译林版英语选修八新素养学案Unit1ThewrittenwordSectionⅣGrammarWritingWord版含答案

SectionⅣGrammar&Writing否定词与否定句eq\a\vs4\al(1.)否定的基本类型有：全部否定，部分否定，双重否定。eq\a\vs4\al(2.)英语中常见的否定词有：(1)副词：not(不)，never(从来不，绝不)，hardly/scarcely(几乎不)，seldom(很少)，rarely(很少)，nowhere(没有地方)，neither(也不)。(2)代词：little(没多少)，few(没几个)，none(没有)，nothing(一无所有)，noone/nobody(没有人)，neither(两者都不)。(3)形容词：否定形容词多以否定前缀un，in，im，dis，ir，ab及否定后缀less构成。unable(不能的),unfit(不合适的),unmon(不常见的),inplete(不完全的),inaccurate(不准确的),incapable(不能的),impossible(不可能的),impolite(不礼貌的),dissatisfactory(令人不满意的),irregular(不规则的),abnormal(不正常的),helpless(无助的),hopeless(绝望的)。(4)否定动词：dislike(不喜欢),disobey(不服从),displease(使不高兴)。(5)其他否定词：withoutprep.(没有),unlessconj.(除非),beforeprep.&conj.(还没)。(6)含否定意义的短语：freefrom(没有),farfrom(远非),innocase(任何情况下都不，决不),atnotime(任何时候都不，决不)等。3．常见否定句：否定副词not,seldom,never,hardly,rarely,nowhere等与谓语动词连用。Icanhardlyunderstandwhathesaidjustnow.我几乎不能理解他刚才所说的话。这些否定副词用于句首时，主句要使用倒装语序。Seldomdoeshegotoworklate.他很少上班迟到。NeverinmylifehaveIheardsuchnonsense!我这辈子从来没有听过这种废话！4．否定祈使句：由“Don’t或Never＋动词原形”构成。Don’tletnegativityruinyourmotivation.不要让消极情绪破坏了你的动力。Neverjudgepeoplebytheirappearance.不可以貌取人。eq\a\vs4\al(5.)全部否定：由“否定主语(否定代词或no＋名词)＋肯定谓语”构成。Nothingisdifficultifyouputyourheartintoit.世上无难事，只怕有心人。Nomanisbornwise.人非生而知之。常用“neither/nor＋助动词/情态动词＋主语”来表达“某人也不……”。Ifyoudon’taccepthisinvitation,neithershallI.如果你不接受他的邀请，我也不接受。eq\a\vs4\al(6.)否定转移：常见的否定转移有两种情况：(1)含有原因状语从句的主从复合句，形式上虽然是否定主句的谓语，然而意义上是否定该原因状语，译为“并不因为……而……”。Themountainisnotvaluablebecauseitishigh.山不在高。(2)当主语是第一人称，而且think,believe,suppose,expect,imagine等动词引导否定意义的宾语从句时，通常把从句中的not提前，把主句变成否定句，从句用肯定形式。Wedon’tbelievethatthenewsistrue.我们相信这个消息不是真的。(1)把这些发生否定转移的句子变为反意疑问句时，疑问部分应与宾语从句主谓部分构成反意疑问句。Idon’tthinkthatheishonest,ishe?我认为他不诚实，是吗？(2)not常用在Ithink,Ibelieve,Iexpect,Isuppose,Iguess,I’mafraid之后，构成省略句。—Doyouthinkitwillbeafinedaytomorrow?——你认为明天天气会好吗？—I’mafraidnot.——恐怕不会。—DoyoubelievethatRocketwillwinthegame?——你相信火箭队会赢吗？—Ibelievenot.(＝Idon’tbelieveso.)——我看不会。eq\a\vs4\al(7.)否定疑问句：常用来表示反问、惊讶、建议、赞叹等语气。Don’tyouknowthesetrafficrules?难道你不知道这些交通规则吗？Isn’titalovelyday？天气多好啊！在回答否定疑问句时，要根据具体事实作答。若事实是肯定的，就用Yes,＋肯定形式；反之，就用No,＋否定形式。8．非谓语动词的否定式：通常把not或never放在非谓语动词todo,doing的前面。Iadvisedhimnottosmokebuthewouldn’tlisten.我劝他别抽烟，可他不愿意听。Nothavingreceivedareply,shewrotehimanotherletter.由于没有收到他的回信，她又给他写了一封信。eq\a\vs4\al(9.)双重否定句：由两个否定词搭配构成，表示一个较强的肯定语气。Withoutairorwater,mancannotliveontheearth.没有空气和水，人类是无法在地球上生存的。Hewillnotdoitfornothing.他不会无缘无故做这件事。Thereisnosuccesswithouthardships.不经历风雨，哪有彩虹。Hewasnothingifnotclever.他很聪明。(“nothingifnot”表示“极其”)10．部分否定：通常由not与表示整体意义的词(如：everyone,everything,all,each,always,entirely等)连用来表达。EverythingontheInternetisnotreliable.网络上的东西并非都是可信的。I’mnotalwaysathomeonSundays.我星期天不一定总在家。eq\a\vs4\al(11.)含蓄否定：英语中有些句子虽然并不使用否定词，但也能表达否定意思。ThatismorethanIcando.我干不了那件事。ThisisthelastthingIwouldeverwanttodo.这是我最不愿意做的事。Itisthreeyearssincehewasateacher.他不当教师已经三年了。(在“Itis＋时间段＋since...”结构中，从句谓语是延续性动词时表示否定意义)eq\a\vs4\al(12.)否定形式表达肯定意义：英语中有些句子形式否定但却表达肯定意义，对其理解切不可望文生义。Isn’tthisfilmmoving？