English-literature-V-18世纪英国文学

EnglishliteratureV-18世纪英国文学BritishEmpireDuringtheAgeofDiscoveryinthe15thand16thcenturies,PortugalandSpainpioneeredEuropeanexplorationoftheglobe,andintheprocessestablishedlargeoverseasempires.Enviousofthegreatwealththeseempiresgenerated,England,France,andtheNetherlands,begantoestablishcoloniesandtradenetworksoftheirownintheAmericasandAsia.Aseriesofwarsinthe17thand18thcenturieswiththeNetherlandsandFranceleftEnglandthedominantcolonialpowerinNorthAmericaandIndia.BritishEmpireAtitsheight,itwasthelargestempireinhistoryand,foroveracentury,wastheforemostglobalpower.By1922theBritishEmpireheldswayoverabout458millionpeople,one-fifthoftheworld‘spopulationatthetime.Theempirecoveredmorethan33,700,000km2,almostaquarteroftheEarth'stotallandarea.Atthepeakofitspower,thephrase"theempireonwhichthesunneversets"wasoftenusedtodescribetheBritishEmpire.BritishEmpireMongolEmpireEurasiaontheeveoftheMongolinvasions,c.1200.HistoricalBackgroundThe"GloriousRevolution"of1688endedinacompromisebetweenthearistocracyandbourgeoisie.EnglandbecameaconstitutionalmonarchyandpowerpassedfromtheKingtotheParliamentandthecabinetministers.WhigsandToriesTheGloriousRevolutionandtheBillofRightswereagoodstart.AstheBillmainlysaid:noroyalinterferencewiththelaw.notaxationbyRoyalPrerogative.nostandingarmymaybemaintainedduringatimeofpeacewithouttheconsentofparliament.noroyalinterferenceinthefreedomofthepeopletohavearmsfortheirowndefense.theBillofRights

（1689年权利法令）noroyalinterferenceofparliament.RomanCatholicsshallnotinheritthethroneofEngland.Thisled,ultimately,totheestablishmentofconstitutionalmonarchy.TheKingGeorgeIwasn’tallthatinterestedinEnglishpoliticsandhewenttohometownforaslongashecould,thenParliamentcouldgovernthecountrywithouthim.Sotheydid.WhigsandToriesNosoonerwerethepeopleincontrolofthegovernmentthantheydividedintohostileparties:theliberalWhigsandtheconservativeTories.Whigs（辉格党，19世纪中叶演变为英国自由党）：determinedtosafeguardpopularliberty.Tories（托利党，1833年改称保守党）：wouldleaveasmuchauthorityaspossibleintheroyalhands.manyToriessecretlywantedtobringtheStuartsback.WhigsandToriesThetwomainpartiesweresowellbalancedthatafewvotescouldoverturnacabinet.SothepressbecameamightypowerinEngland,andanywriterwithatalentforargumentorsatirewasalmostcertaintobehiredbypartyleaders.MostofthegreatwritersoftheagesuchasJosephAddison,RichardSteele,DanielDefoeandJonathanSwiftservedeitherparty.Anotherfeaturewastherapiddevelopmentofsociallife.AlargenumberofpubliccoffeehousesandprivateclubsappearedinLondon.IndustrialRevolutionItoccurredroughlybetween1760and1830.Itmarksamajorturningpointinhistory;almosteveryaspectofdailylifewasinfluencedinsomeway.Inparticular,averageincomeandpopulationbegantoexhibitunprecedentedsustainedgrowth.IndustrialRevolutionTheapplicationofsteampowertotheindustrialprocessesofprintingsupportedamassiveexpansionofnewspaperandpopularbookpublishing,whichreinforcedrisingliteracyanddemandsformasspoliticalparticipation.TheadventoftheAgeofEnlightenmentprovidedanintellectualframeworkwhichwelcomedthepracticalapplicationofthegrowingbodyofscientificknowledge.

