合作医疗就医与补偿流程与办法Title

合作医疗就医与补偿流程与办法TitleFaminesandPublicGoodPlantBreedingTheIrishPotatoFamineof1840striggeredthesearchfornewgenesintuber-bearingSolanumspecies.“ThisConference,meetinginthemidstofthegreatestwareverwaged,andinfullconfidenceofvictory,hasconsideredworldproblemsoffoodandagricultureanddeclaresitsbeliefthatthegoaloffreedomfromwantoffood,suitableandadequateforthehealthandstrengthofallpeoples,canbeachieved”.ResolutionofConferenceconvenedby

PresidentFranklinD.RooseveltHotSprings

Virginia(18Mayto3June1943)MajorFaminesofthe20thCenturySource:AmartyaSen,PovertyandFamines,1981Haiti Can’t-be-savedEgypt Can’t-be-savedTheGambia WalkingWoundedTunisia ShouldReceiveFoodLibya WalkingWoundedIndia Can’t-be-savedPakistan ShouldReceiveFood Famine:Triageclassificationofcountries-PaulandWilliamPaddock,1967VariationinAustralianAverageWheatYield(Ten-YearMean)from1860to2000FightingSoilHungerWaterConservationandManagement:KeytoCropSecurityThericeterracesofBaliGreenRevolutioninEuropeBeganwithLiebig’sdiscoveryofmineralfertilizerinthe1850sSoilhealth,watermanagementandplantprotectionprovedtobekeyfactorsindeterminingcropproductivityMendeliangeneticshelpedtobreedstrainscapableofrespondingwelltosoilfertilityandirrigationwatermanagementDaruma(Japanesesemi-dwarf)XFultz(U.S.winterwheat,highyield)Fultz-Daruma(semi-dwarf,highyield)Locals(adaptedtoU.S.Northwest)XXTurkeyRed(U.S.winter,highyield)Norin10(semi-dwarf,winter,highyield)Gaines(semi-dwarf,winter,U.S.adpted)XLocalStrainsNewWheats(semi-dwarf,highyield,adaptable,rust-resistant,fast-maturing,spring)Originofthesemi-dwarfwheatsPowerofMendelianBreedingPublicgoodPlantBreedingandassuredandremunerativemarketingtriggeredrapidprogressWheatProduction–IndianowoccupiestheSecondPositionintheWorld1965:10Milliont 2000:80MilliontSometimebetween1970and1985theworldwillundergovastfamines—hundredsofmillionsofpeoplearegoingtostarvetodeath.Thatis,theywillstarvetodeathunlessplague,thermonuclearwar,orsomeotheragentkillsthemfirst.TheUnitedStatesshouldannouncethatitwillnolongershipfoodtocountriessuchasIndiawheredispassionateanalysisindicatesthattheunbalancebetweenfoodandpopulationishopeless.Ehrlich1968SynergybetweenTechnologyandPublicPolicyScienceandAgriculturalProgress

1968–TheBeginningofGreenRevolutionPedigreeSelectionInter-varietalHybridizationWinterxSpringWheatcrossesMutationBreedingAneuploidandGenomicBreedingRestructuringPlantArchitecture:Semi-dwarfwheatShuttleBreedingandPhoto-insensitivityHybridWheatApomixisFunctionalGenomicsandMolecularBreedingHundredYearsofWheatBreedingLandandForestSavingAgricultureNon-lodging,greaterabsorptionofsunlight,betterrootsystem,higherharvestindexandphoto-insensitivityNewPlantTypeinRice8000BC1900Landraces1930Purelineselection1950Crossbreds2010Biotech-nology1995Indica/Indicahybrids2005Indica/Tropicaljaponicahybrids196519902000NewplanttypeSemidwarfs(IR8)(IR72otentialyield(t/ha)FromGreentoGeneRevolutioninRicePublicSectorPublic-PrivateSectorGeneticResources

(buildingblocks)Biotechnologies

(tools)CommercialProducts

(marketvalue)

$SuigenerisSystems

(Rights)Benefit-sharing

(collectiverights)

(e.g.Farmers’RightsandtheGlobalPlanofAction)IntellectualPropertyRights(individualrights)%

(e.g.PlantBreeder’sRights)FAO–InternationalTreaty–Art,9

(alsoArt.12&13)CBD–Art,8(j)WIPO

WTO/TRIPS(Art.27.3.b)