这部电影难道不感人吗？(否定疑问句常表示肯定意义)Englishisnottoodifficulttolearn.英语并不太难学。(双重否定句表示肯定意义)Heistooreadytohelpothers.他总是乐于助人。(too修饰ready,glad,anxious,eager等词时相当于very)Youcannotbetoocarefultodoyourhomework.(或者：Youcanneverbecarefulenoughtodoyourhomework.)你做作业越仔细越好。(或者：你做作业无论怎样仔细也不过分。)Heistoocarefulnottohavenoticedit.他那么小心，一定会注意到这一点的。(too...nottodo...表示“太……不会不……”)Thereisnothingbutsandsleftaftertheforestwasdestroyed.森林被毁之后，只剩下沙地。(nothingbut相当于only)Jackdidn’tunderstandwhyhismotherwasangrywithhimuntilshetoldhimeverything.直到杰克的母亲把一切和盘托出，他才明白母亲为什么跟他生气。(not...until表示“直到……才”)—Mr.Liisagoodteacher.——李老师是个好老师。—Ican’tagreemore.——我完全赞同。(否定词与比较级连用，强调所修饰词的肯定意义)Whydon’tyoueandjoinusinthegame?(或者：Whynoteandjoinusinthegame？)你为什么不和我们一起玩游戏呢？(Whydon’tyou...？或Whynot...？表示邀请、建议等肯定意义)eq\a\vs4\al()对接高考Theresearchgroupproducedtworeportsbasedonthesurvey,but____________containedanyusefulsuggestions.以这个调查为基础，研究团队做了两个报告，但是没有一个包含任何有用的建议。neither解析：句意：以这个调查为基础，研究团队做了两个报告，但是________包含任何有用的建议。根据空前的but可知本题前后两部分为转折关系，前半部分说“以这个调查为基础，研究团队做了两个报告”，故后半部分意思应为“两个报告都不包含任何有用的建议”。neither两者都不。故填neither。eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅰ)用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空eq\a\vs4\al(1.)Neither____________I____________(know)himnorI____________(hear)ofhim.答案：have；known；haveheardeq\a\vs4\al(2.)Sandycoulddonothingbut____________(admit)tohisteacherthathewaswrong.答案：admiteq\a\vs4\al(3.)Neitherofthetwomachinesisgoodandthatistosay“Themachineis____________(not)betterthanthatone.”答案：noeq\a\vs4\al(4.)Thereis_____________(no)moretiringthannotsucceeding.答案：nothingeq\a\vs4\al(5.)Mybrother____________(not)studyveryhard，buthealwaysgetsexcellentgrades.答案：doesn’teq\a\vs4\al(6.)You____________(notsee)Tomatthemeetingyesterday.HehasbeenonholidayinParisforaweek.答案：can’thaveseeneq\a\vs4\al(7.)Healwaysgoestherebytrain,butwhynot____________(go)byboatforachange?答案：goeq\a\vs4\al(8.)Johndare____________(nottell)hisfatherabouthisfailureintheexam.答案：nottelleq\a\vs4\al(9.)Whenwegottothecinema,thefilmhasn’tstartedyet,soweneedn’t____________(hurry)．答案：havehurriedeq\a\vs4\al(10.)Notonce____________he____________(talk)tomelastyear.答案：did；talkeq\a\vs4\al(Ⅱ)句型转换将否定词放在句首，改写下列各句。eq\a\vs4\al(1.)Ihaveneverheardaspeechasexcitingasthisone.→____________________________________答案：NeverhaveIheardaspeechasexcitingasthisone.eq\a\vs4\al(2.)Ihadhardlyturnedoffthelightwhenmymothercamein.→____________________________________答案：HardlyhadIturnedoffthelightwhenmymothercamein.eq\a\vs4\al(3.)Ithasatnotimebeenmoredifficultforustopasstheexam.→____________________________________答案：Atnotimehasitbeenmoredifficultforustopasstheexam.eq\a\vs4\al(4.)Hedidnotspeakawordatthemeeting.→____________________________________答案：Notaworddidhespeakatthemeeting.eq\a\vs4\al(5.)Marynotonlyplainedaboutthefood,butalsosherefusedtopayforit.→____________________________________答案：NotonlydidMaryplainaboutthefood,butalsosherefusedtopayforit.eq\a\vs4\al(6.)ShehadnosoonerbeguntospeakthanIsensedthatsomethingwaswrong.