DuringtheIndustrialRevolutionanintellectualandartistichostilitytowardsthenewindustrializationdeveloped.ThiswasknownastheRomanticmovement.IndustrialRevolutionItsmajorexponentsinEnglishincludedtheartistandpoetWilliamBlakeandpoetsWilliamWordsworth,SamuelTaylorColeridge,JohnKeats,LordByronandPercyByssheShelley.Themovementstressedtheimportanceof"nature"inartandlanguage,incontrastto"monstrous"machinesandfactories.Withtheexpansionoftheempireandthedevelopmentofindustrialrevolution,thecountrybecameincreasinglyaffluent.Amercantilesystem（重商主义）cameintobeingtomeettheneedsoftradeandproduction.People’slifestandardweregreatlyimproved.Theculturallifehadundergoneremarkablechanges.

Newton’stheory.ThephilosophyofJohnLockeandtheeconomicsbyAdamSmithaffectedpeople’sthinkingoftheworld.SocialSituationJohnLocke(empiricism)andAdamSmith’theorycausedgreatimpactonthesociety.

Empiricismisatheoryofknowledgewhichstatesthatknowledgecomesonlyorprimarilyfromsensoryexperience.Empiricisminthephilosophyofscienceemphasizesevidence,especiallyasdiscoveredinexperiments.PhilosophersassociatedwithempiricismincludeAristotle,FrancisBacon,JohnLocke,DavidHume,andLeonardodaVinci.CulturalBackgroundAdamSmithisbestknownfortwoclassicworks:TheTheoryofMoralSentiments(1759),AnInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations

TheWealthofNations,isconsideredhismagnumopusandthefirstmodernworkofeconomics.Smithiscitedasthe"fatherofmoderneconomics".CulturalBackground

EnlightenmentDeism（自然神论）Deismisderivedfromdeus,theLatinwordforgod.Deismemergedduringthescientificrevolutionof17th-centuryEuropeandcametoexertapowerfulinfluenceduringtheAgeofEnlightenmentinthe18thcentury—especiallyinBritain,France,Germany,andintheUnitedStates.

Deismisatheologicalpositionconcerningtherelationshipbetween"theCreator"andthenaturalworld,isthebeliefthatreasonandobservationofthenaturalworldaresufficienttodeterminetheexistenceofaGodDeism（自然神论）DeismholdsthatGoddoesnotintervenewiththefunctioningofthenaturalworldinanyway,allowingittorunaccordingtothelawsofnature.ForDeists,humanbeingscanonlyknowGodviareasonandtheobservationofnature.Deismisrelatedtonaturalismbecauseitcreditstheformationoflifeandtheuniversetoahigherpower,usingonlynaturalprocesses.EnglishEnlightenersMostoftheEnglishwriterswereenlighteners.ThemoremoderateenlightenersincludesAlexanderPope,JosephAddisonandRichardSteele,DanielDefoeandSamuelRichardson.ThemoreradicalenlightenersincludesJonathanSwift,HenryFielding,TobiasGeorgeSmollett,OliverGoldsmithandRichardBrinsleySheridan.ThreeStagesof18thC.Literature1.NeoclassicismClassicismAnattitudetoliteratureoramovementthatisguidedbyadmirationofthequalitiesofformalbalance,proportion,decorum（端庄得体）,andrestraint（适度）attributedtothemajorworksofancientGreekandRomanliterature(‘theclassics’)Differencebetween

17thand18thClassicismThebasicdifferencebetweenDrydenandthe18thcenturyenlightenersliesinthefactthattheformerwrotetopleasethedecliningaristocracyduringtheRestorationperiodwhilethelatterwrotefortherisingbourgeoisietotidyupthecapitalistsocialorder.

