（breakout,burstout）”或“传播”的不及物动词。Awarbrokeoutinthiscountrylastweek.Anaccidenthappenedatthefirstcrossingonthisstreet.ThemeetingwilltakeplaceonthemorningofFriday.不能变为被动语态的主动句反身代词作宾语时Theyenjoyedthemselvesverymuch.Heisalwaystalkingtohimself.当宾语时相互代词时Weshouldhelpeachother,especiallyinthetimesofdifficulty.Mygrandparentsunderstandoneanotherperfectly.当宾语前有一个与主语相对应的所有格或物主代词时Hedidn’tlendhisbiketome.Shecriedhereyesout.当宾语时行为者某一部分或官感时Thelittlegirlwavedherhandstohermother.Heshookhisheadtiredly.某些表示所有关系或状态的及物动词不能变为被动语态，如：have,possess,cost,benefit,suit等Ihavetwobasketballsandonefootball.Thebookcostme20dollars.Mybestfriendpossessesalotofgoodqualities.练习：-AreyougoingtoCindy'sbirthdaypartytomorrow?-I'mnotsure.IwillgowithyouifI__. willinvite B.invite C.willbeinvited D.aminvited 2.Becauseit______everyday,thefloorisveryclean. A.cleaned B.willclean C.wascleaned D.iscleaned 3.-Don'tsmokehere,please.Smoking____inpublicplaces.-Oh,sorry.I'llstoprightnow.A.isn'tallowed B.aren'tallowed C.doesn'tallowD.allow4.Ournewlibrary_______lastyear.Weenjoyreadingandstudyinginit.A.builds B.built C.isbuilt D.wasbuilt 5.Manyhouses____bythefloodandthousandsofpeoplewerelefthomeless.A.damaged B.weredamagedC.weredamaging D.aredamaged 6.Somestudentsinthisschool__abroadasexchangestudentseveryyear.A.sentB.sendC.aresentD.sending7.Toeveryone’sgreatsurprise,thefamousactor’sstory______differentlyinthenewspapers.A.wasreported B.reported C.wasreporting D.reports 8.Ifitrainsthisweekend,oursportsmeet_____ .A.iscancelled B.wascancelled C.willbecancelled D.cancelled9.Themagazinemay___foraweek.A.k