→____________________________________答案：NosoonerhadshebeguntospeakthanIsensedthatsomethingwaswrong.eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅲ)语法与写作eq\a\vs4\al(1.)—Wouldyouliketojoinusintheparty?—________________________(我恐怕不行),forIhavesomethingimportanttodo.答案：I’mafraidnoteq\a\vs4\al(2.)________________________(不要承诺任何事情)unlessyouareonehundredpercentsure.答案：Don’tpromiseanythingeq\a\vs4\al(3.)You________________________(不可能饿)yet—youhadlunchonlytwohoursago!答案：can’tbehungryeq\a\vs4\al(4.)Ithinkthisisthefirsttimethatwehavemet;______________________________(我们不可能见过面)eachotherbefore.答案：neverhaveweseen/wehaveneverseeneq\a\vs4\al(5.)—Theoldmanwouldn’tstayathomeforarestevenifitrained.—________________________(我奶奶也不)．Shewouldfeelsickifshestayedathomeforoneday.答案：Neither/Norwouldmygrandmaeq\a\vs4\al(6.)Bynomeans________________(她将同意)toourplanforthetrip.答案：willsheagreeeq\a\vs4\al(7.)NothingbuttwoancientChinesecoins________________(他们发现)initaftertheytookoutthejar.答案：didtheyfindeq\a\vs4\al(8.)—Fewofthebooksareofgreatusetomyreport.—________________(我不这么认为)．答案：Idon’tthinksoeq\a\vs4\al(9.)Notuntilthefirewasundercontrol________________________(居民被允许)toreturnhome.答案：weretheresidentsallowedeq\a\vs4\al(10.)Haveyouheardthefamoussayingthat“________________________(不劳无获)．”答案：Nopains,nogains如何写英文文学评论eq\a\vs4\al()文体感知本单元的写作项目是写英文文学评论。要注意以下几点：1．定时态：对故事的描述用一般现在时。2．定框架：根据文学评论的写作要求，第一段介绍作者、文章的标题和写作背景，第二段介绍故事梗概及主要人物，第三段写故事的重要主题，讨论故事中的象征意义，第四段发表作者自身的看法及评价。3．定要点：把表格中的小标题和细节要点中的短语有机地结合，表述成句、成篇。4．书写英文文学评论的要求：(1)要注意评论的科学性。(2)要注意见解的独创性。(3)采用叙议结合、叙评结合的写法。(4)要注意评论语言的生动性。eq\a\vs4\al()写作要求根据下面表格中提供的信息，写一篇关于Thehome­madeball的文学评论。词数：100左右(开头已给出，不计入总词数)。作者JerryJohnson背景现代美国人物描述·主角Kevin和好朋友Mike每天踢自制的足球·Kevin得到新的运动鞋和足球后，友情突变主题讨论·重要主题：友谊·新旧象征：旧的东西象征友谊，如旧自制足球、旧长椅；新的东西象征挑战，如新运动鞋、新足球个人观点(两点或两点以上)Thehome­madeballisashortstorywrittenbyJerryJohnson.Thestoryissetinmodern­dayAmerica.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________eq\a\vs4\al()审题谋篇项目结论体裁书评话题关于Thehome­madeball的文学评论时态一般现在时人称第三人称和第一人称eq\a\vs4\al()词句推敲1．词汇①以……为背景________________②象征________________③依我来看________________④对……有教育意义________________答案：①besetin②symbolize③inmyopinion④beeducationalto2．句式(1)一句多译①主人公是一个叫Kevin的男孩。ThemaincharacterisaboywhoiscalledKevin.→________________________________________________________________________②依我来看，这个故事很好，很值得读，它对我们很有教育意义。Inmyopinion,thisstoryisreallygoodandworthreading,becauseitiseducationaltous.→________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(2)不同层次句式表达法也就是说，友谊是最重要的。一般表达：Thatis,friendshipisthemostimportant.高级表达：________________________________________________________________________(3)改写句子或合并句子Theoldthingssymbolizefriendship.Friendshipisthemostvaluablethinganditneedstobevalued.(用定语从句合并句子)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________答案：(1)①ThemaincharacterisaboycalledKevin.②Frommypointofview,thisstoryisreallygoodandworthreading,whichiseducationaltous.(2)Thatis,nothingismoreimportantthanfriendship.