Chapter2AlexanderPope（蒲伯）AlexanderPope(1688-1744)wasthemostimportantEnglishpoetinthefirsthalfofthe18thcentury.LifeTheboywasprecludedfromformaleducationbyhisRomanCatholicism,Popewasmainlyself-educated.Adeformityofthespineandotherhealthproblemslimitedhisgrowthandphysicalactivities,leadinghimtodevotehimselftoreadingandwriting.At12,hewasabletocomposedramaticpoems;at16,hewrotehis“Pastorals“(田园诗）;andwhenhewasonly22,hispoem”EssayonCriticism”（批评论）waspublished,andfromthenonhewaslookeduptoasagreatmasterofverseinEnglandandinEurope.AlexanderPope

(1688-1744)CriticalWorks

EssayonMan《人论》ProbablythemostimportantofallPope’sworks,andcertainlythebestknownandmostoftenquoted.EssayonCriticism《论批评》TheDunciad《群愚记》AlexanderPope

(1688-1744)PoeticalWorks

AnEpistletoDr.ArbuthnotTheRapeoftheLock《劫发记》WorksInthefieldofsatiricanddidacticverse,hewastheundisputedmaster.Hisinfluencecompletelydominatedthepoetryofhisage.

AnEssayonCriticism（批评论）,writteninheroiccouplet,consistingof744linesanddividedintothreeparts.Popeputforwardhisaesthetictheoriesinit.Pope’sEssayonCriticismwasacomprehensivestudyoftheoriesofliterarycriticism.双行押韵格式（aa）它是英语诗歌最基本押韵格式，主要用于双行诗节（couplet）。双行诗节指两行押韵或不押韵的诗行。双行诗节可以单独成为诗节，也可以存在于其他诗节中。七行体（又称皇韵体，rhymeroyal）诗和八行体（octarima）诗用双行诗节结束，莎士比亚的十四行诗也是用双行诗节结束全诗。双行押韵格式（aa）双行诗节分开放双行诗节（opencouplet）和完整双行诗节(closedcouplet)两种。完整双行诗节如果是用抑扬格五韵步写成，就被称为英雄双行诗节(heroiccouplet)。即英雄双韵体。开放双行诗节指的是跨行的双行诗体，即两行诗有共同的语法和逻辑结构，但第二行的意思需要继续下去，直到在后面的诗行中结束。如济慈叙述希腊神话中的美少年长诗《恩弟米安》开始几行：双行押韵格式（aa）Athingofbeautyisajoyforever:Itslovelinessincreases;itwillneverPassintonothingness;butstillwillkeepAbowerquietforus,andasleepFullofsweetdreams,andhealth,andquietbreathing.Therefore,oneverymorrow,arewewreathingAflowerybandtobindustotheearth,Spiteofdespondence,oftheinhumandearthOfnoblenatures…(JohnKeats:Endymion)双行押韵格式（aa）这些诗行的特点是：首先，每两行押韵；其次，第一行是完整句，第二行要表达的意思跨入下面数行才结束。双行诗节是英语中最短的诗节，在印刷安排上，有时按两行一个诗节的形式分开排列，有时连续排在一起。每个诗节的押韵不重复，即下一个诗节同上一个诗节不能押相同的韵，必须转韵，因此，整首诗的押韵格式就成了aabbccdd，一直往下推。完整双行诗节不仅要求两行诗押韵相同，而且要把意思表达完整。英雄双行诗节是完整双行诗节中的一种，它是英语诗歌之父乔叟最喜爱的诗体，如他的《坎特伯雷故事》总引Prologue中对骑士的介绍：双行押韵格式（aa）Andeveremorehehaddeasovereignpris.Andthoughtthathewereworthy,hewaswis,Andofhisportasweekasisamaide.HenevereyitnovilainyenesaideInalhislifuntonomanerewight:Hewasaverray,parfit,gentilknight.Butfortotellenyouofhisarray,Hishorsweregoode,buthewasnatgay.OffustianheweredagipounAlbismoteredwithhishaubergeoun,Forhewaslatecomefromhisviage,Andwentefortodoonhispilgrimage双行押韵格式（aa）这段诗是抑扬格五韵步，每两行押韵，下个韵不同于上个韵，其押韵格式为aabbccddeeff。济慈的叙事诗《拉米亚》是混合使用开放诗行和英雄诗行写成的，开始几行如下：Uponatime,beforethefaerybroodsDroveNymphandSatyrfromtheprosperouswoods,BeforeKingOberon’sbrightdiadem,Scepter,andmantle,clasp’dwithdewygem,FrightedawaythedryadsandtheFaunsFromrushesgreen,andbrakes,andcowslip’dlawns,Theever-smittenHermesemptyleftHisgoldenthrone,bentwarmonamoroustheft:双行押韵格式（aa）这些诗行里，第一行不是完整句，第一行和第二行组成一个时间状语从句，第三、四、五六句组成第二个状语从句，第七、八行组成这些诗行的主句。它们每两行押韵，即broods/woods，diadem/gem，Fauns/lawns，left/theft。每组韵不同，属开放双行诗节押韵格式。但该诗第二十七行开始如下：