UPOVAccesstoGeneticResourcesand

BiotechnologiesforFoodandAgriculture“Manhaslostthecapacitytoforeseeandtoforestall.Hewillendbydestroyingtheearth”-AlbertSchweitzerEnvironmentandDevelopment:EarlyWarningRachelCarson1962:SilentSpring“Intensivecultivationoflandwithoutconservationofsoilfertilityandsoilstructurewouldleadultimatelytothespringingupofdeserts.Irrigationwithoutarrangementsfordrainagewouldresultinsoilsgettingalkalineorsaline.Indiscriminateuseofpesticides,fungicidesandherbicidescouldcauseadversechangesinbiologicalbalanceaswellasleadtoanincreaseintheincidenceofcancerandotherdiseases,throughthetoxicresiduespresentinthegrainsorotheredibleparts.Unscientifictappingofundergroundwaterwouldleadtotherapidexhaustionofthiswonderfulcapitalresourcelefttousthroughagesofnaturalfarming.Therapidreplacementofnumerouslocallyadaptedvarietieswithoneortwohighyieldingstrainsinlargecontiguousareaswouldresultinthespreadofseriousdiseasescapableofwipingoutentirecrops,ashappenedpriortotheIrishpotatofamineof1845andtheBengalricefamineof1942.Therefore,theinitiationsofexploitativeagriculturewithoutaproperunderstandingofthevariousconsequencesofeveryoneofthechangesintroducedintotraditionalagricultureandwithoutfirstbuildingupaproperscientificandtrainingbasetosustainit,mayonlyleadusintoaneraofagriculturaldisasterinthelongrun,ratherthantoaneraofagriculturalprosperity.”ScientificrationaleforanEver-greenrevolutionMSSwaminathanIndianScienceCongress,Varanasi,January1968Whatnationswithsmallfarmsandresourcepoorfarmersneedistheenhancementofproductivityinperpetuity,withoutassociatedecologicalorsocialharm.Thegreenrevolutionshouldbecomeanever-greenrevolutionrootedintheprinciplesofecology,economicsandsocialandgenderequity.-MSSwaminathan,1990ConceptofEver-greenRevolutionGreenRevolutionEver-greenRevolutionCommodityCenteredExperimentStationResearchIntegratedNaturalResourcesManagementCenteredParticipatoryResearchParadigmShift:AddingtheDimensionofEnvironmentalsustainabilityGrowthRatesintheProductionofFoodGrainFatigueoftheGreenRevolutionWheredoweneedtogonow?Inpopulationrichandlandhungrycountries,thereisnooptionexcepttoproducemorefromlesspercapitaarablelandandirrigationwater.Thesmallerthefarm,thegreateristheneedformarketablesurplus,togetcashincomeThereisneedforanticipatoryresearchtofacefuturechallengeslikeglobalwarmingandsealevelriseObviouslyanintegratedapproachtoMendelianandmolecularbreedingwillbeessentialtomakeprogressMangroves:UsefulSourcesofGenesforSalinityToleranceAnticipatoryResearchcDNAlibrarieswereconstructedfromtheMangrovespeciesAvicenniamarinaAnumberofgeneswithpotentialapplicationtoabioticstresshasbeenisolatedandcharactreisedFourisolatedgeneswereusedfordevelopingtransgenicsinrice,BrassicaandVignaTransgenicplantswithsalinitytolerancegenesAvicenniamarinaFacingtheChallengeofSealevelRiseIntegratedMendelianandMolecularBreedingTransgenic(T1)riceplantswithgenesfrommangrovesinthegreenhouse(salttoleranceupto150mM)“Organicagricultureincludesallagriculturalsystemsthatpromotetheenvironmentally,sociallyandeconomicallysoundproductionoffoodandfibres.Thesesystemstakelocalsoilfertilityasakeytosuccessfulproduction.”InternationalFederationofOrganicAgricultureMovement(IFOAM)-2002OrganicAgricultureandEvergreenRevolutionOrganicFarming1)SoilHealth2)WaterQuality3)PlantHealth5)AnimalHealthVermicultureBio-fertilisersStemnodulatinggreenmanurecropsBioremediationGeneticResistanceBiopesticidesVaccinesHighqualityfeedsandfodder6)EnvironmentBiomonitoringthroughBio-indicatorsHigherCarbonSequestration4)Post-harvestTechnologyNewstrainswithimprovedkeeping,processingandtransportqualitiesIFOAM:GeneticEngineeringisexcludedinorganicagricultureBiotechnologyandOrganicAgriculture“Wearecommittedtostudy,shareandfacilitatetheresponsibleuseofbiotechnologyinaddressingdevelopmentneeds”CivilSocietyOrganisations’Declaration“Geneticallymodifiedorganismsrepresentathreattofamilyfarmers,otherfoodproducers,theintegrityofgeneticresourcesandhumanandenvironmentalhealth.Theywillaffectparticularlytheruralpoor,whocannotaffordthiscostlyalternative”WorldFoodSummitPlus5,Rome(June10-13