(3)Theoldthingssymbolizethemostvaluablething—friendship,whichneedstobevalued.eq\a\vs4\al()妙笔成篇________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Onepossibleversion：The_home­made_ball__is_a_short_story_written_by_Jerry_Johnson.The_story_is_set_in_modern­day_America.ThemaincharacterisaboycalledKevin.KevinandMikearegoodfriendswhoplayfootballwiththeirhome­madeballeveryday,butwhenKevingetsnewsneakersandanewfootball,thingschange.Friendshipisanimportantthemeinthisshortstory.Theauthor,JerryJohnson,usestheoldandnewthings,liketheoldhome­madeballandthenewfootball,theoldbenchandnewsneakersassymbols.Theoldthingssymbolizethemostvaluablething—friendship,whichneedstobevalued.Thenewthingssymbolizethechallengesthatthemostvaluablethingmeets.Frommypointofview,thisstoryisreallygoodandworthreading,whichiseducationaltous.Thatis,nothingismoreimportantthanfriendship.A卷eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅰ)单句语法填空1．Hehastwofriends.____________ofthemworksasateacher.答案：Neither2．Theworkis____________buteasy.答案：nothing3．Itwasnot____________middaythattheyreachedthemountaintop.答案：until4．Hekeptthesecretinordernot____________(lose)hisjobinthepany.答案：tolose5．Youcannotbecareful____________indrivingacar.答案：enough6．It’s____________(no)clearwhowillbechosentodothejob.答案：not7．LiHuaneedn’t____________(call)meyesterdaybecauseIknewit.答案：havecalled8．Aschoolliesnotfarfromhere,sothey____________(notallow)ustoparkhere.答案：donotallow9．Vitaminsdonotprovideenergy,____________dotheyconstructorbuildupanypartofthebody.答案：nor10．But____________therain,wewouldhavegonetoseetheexhibition.答案：foreq\a\vs4\al(Ⅱ)阅读理解Don’thaveplentyoftimeforreading？Ifyouareinterestedinnon－fictionbooks,herearegoodchoicesforyou.ARoomofOne’sOwnThisessaybyEnglishwriterVirginiaWoolfisbasedonherseverallecturesgiventotwowomen’scollegesatCambridgeUniversityin1928.Init,Woolfdescribesthatit’scircumstancenottalentalonethatallowsmentobemoresuccessfulatwriting.Women,inotherwords,spendsomuchtimecooking,cleaning,andtendingtotheirchildrenthattheyhavenotimeleftforart.Towritewell,therefore,awomanmusthave“aroomofherown”.Whileonitssurface,thisessayappearstobeonlyaboutwriting,itisactuallyaboutwealthandclass,freedomandimprisonment,andthepowerstrugglebetweensexes.TheArtofWarWrittenbyancientChinesemilitarystrategistSunZi,TheArtofWariswidelyconsideredtobeoneofthebestbooksaboutmilitarystrategy(军事战略)inhumanhistory.Consistingof13chapters,eachdealingwithaseparateaspectabouthowtofightawar,thebookhasbeentranslatedintomanylanguagesandhasthousandsofeditions.Forcenturies,ithasbeenusedtotrainmilitaryleadersforitsdetailedstudyofmilitarystrategyandeffectiveleadership.LettertoMyDaughterThisbookofessaysandpoemsbyMayaAngelou,arespectableAmericanpoet,iswrittenfor“thedaughtersheneverhad”—themillionsofwomen,bothyoungandold,whosheconsiderstobeher“family”.Fromtheviewpointofacaring,olderrelative,thisbookcontainslessonsselectedfromherownlifeexperiences,includingthebirthofheronlychild,ason,aswellasthedevelopmentandlossoffriendship.ABriefHistoryofTimeIfyou’reshortontime,thenwhynotreadabout,well,thecreationoftime？