Fromvaletovale,fromwoodtowood,heflew,Breathingupontheflowershispassionnew,Andwoundwithmanyarivertoitshead,Tofindwherethissweetnymphprepar’dhersecretbed:Invain;thesweetnymphmightnowherebefound,Andsoherested,onthelonelyground.双行押韵格式（aa）显然，这些以抑扬格五韵步为主的诗行里，每行都表达完整的意思，都是每两行押韵，因此它们属英雄双行押韵格式。押aabb韵律格式的四行诗节，其实是双行诗节的变体，如朗费罗的《箭和歌》第一、三诗节：

Ishotanarrowintotheair,Itfelltoearth,Iknewnotwhere;For,soswiftlyitflew,thesightCouldnotfollowitinitsflight.….双行押韵格式（aa）Long,longafterwards,inanoakIfoundthearrow,stillunbroken;Andthesong,frombeginningtoend,Ifoundagainintheheartofafriend.(Longfellow:TheArrowandtheSong)每两行押韵，下一诗节的韵与前面的韵不同。虽然第一、二行都分别表达完整之意，但因它们是四韵步，只能被称为完整诗行，不能被称为英雄双行。其余双行是开放诗行。诗人们有时使双行诗节发生变化，在双行上加一行并与之押韵，这样的诗节叫三行同韵诗节（triplet）。最好的例子莫过于丁尼生的《鹰》：双行押韵格式（aa）Heclaspsthecragwithcrookedhands;Closetothesuninlonelylands,Ring’dwiththeazureworld,hestands.Thewrinkledseabeneathhimcrawls;Hewatchesfromhismountainwalls,Andlikeathunderbolthefalls.(AlfredTennyson:TheEagle)如果是三个以上的诗行押一个韵，这叫单韵（monorhyme）。单韵的格式有两种，一种是一个诗节只押一个韵，有多少诗节就有多少韵，另一种是一首诗只押一个韵。例如弗罗斯特的《蔷薇科》就是一首诗只押一种韵的典型例子：双行押韵格式（aa）Theroseisarose,Andwasalwaysarose.ButthetheorynowgoesThattheapple’sarose,Andthepearis,andso’sTheplum,Isuppose.Whatwillnextprovearose.You,ofcourse,arearose—Butwerealwaysarose.（RobertFrost:TheRoseFamily）Manylinesfromthispoemhavebecomeproverbialmaxims格言,as:"Forfoolsrushinwhereangelsfeartotread.“天使不敢涉足之处，蠢材蜂拥而至

"Toerrishuman,toforgive,divine.“犯错者为人，谅错者为神

"Alittlelearningisadangerousthing.“浅学误人一知半解，害己误认EssayonMan（人论）

writteninheroiccouplet,indicatesthepoet'spoliticalandphilosophicalviewpoint.Itdealswithman'srelationtotheuniverse,tosociety,tohimself,andtohappiness.TheRapeoftheLock

（卷发遇劫记）（劫发记）Lock:thehairoftheheadItwasbasedonanincidentrecountedbyPope'sfriend,JohnCaryll.ArabellaFermorandhersuitor,LordPetre,werebothfromaristocraticCatholicfamilies.Petre,lustingafterArabella,hadcutoffalockofherhairwithoutpermission,andtheconsequentargumenthadcreatedabreachbetweenthetwofamilies.