Thisbook,firstpublishedin1998frombrilliantscientistandmathematicianStephenHawking,exploresmindbendingquestionsaboutthecreationoftheuniverse,includingifandwhenitwillend,andifso,how.Despiteitsheavysubjectmatter,Hawkingaddressesthesequestionsinawaythat’seasytounderstand,evenforthosewhoknowlittleaboutphysics.【解题导语】本文主要介绍了四本文学作品。1．Whatcanwelearnaboutthefourbooks?A．ABriefHistoryofTimemainlyfocusesonthematteroftime.B．LettertoMyDaughterisactuallyamonfamilyletter.C．TheArtofWargivesadviceonhowtobemilitaryleaders.D．ARoomofOne’sOwnismorethanaboutwriting.D解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Whileonitssurface,thisessayappearstobeonlyaboutwriting,itisactuallyaboutwealthandclass,freedomandimprisonment,andthepowerstrugglebetweensexes.”可知，虽然表面上这篇文章只跟写作有关，但是实际上它是有关财富和社会等级，自由和监禁以及两性之间的权力之争的，所以D项正确。2．Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A．Asaphysicist,Hawkingisequallyfamousforwriting.B．Mayadevotesherselftofightingforwomen’srights.C．ThebookbySunZiishelpfulinpolicymaking.D．Woolflooksdownuponmeninwriting.C解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“TheArtofWariswidelyconsideredtobeoneofthebestbooksaboutmilitarystrategy(军事战略)”和“eachdealingwithaseparateaspectabouthowtofightawar”可知，TheArtofWar对政策的制定有帮助。所以选项C正确。3．Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?A．Tomakeparisonsbetweenthefourbooks.B．Toremendthefourbookstoreaders.C．Tomakementsonthefourbooks.D．Topromotesalesofthefourbooks.B解析：写作意图题。根据第一段“Don’thaveplentyoftimeforreading？Ifyouareinterestedinnon－fictionbooks,herearegoodchoicesforyou.”可知，写作本文的目的是向读者介绍文中提到的四本作品。所以选项B正确。eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅲ)完形填空Ihaveforgottenthenameoftheoldlady,whowasacustomeronmynewspaperroute.Yetit1inmymemorythatshetaughtmealessonin2thatIshallneverforget.Onawinterafternoon,afriendandIwere3stonesontotheroofoftheoldlady’shousenearhergarden.The4wastoobservehowthestoneschangedtomissilesasthey5totheroof’sedgeandfellintotheyardlikeets(彗星)fallingfromthe6．Ifoundmyselfaperfectlysmoothrockandthrewit.Thestonewastoo7，however,soitslippedfrommyhandasIletitgoandheadedstraightforasmall8．Atthesoundofbrokenglass,weknewwewerein9．Weranfasterthananyofourstonesflyingoffherroof.Iwastoo10aboutgettingcaughtthatfirstnighttobe11abouttheoldladywiththebrokenwindowinwinter.12，afewdayslater,whenIwassurethatIhadn’tbeendiscovered,Istartedtofeel13forhertrouble.ShestillgreetedmewithasmileeachdaywhenIgaveherthenewspaper,butIwasnolongerabletoact14whenseeingher.IdecidedthatIwouldsavemypaperdeliverymoney,andinthreeweeksIhadthesevendollarsthatIthoughtwould15thecostofherwindowandsentittoherinanenvelope.Thenextday,I16theoldladyherpaper.Shethankedmeforthepaperandgavemeabagofbiscuitsshehadmadeherself.Ithankedherandatethebiscuits17Icontinuedmyroute.Afterseveralcookies,Ifeltanenvelopeandpulleditoutofthe18．WhenIopenedtheenvelope,Iwas19．Insidewerethesevendollarsandashortnotethat20，“I’mproudofyou.”1．A．fails B．fadesC．impresses D．remainsD解析：根据后文内容可知那个老妇人做的事情始终留在了作者的脑海中，故选D。2．A．forgiveness B．valueC．honesty D．gratefulnessA解析：forgiveness“宽恕，原谅”；value“价值”；honesty“诚实”；gratefulness“感激”。根据后文可知老太太并没有责怪作者和作者朋友的行为，也原谅了他们把玻璃打碎的事情，故选A。3．A．collecting B．puttingC．throwing D．placingC解析：根据句意可知作者和朋友是在向那个老太太的屋顶投掷石头，故选C。4．A．subject B．themeC．topic D．objectD解析：subject“主题，学科”；theme“主题，话题”；topic“主题”；object“目标”。根据句意可知作者和朋友扔石子的目的是想要观察石头在空中运动的轨迹，故选D。5．A．shot B．rolledC．got D．droppedB解析：根据句意可知作者是想要观察石头从屋顶上滚落下来到院子中的那个过程，故选B。6．A．earth B．oceanC．sky D．universeC解析：根据前文可知作者他们觉得石头从屋顶滚落的样子就像是彗星从空中坠落一样，故选C。7．A．smooth B．squareC．heavy D．beautifulA解析：根据上一句“perfectlysmoothrock”可知，这块石头十分光滑，故选A。8．A．ceiling B．doorC．chimney D．windowD解析：根据下文可知因为石头非常光滑，在作者脱手之后径直飞向了一扇小的窗户，故选D。9．A．danger B．troubleC．surprise D．fortB解析：根据句意可知因为打碎了别人家的玻璃，作者和朋友们意识到遇到了麻烦，故选B。10．A．scared B．excitedC．disappointed D．confusedA解析：scared“害怕的”；excited“兴奋的”；disappointed“沮丧的，失望的”；confused“困惑的”。根据句意可知作者十分害怕因为打碎了人家的窗户而被抓到，故选A。11．A．frightened B．depressedC．puzzled D．concernedD解析：frightened“害怕的”；depressed“沮丧的，抑郁的”；puzzled“困惑的”；concerned“担忧的”。根据句意可知作者当晚十分害怕，根本就没有担心在寒冷的冬天窗户被打破的老太太，故选D。12．A．However B．ThereforeC．Besides D．FurthermoreA解析：根据句意和语境可以推断过了几天都没事，作者以为自己没被发现，这里表转折，故选A。13．A．honored B．guiltyC．pleased D．pressedB解析：honored“光荣的，荣幸的”；guilty“内疚的”；pleased“愉快的”；pressed“(时间、资金等)紧缺的，短缺的；压平的”。根据句意可知因为没被发现，作者现在看到这个老人就会感到很愧疚，故选B。14．A．proud B．activeC．fortable D．energeticC解析：proud“自豪的”；active“积极的”；fortable“舒服的，自然的”；energetic“有活力的”。根据句意可知作者因为心怀愧疚所以面对那位老太太时会觉得心里不舒服，故选C。15．A．include B．increaseC．cover D．mendC解析：include“包括”；increase“增加”；cover“足以支付”；mend“修理”。根据句意可知作者积攒了一点钱想要交给那个老太太来赔偿自己打破窗户造成的损失，故选C。16．A．handed B．turnedC．passed D．sentA解析：hand“递给”；turn“旋转”；pass“通过”；send“寄送”。根据句意可知是作者递给老妇人她的报纸，故选A。17．A．because B．whereC．since D．asD解析：根据句意可知作者谢谢老妇人给了自己饼干，在继续去送报纸的路上吃了几块，故选D。18．A．paper B．pocketC．bag D．walletC解析：根据前文可知饼干是装在一个袋子里的，此时作者在其中摸到了一个信封，故选C。19．A．annoyed B．surprisedC．amused D．delightedB解析：annoyed“烦恼的”；surprised“惊讶的”；amused“愉快的”；delighted“高兴的”。根据前后文可以知道作者此时看到信封里的东西是感到很惊讶的，故选B。20．A．attached B．saidC．told D．wroteB解析：便签条上或信上写着什么一般用say来表达，故选B。B卷eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅰ)阅读理解AASongofIceandFireisaseven－partseriesoffantasywrittenforadults.GeorgeR．R.Martinwriteseachchapterfromtheperspectiveofaspecificcharacter,providingalimitedpointofviewforeachsection.Thereaderisabletounderstandtheinnerworkingsoftheindividual,butthereaderisbarredfromawholeunderstandingofthetext.Theworldhehascreatedhasmagic,butthereismuchmorethanthat.Whilemagicexists,itexistsontheedge,andtheinnerunrestofthecharactersismuchmoreimportant.Hisworkalsohasalevelofrealnessthatisastonishinginaworkoffantasy.Charactersareimperfect，andmanymakequestionablemoralchoices.Intheend，however，Martinshowsthatbothgoodandbadhappentoboththepeopleofhighmoralstandardandthecorrupt.Hehasmadeitclearthatanycharactercandieatanypoint，whichhasledtoalotofheartbreakfromreaders.In2011,ASongofIceandFirebecameatelevisionseriestitledGameofThrones.Martinhasbeencloselyinvolvedwiththeproduction.Ithascurrentlyrunforsevenseasons，andviewersanxiouslyawaittheeighthseasontoanswertheirquestionsfromtheseasonsevenfinale.HisfansarealsowaitingforTheWindsofWinterandADreamofSpring,thenextbooksintheseries，toanswerthequestionsMartinandthetelevisionshowhavenotyetaddressed.Martin，however，hasnoplanstorush.Hehasmadeitclearthathewillcontinuetowritethebookswhileworkingonthetelevisionshowandwritingothernovels.Buthowwillthestorycontinue?WhatisgoingtohappeninWesteros，andmoreimportantly:Whenarewegoingtofindout?Martin’sskillasawriterhaskeptreadersandviewersspellbound.Manyhopehewillfinishthenextbookbeforethenextseasonoftheshowbegins，butnooneknowswithMartin.Healwayskeepshisreadersguessing.【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了GeorgeR.R.Martin的《冰与火之歌》的创作风格与写作手法，该书被拍成电视剧后，备受观众追捧；此外，Martin还将要写该系列的另外两本书《凛冬的寒风》和《春晓之梦》，这被观众翘首以待。1．OneofthecharacteristicsofASongofIceandFireis________．A．eachchapteriswrittenfromalimitedpointofviewB．magicisthecenterofthestoryC．MartinhasmadeimperfectcharactersdieatanypointD．manycharactersmakeastonishingchoicesA解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的GeorgeR.R.Martinwriteseachchapterfromtheperspectiveofaspecificcharacter，providingalimitedpointofviewforeachsection.可知，Martin从某个特定人物的视角来写每一章节，为每一部分提供有限的视角。故A项正确。2．WhatisGeorgeR.R.Martin’sASongofIceandFireconsideredtobe?A．Oneofhismasterworksoffantasy.B．Anunsuccessfulscreenadaptation.C．AnartisticcreationfortheTV.D．OneofthebestTVprogrammes.A解析：细节理解题。由文章的第三段可知，《冰与火之歌》被改编成了电视剧，目前已经有七季。观众们正在焦急地等待第八季的上映。由此可知，GeorgeR.R.Martin的ASongofIceandFire很受人们欢迎。故可推知，该作品是Martin的经典之作。故A项正确。3．Whatdoestheword“address”inthefourthparagraphmean?A．Written. B．Spoken.C．Solved. D．Directed.C解析：词义猜测题。根据第四段第一句可知，粉丝们正在等着该小说系列里的《凛冬的寒风》和《春晓之梦》两本书来解答Martin和电视剧未解决的疑问。因此，address的意思是“解决”。由此可知C项正确。4．Howwilltheendingofthestorybe?A．Interesting. B．Confusing.C．Novel. D．Unknown.D解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的Healwayskeepshisreadersguessing.可知，这个故事的结尾将是未知的。故D项正确。BWiththeever­increasingpopularityofonlineshopping,users’reviewsarebeingmoreandmoreimportant.Giventhatyoucan’tactuallytouch,see,smellorheartheproductyou’rebuyingonline,thesereviewswillprovideyouwithvaluableinformationontheproductitself.Buthowfarcanyoutrustthem?BarnabyBickenhadanunpleasantexperience.“ItooksomefriendstoarestaurantinManchesterthathadexcellentreviewsonafoodwebsite.However,theservicewasawfulandwewereignoredmostofthetime.Later,Iwroteareviewonthesamesiteonlytobetoldthatthereviewsiteownerwouldnotacceptanybadreviews—onlythegoodones.”So,howcanyougetausefulreview?WebexpertHilarySaundershasafewtoptips.“Ifthereareonlyafewreviewsofaplace,thereisagoodchancethattheyhavebeenplantedbyfriendsorenemies.Iftherearemanyreviews,startbydroppingthemostextremements.Also,watchoutforsimilaritiesinstylebetweenreviewsfrompeoplewithdifferentusernames,particularlyifthosereviewswereplacedaboutthesametime.Thebestthingistolookforreviewerswhoshowsomerelevantknowledgeoftheproducttheyarereviewing.”Somepaniesseemtobecontributingtotheproblem.Apublishinghouseofferedgiftvouchers(购物礼券)toanyonewhowouldgivetheirtextbookafive­starreview.Butnotallonlinepaniesoperatelikethis.