Popewrotethepoemattherequestoffriendsinanattemptto"comicallymergethetwo."Popeseizedtheoccasiontowriteamock-heroicpoem（讽喻式英雄史诗）,inwhichhesatirizedthetrivialityandsillinessofthehighsocietywithadelicatewit.

TheDunciad

群愚史诗/愚人志Popetranslatedtheentire"Iliad"(Homer)PopewasalsoaneditorofShakespeare'splays."TheDunciad",i.e.theIliadofDunces,isasatiricalpoemin4books.Itisfullofbitterpersonalattacksonthepoet'spersonalenemiestwoepicpoemsofHomer,theIliadandtheOdyssey

.TheybothconcernthegreatdefiningmomentofGreekculture,theTrojanWarProvokedbyTheobald’scriticismofhiseditionofShakespeare,Popewrotethispoem,firstchoosingTheobaldas“thepoetlaureate”oftheKingdomofDullness.ButbyandbyalltheauthorswhohadcriticizedPopewerehelduptoridicule。

thepoetlaureate「桂冠诗人」源起於英国颁给优秀诗人的称号；它最早始于一六一六年英王詹姆斯一世授予诗人本．琼森一笔薪俸，本．琼森即以诗人的身分为国王服务；一六六八年，此种为皇家服务的职位被确认为出缺即应继补的官职。在一六九○至一八二○年间，英国桂冠诗人的主要任务为在国王御前祝贺新年及生日颂诗等活动。

但自一八四三年开始，维多利亚女王任命华兹华斯为桂冠诗人后，废除此项任务，并表示今后桂冠诗人的职衔成为诗才卓越的奖赏，而不再担任特定的任务。英国桂冠诗人至今仍存在，曾得到此荣誉头衔的包括德莱顿威廉·华兹华斯丁尼生，等。WorkmanshipandLimitationPopewasanoutstandingenlightenerandthegreatestEnglishpoetoftheclassicalschoolinthefirsthalfofthe18thcentury.Popewasamasterinsatire,epigramandheroiccouplet.Asamanofletters,hehadhisuglyside.Hissatirewasnotalwaysjust,oftencausedbypersonalgrudge.SummaryInmorethanonesensePopewasthemostimportantEnglishpoettocomeoutofthe18thcentury.Theheroiccoupletbecameaperfectpoeticmediuminhishands.Heweededfeelingandemotionsuccessfullyoutofpoetryandsohasbeenaccusedbysomepeopleofhavingalmostkilledpoetry.EssaysIn18thcentury，themiddleclasscitizenstendedtoassembleincoffeehousestoseekthepleasuresofconversation,newsandpolitics.Thus,coffeehousesgavethemameansofexchangingideas,formingpublicopinionandpropagatingnewthoughts.

JosephAddisonandRichardSteele

JosephAddison,thewit,statesman,poet,andessayistwasthecentralfigureofthesecoffee-housemeetings.RichardSteele,ofthesameage,wasAddison’schildhoodfriend.

At15thetwofriendsseparated.TheWhigsfinancedAddisontotravelontheContinent,studyFrenchandpoliticsinordertoservetheirpartywhileSteelejoinedthearmy.In1709,withthehelpofAddison,RichardSteelestartedapaper,“TheTatler《闲谈者》”,toenlighten,aswellastoentertain,hisfellowcoffeehouse-goers.Thepapercameoutthreetimesaweek.Eachissuecontainedseveralessays.Thecontentswerediversified.Steelewroteinaconversationalstyleonmanytopics.Essays：

JosephAddisonandRichardSteele"TheSpectator",adailypaper,wasacollaborativeprojectbyAddisonandSteeletogether.Itwasmuchmoreimportantthan"TheTatler"notonlybecauseitdealtwithawiderangeofsubjectsandwaswritteninamaturerstylebutbecauseitcontainedagalleryofvividportraitsofthemembersoftheso-called"SpectatorClub".Essays：

JosephAddisonandRichardSteele

ThemoststrikingfeaturesofthepaperarethecharactersketchesofMr.Spectatorandthemembersofhisclub，andthesesketchesbecometheforerunnerofthemodernEnglishnovel。Theessaysinthisperiodicalhadamoralpurpose．Theyattemptedtoimprovemannersandmorals,andcontinuedtostruggleagainsttheideasofthearistocracy．Steele’sandAddison’scontribution1.Theirwritingsafford

anewcodeofsocialmoralityfortherisingbourgeoisie.2.TheygiveatruepictureofthesociallifeofEnglandinthe18th-century.3.InthehandsofAddisonandSteele,theEnglishessayhadcompletelyestablisheditselfasaliterarygenre.Usingitasaformofcharactersketchingandstory-telling,theyusheredinthedawnofmodernEnglishnovel.Addison’sproseremainedfoeoveracenturythemodelformostwriters.Therewasnotraceofmaliceinhisgenialhumor,nospitefulnessandnocoarseness.“Hisproseisthemodelofthemiddlestyle;ongravesubjectsnotformal,onlightoccasionsnotgrovelling;purewithscrupulosity,andexactwithoutapparentelaboration,alwaysequable,andalwayseasy,withoutglowingwordsorprintedsentences.”------DrJohnson2.ModernNovelsWhatisNovelFictionalprosenarrativeofconsiderablelengthandsomecomplexitythatdealsimaginativelywithhumanexperiencethroughaconnectedsequenceofeventsinvolvingagroupofpersonsinaspecificsetting.ThenovelwasestablishedasaliteraryforminEnglandinthe18thcenturythroughtheworkofDanielDefoe,SamuelRichardson,andHenryFielding.Thetypicalelementsofaconventionalnovelareplot,character,setting,narrativemethodandpointofview,andsymbolism.Theseelementshavebeensubjecttoexperimentationsincetheearliestappearanceofthenovel.TypesofNovelsThegenreencompassesawiderangeoftypesandstyles,including:pica’resque流浪汉小说e’pistolary书信体小说

TheSorrowsofYoungWerther《少年维特之烦恼》Gothic哥特式小说romanticrealisthistoricalnovels.RealisticNovelTheriseandgrowthoftherealisticnovelisthemostprominentachievementof18thcenturyEnglishliterature,whichhasgiventheworldsuchnovelistsasDefoe,Swift,Richardson,Fielding,SmollettandSterne.Theeighteenthcenturywasthegoldenageofthe(English)novel.Thenovelofthisperiod…spokethetruthaboutlifewithanuncompromisingcourage."Thenovelistsofthisperiodunderstoodthat"thejobofanovelistwastotellthetruthaboutlifeashesawit."SocialBackgroundThesewriterslivedinaperiodofrapidgrowthofcapitalism.Itwas"abrutalworld,theworldofconqueringcapitalism,theperiodwhentheEnglishsquirewascrushingtheEnglishpeasantoutofexistence,whentheEnglishadventurerwasstealingthewealthoftheIndiesbymeansashorribleastheywere…immoral,andwhenthataccumulationofstolenwealthwasbeingmadeinthecountrywhichwastomakepossibletheIndustrialRevolution."picaresquenovel流浪汉小说DanielDefoe:RobinsonCrusoe.《鲁滨逊漂流记》MollFlanders《摩尔·弗兰德斯》HenryFielding:TheHistoryofTomJones,aFounldling《弃儿汤姆·琼斯》TheLifeofMr.JonathanWildtheGreat