“Amazonworkshardtokeepthepletenessofitscustomerreviews，”saidaspokespersonforthepany.“Wehaveveryclearguidelines,andwhenacustomerreportsareviewthathefeelsisinappropriate，wecheck,andmaytakeitdown.”So,nexttimeyouseethatfive­starreviewforsomethingyouwanttobuy,beaware—itcouldbetheworkofafalsereviewer!【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了随着网上购物越来越受欢迎，使用者的评价变得越来越重要。但是，这些评价的可信度到底有多高呢？5．Whatdoes“them”inPara.1referto?A．Products. B．Users.C．Reviews. D．Buyers.C解析：代词指代题。them指代上文中的名词复数形式，上文的复数名词有reviews和users，再根据下文的关于网上评价未必都和事实相符的例子可知，这里应选C项。6．WhatdoesBarnabyBicken’sstoryimply?A．Thefoodservedwasawful.B．Notallreviewsarebelievable.C．Manypeopleareeasilycheated.D．Helikestowritebadreviews.B解析：推理判断题。BarnabyBicken选择了一家网评很好的饭店吃饭，结果发现饭店的服务质量非常糟糕，自己想如实写一个评论发表，但又不被接受。该例子是对第一段最后一句“这些评论可信度有多高？”的回应，故该例子是说明网上评价未必都和事实相符，因此选B项。7．Whatreviewsofproductsareuseful?A．Thosebypetitors.B．Thosebydifferentusers.C．Thosewithgoodments.D．Thosewithrelatedinformation.D解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Thebestthingistolookforreviewerswhoshowsomerelevantknowledgeoftheproducttheyarereviewing.”可知，最好是寻找那些对评论的产品有相关知识的网评者，故有相关信息的那些评论是有用的，因此D选项符合题意。8．HowdoesAmazondealwiththecustomerreviews?A．Ithelpstofinishthereviews.B．Itpaysattentiontothebadreviews.C．Itoffersgiftsforthegoodreviews.D．Ittriestomakethereviewsobjective.D解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Amazonworkshardtokeepthepletenessofitscustomerreviews”和“Wehaveveryclearguidelines，andwhenacustomerreportsareviewthathefeelsisinappropriate,wecheck，andmaytakeitdown.”可知，亚马逊公司努力保持顾客评论的完整性，处理顾客所反映的不恰当的评论，因此可以说该公司尽量保持评论的客观性，因此答案为D选项。CFollowingthecrowdmaynotalwaysbeinaperson’sbestinterest.Butnewresearchsuggeststhatteenswhogetalongwiththeirfriendsmayenduphealthierasadults.Scientistshaveknownthatclosefriendshipshelpboosthealth.That’strueforbothteensandadults.ThefindinginspiredJosephAllen,apsychologistattheUniversityofVirginia,andhisteamwastostudywhetherexperiencesduringteenyearswouldinfluenceadulthealth.Sotheyfollowed171teens,startingwhenthekidswerejust13.Theyinterviewedeachoneeveryyearforfiveyears,andalsospoketotheseteens’closestfriends，whoprovidedadditionalinformationaboutthequalityoftheirfriendships.Thesame171peoplewereinterviewedagainatages25,26and27.Thistime,thequestionssurveyedeachperson’soverallhealth.Whentheresearchersanalyzedthedata,theyfoundastrongconnectionbetweenateen’sbehaviorandadulthealth.Teenswhohadclosefriendsgrewuptobethehealthieradults.Whetherteensheldbacktheirfeelingsorexpressedthemtoclosefriendsalsoinfluencedlaterhealth.Thosewhoheldbacktheirfeelingsweremorelikelytobesickasadults.Theconnectionheldupevenafterthescientistsaccountedforotherpossibleinfluencesonhealth.Weight，familyineanddrugusewereallexamined.Sowerementalhealth