《大伟人江奈生魏尔德》

JonathanSwift:Gulliver’sTravel《格列佛游记》picaresquenovel流浪汉小说TobiasSmollett:RoderickRandom《兰登传》Dickens:

ThePickwickPapers《匹克威克外传》OliverTwist《雾都孤儿》MarkTwin:

AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn哈克贝里芬历险记RalphWaldoEllison:InvisibleMan《隐身人》SaulBellow：TheAdventuresofAugieMarch《奥吉·玛齐历险记》GothicNovels哥特式小说Pre-romanticismoriginatedamongtheconservativegroupsofmenofthelettersasareactionagainsttheEnlightenmentandfounditsmostmanifestexpressioninthe“Gothicnovels”,thetermarisingfromthefactthatthegreaterpartofsuchromanceswasdevotedtothemedievaltimes.Suchas:HoraceWalpole:TheCastleofOtranto《奥特兰托城堡》

Annradcliff:TheMysteriesofUdolpho

《奥多芙的神秘》GothicNovels哥特式小说Accordingtotheauthors,evilforcesreignedintheworld,anditwasfutiletostruggleagainstone’sfate.ThemysteriouselementplayedanenormousroleintheGothicnovel,itissorepletewithbloodcurdling（令人毛骨悚然的）scenesandunnaturalfeelingsthatitisjustlycalled“anovelofhorrors”.DanielDefoeDanielDefoe(1660?-1731)wasborninLondon,thesonofabutcher.Hisparentssethimapartfortheministry（牧师职位）,buthegaveuptheideaofbecomingapreacher.Afterschooling,hebecameahosier（袜商）

,andbetween1678-83traveledinSpain,Italy,FranceandGermanyasamerchant.Intheyear1685DefoetookpartintheDukeofMonmouth'srebellionagainstJamesⅡandnarrowlyescapedpunishment.DanielDefoe

The"GloriousRevolution"foundinDefoeanenthusiasticsupporter.HejoinedWilliam'sarmylatein1688,andtookgreatinterestintheestablishmentofthenewgovernment.Inanumberofpamphlets,hedefendedthenewpoliticalorderandattackedtheadherentsoftheStuarts.Asamerchant,DefoehadseenupsanddownsinhisbusinessHebecamebankruptin1692.Withinfouryears,hewasdoingwellagain,asthemanagerofatilefactory.Heremainedinfairlyprosperouscircumstancesuntilhewasruined,in1703,byhisimprisonment.DanielDefoe

AftertheToriescametopower,Defoeanonymouslypublishedapamphlet,"TheShortestWaywiththeDissenters"《消灭不同教派的捷径》in1702.TheDissenterswereareligioussectsupportedbytheTories.Inthispamphlet,DefoemockinglyadoptedthetoneofanintolerantToryandarguedforthesuppressionofDissentersatallcosts,nomatterhowcruelthemeans,thusreducingreligiouspersecutiontoabsurdity.DanielDefoeTheTorieswereenraged.InMay1703,Defoewasarrestedandputinprison.Thesentencewasthreepublicexposuresinthepillory.HardlyhadthesentencebeenpronouncedwhenDefoewrotea“HymntothePillory”

《枷刑颂》againsthispersecutors.ThispoemscatteredalloverLondon.Whenhewasmadetostandinthepilloryinthepublicsquare,hewascheeredbythepeopleasahero.DanielDefoeThisexperiencemarkedaturningpointinthecareerofDefoe.ShutupinprisonDefoecontinuedtowriteandstartedthepublicationof“TheReview”,apoliticalandliterarymagazine.InthisperiodicalDefoe,atruerepresentativeoftheEnlightenment,lashedthevicesoftheage,censured（谴责）themannersandcustomsofhighsocietyandderided（嘲弄）follies（罪恶）

andsuperstitions.AfterhisreleaseDefoeredoubledhisactivitiesasajournalistandpamphleteer.DanielDefoeDefoewasakindofjack-of-all-trades.Hewasamerchant,soldier,economist,politician,journalist,pamphleteer,publicist（时事评论家）andnovelist.Hisversatilityfillsuswithwonder.Hewasgreatinatleasttwooccupations:journalismandauthorship.HisplaceinEnglishliteraturewasmadeforhimbyhisnovels.Hisjournalisticworkwasagoodtrainingforhisfuturewriting.DanielDefoeAsajournalist,hehadhadgreatpracticeinwritingsimple,preciseandstraightforwardprose.SoheacquiredapurenakedEnglish-----smooth,easy,almostcolloquial,yetnevercoarse.Helovedshort,crisp,plainsentences.Thereisnothingartificialinhislanguage;itisreallycommonEnglish.DanielDefoeWorksMollFlanders《摩尔·弗兰德斯》RobinsonCrusoeThenovelisbasedonarealfact.In1704,AlexanderSelkirk,aScottishsailor,wasmarooned（把...放逐到孤岛）

ontheislandofJuanFernandezintheAtlantic,andlivedtherequitealoneforfouryears.OriginofRobinsonCrusoeThestorytakesplaceinthemiddleofthe17thcentury,inthefamilyofanoldEnglishgentleman,Mr.Crusoewhodesignedhissonforlaw.WhenhissonRobinsonis19,herunsawayfromhomeandsetsouttosea.AfterhesettlesdowninBrazil.ButthecalloftheseaissostrongthatheembarksonanothervoyagetoAfrica.

Afrightfulstormchangesthecourseoftheshipandtheshipiswreckedoffthecoastofanuninhabitedisland.Ofalltheship'screwRobinsonalone(andadogandtwocats)escapestotheshoreafterstrenuousefforts.StoryofRobinsonCrusoeHesetsupatent.Heplantsbarleyandcorn,andharvestscropsintime.Heexplorestheisland,hunts,makesclothesfromthehidesofthekilledanimals,gatherswildgrapesanddriesthemintoraisins,domesticateswildgoats,smokesandsaltsmeat.Grownwisewithexperienceinlabour,hemakesalivingontheislandbyself-reliance.StoryofRobinsonCrusoe

Manyyearsgoby.OnedayRobinsondiscoverstheimprintofaman'sfootonthesand.Thenhelearnsthattheislandisoccasionallyvisitedbysomecannibalswhocometocelebratetheirvictoriesovertheirenemiesandtodevourtheircaptives.

Robinsonhappenstoseeonesuchcelebrationandmanagestosaveoneofthevictims.Thisman,namedFridaybyRobinson,provestobeacleveryoungNegroandbecomesRobinson'strueandfaithfulcompanion.WithFriday'shelpRobinsonbuildsanotherboat.StoryofRobinsonCrusoeMeanwhileanEnglishshipdropsanchorofftheisland.ThecaptaintakesRobinsonandFridaytoEngland.Wishingtoseetheislandwherehehadspentsomanyyears,Robinsonpaysavisittoitoncemore.DuringanattackoftheIndianshisfaithfulFridayiskilled.Thesuccessof"RobinsonCrusoe"inducedtheauthortowritethesecondpartofthebook,whichisalmostasexcitingasthefirstone.StoryofRobinsonCrusoe

ThebestpartofthenovelistherealisticaccountofthesuccessfulstruggleofRobinsonaloneagainstthepitilessforcesofnatureontheisland.ThecharacterofRobinsonCrusoeisrepresentativeoftheEnglishbourgeoisieattheearlierstagesofitsdevelopment.

"Master"isthefirstwordFridaylearnsfromRobinson.Herelie