翻译考试英语样题及参

Vocabularyandgrammar(30')MultiplechoiceDirections:BeneatheachsentencetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,C.andD.Choosetheanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswersonyouranswersheetThousandsofpeopleturnedoutintothestreetsto againstthelocalauthorities'decisiontobuildahighwayacrossthefield.A.contradictB.reformC.counterD.Themajorityofnursesarewomen,butinthehigherranksofthemedicalprofessionwomenareina A.minorityB.scarcityC.rarityD.ProfessorJohnson'sretirement fromnextJanuary.A.carriesintoeffectB.takeseffectC.haseffectD.putsintoThepresidentexplainedthatthepurposeoftaxationwasto governmentspending.A.financeB.expandC.enlargeD.Theheatinsummerisnoless hereinthismountainregion.A.concentratedB.extensiveC.intenseD.Takingphotographsisstrictly here,asitmaydamagethepreciouscaveA.forbiddenB.rejectedC.excludedD.Mr.Brown'sconditionlooksveryseriousanditisdoubtfulifhewill A.pullbackB.pullupC.pullthroughD.pullSincetheearlynineties,thetrendinmostbusinesseshasbeentowardon-demand,always-availableproductsandservicesthatsuitthecustomer's ratherthanthecompany's.A.benefitB.availabilityC.suitabilityD.Thepriestmadethe ofthecrosswhenheenteredthechurch.A.markB.signalC.signD.Thisspaciousroomis furnishedwithjustafewarticlesinit.A.lightlyB.sparselyC.hardlyD.Ifyouexplainedthesituationtoyoursolicitor,he abletoadviseyoumuchbetterthanIcan.A.wouldbeB.willhavebeenC.wasD.Withsomemendressingdownandsomeothermenflauntingtheirlooks,itisreallyhardtotelltheyaregayor A.straightB.homosexualC.beautifulD.Hisremarkswere annoyeverybodyatthemeeting.A.soastoB.suchastoC.suchtoD.asmuchasJameshasjustarrived,butIdidn'tknowhe untilyesterday.A.willcomeB.wascomingC.hadbeencomingD. consciousofmymoralobligationsasacitizen.IwasandalwayswillbeB.Ihavetobeandalwayswill【首发共享】CATTI2009版最新英语口笔译综合能力及实务PDF+MP3下载CATTI2009版英语三级口笔译考试大纲及大纲词汇下载CATTI20092级下载CATTI20092级下载CATTI20093级下载CATTI20093级PDF下载CATTI20092级PDF+MP3下载CATTI20092级PDF+MP3下载CATTI20093级PDF+MP3下载CATTI20093级PDF+MP3下载英语三级口笔译综合+26盒mp3下载[下载]2级口译综合能力(部分[下载]20045月英语二级笔译综合能力试题及答案[下载]200312月英语二级口译综合能力试题及答案[下载]20045月英语三级笔译实务试题及答案[下载]2003[下载]20031290【备考】2009秋季上海中高级口译二阶段考试资料汇总上海英语中高级口译笔试口试历届真题+听力+【翻译考试真题来源】[TheEconomist]2009【英文/中文】小说、专业课程、新闻杂志下载集合(1030日更新【单词不难记】词源、词汇书籍汇总（824日更新）09秋季中高级口译考试真题、解析、答案10组口译考试词汇背诵（中英文对照）C.IhadbeenandalwayswillbeD.IhavebeenandalwayswillBecausefuelsuppliesarefiniteandmanypeoplearewasteful,wewillhavetoinstall solarheatingdeviceinourhome.sometypeofB.sometypesofC.sometypeofaD.sometypesIwenttherein1984,andthatwastheonlyoccasionwhenI thejourneyinexactlytwodays.musttakeB.musthaveC.wasabletomakeD.couldIknowhefailedhislasttest,butreallyhe's stupid.somethingbutB.anythingC.nothingbutD.notDoyouknowTim'sbrother?Heis thanTim.muchmoresportsmanB.moreofaC.moreofsportsmanD.moreaThatwasnotthefirsttimehe us.Ithinkit'shightimewe strongactionsagainsthim.betrayed…takeB.hadbetrayed…C.hasbetrayed…tookD.hasbetrayed…Readingcomprehension(40')Section1Multiplechoice(20')Directions:Inthissectiontherearereadingpassagesfollowedbymultiple-choicequestions.Readthepassagesandthenmarkyouranswersonyouranswersheet.PassageTheWelshlanguagehasalwaysbeentheultimatemarkerofWelshidentity,butagenerationagoitlookedasifWelshwouldgothewayofManx,oncewidelyspokenontheIsleofManbutnowextinct.Governmentfinancingandcentralplanning,however,havehelpedreversethedeclineofWelsh.RoadsignsandofficialpublicdocumentsarewritteninbothWelshandEnglish,andschoolchildrenarerequiredtolearnbothlanguages.WelshisnowoneofthemostsuccessfulofEurope'sregionallanguages,spokenbymorethanahalf-millionofthecountry'sthreemillionpeople.Therevivalofthelanguage,particularlyamongyoungpeople,ispartofaresurgenceofnationalidentitysweepingthroughthissmall,proudnation.LastmonthWalesmarkedthesecondanniversaryoftheopeningoftheNationalAssembly,thefirstparliamenttobeconvenedheresince1404.TheideabehinddevolutionwastorestorethebalancewithintheunionofnationsmakinguptheUnitedKingdom.Withmostofthepeopleandwealth,Englandhasalwayshadbraggingrights.ThepartialtransferoflegislativepowersfromWestminster,implementedbyTonyBlair,wasdesignedtogivetheothermembersoftheclub-Scotland,NorthernIreland,andWales-abiggersayandtocountercentrifugalforcesthatseemedtothreatentheveryideaoftheTheWelshshowedlittleenthusiasmfordevolution.WhereastheScotsvotedoverwhelminglyforaparliament,thevoteforaWelshassemblyscrapedthroughbylessthanonepercentonaturnoutoflessthan25percent.Itspowersproportionatelylimited.TheAssemblycandecidehowmoneyfromWestminsterortheEuropeanUnionisspent.Itcannot,unlikeitscounterpartinEdinburgh,enactlaws.Butnowthatitishere,theWelsharegrowingtoliketheirAssembly.Manypeoplewouldlikeittohavemorepowers.Itsimportanceasfigureheadwillgrowwiththeopeningin2003,ofanewdebatingchamber,oneofmanynewbuildingsthataretransformingCardifffromadecayingseaportintoaBaltimore-stylewaterfrontcity.MeanwhileagrantofnearlytwomilliondollarsfromtheEuropeanUnionwilltacklepoverty.WalesisoneofthepoorestregionsinWesternEurope-onlySpain,Portugal,andGreecehavealowerstandardofliving.NewspapersandmagazinesarefilledwithstoriesaboutgreatWelshmenandwomen,boostingself-esteem.TofamiliarfacessuchasDylanThomasandRichardBurtonhavebeenaddednewiconssuchasCatherineZeta-Jones,themoviestar,andBrynTerfel,theoperasinger.Indigenousfoodslikesaltmarshlambareinvogue.AndWalesnowboastsanationalairline,AwyrCymru.Cymru,whichmeans“landofcompatriots”,istheWelshnameforWales.Thereddragon,thenation'ssymbolsincethetimeofKingArthur,iseverywhere-onT-shirts,rugbyjerseysandevencellphonecovers.“UntilveryrecenttimesmostWelshpeoplehadthisfeelingofbeingsecond-classcitizens,”saidDyfanJones,an18-year-oldstudent.Itwasawarmsummernight,andIwassittingonthegrasswithagroupofyoungpeopleinLlanelli,anindustrialtowninthesouth,outsidetherockmusicvenueoftheNationalEisteddfod,Wales'sannualculturalfestival.ThedisusedfactoryinfrontofusechoedtothesoundsofnewWelsh“Therewasalmostagenetictendencyforlackofconfidence,”Dyfancontinued.EquallycomfortableinhisWelshnessasinhismembershipintheEnglish-speaking,globalyouthcultureandthenewfederalEurope,Dyfan,liketherestofhisgeneration,isgrowingupwithasenseofpossibilityunimaginabletenyearsago.“Weusedtothink.Wecan'tdoanything,we'reonlyWelsh.NowIthinkthat'schanging.”Accordingtothepassage,devolutionwasmainlymeantmaintainthepresentstatusamongthereducelegislativepowersofcreateabetterstateofequalityamongthegrantmoresaytoallthenationsintheTheword“centrifugal”inthesecondparagraphWalesisdifferentfromScotlandinallthefollowingaspectspeople'sdesireforlocals'turnoutforthepowersofthelegislativestatusofthenationalWhichofthefollowingisNOTcitedasanexampleoftheresurgenceofnationalWelshhaswitnessedarevivalasanationalPoverty-relieffundshavecomefromtheEuropeanAWelshnationalairlineiscurrentlyinThenationalsymbolhasbecomeafamiliarAccordingtoDyfanJoneswhathaschangedpeople'spoptown'spossibilitiesforthepeoplePassageBThemiserablefateofEnron'semployeeswillbealandmarkinbusinesshistory,oneofthoseawfuleventsthateveryoneagreesmustneverbeallowedtohappenagain.Thisurgeisunderstandableandnoble:thousandshavelostvirtuallyalltheirretirementsavingswiththedemiseofEnronstock.Butmakingsureitneverhappensagainmaynotbepossible,becausethesuddenimpoverishmentofthoseEnronworkersrepresentssomethingevenlargerthanitseems.It'sthelatestturnintheunwindingofoneofthemostaudaciouspromisesofthe20thcentury.Thepromisewasassuredeconomicsecurity-evencomfort-foressentiallyeveryoneinthedevelopedworld.Withtheexplosionofwealth,thatbeganinthe19thcenturyitbecamepossibletothinkaboutapossibilitynoonehaddaredtodreambefore.Thefearatthecenterofdailylivingsincecavemandays-lackoffood,warmth,shelter-wouldatlastloseitspowertoterrify.Thatremarkablepromisebecamerealityinmanyways.Governmentscreatedwelfaresystemsforanyoneinneedandseparateprogramsfortheelderly(SocialSecurityintheU.S.).Labourunionspromisednotonlybetterpayforworkersbutalsopensionsforretirees.Giantcorporationscameintobeingandofferedthepossibility-insomecasesthepromise-oflifetimeemploymentplusguaranteedpensions?Thecumulativeeffectwasafundamentalchangeinhowmillionsofpeopleapproachedlifeitself,areversalofattitudethatmostrankasoneofthelargestinhumanhistory.Formillenniatheaverageperson'sstancetowardprovidingforhimselfhadbeen.UltimatelyI'monmyown.Nowitbecame,ultimatelyI'llbetakencareof.Theearlyhintsthatthispromisemightbebrokenonalargescalecameinthe1980U.S.businesshadbecomeuncompetitivegloballyandbeganrestructuringmassively,withhugeLayoffs.Thetrendacceleratedinthe1990sasthebastionsofcorporatewelfarefacedreality.IBMendeditsno-layoffpolicy.AT&Tfiredthousands,manyofwhomfoundsuchathingsimplyincomprehensible,andafewofwhomkilledthemselves.Theothersupposedguarantorsofoureconomicsecuritywerealsoindecline.Labour-unionmembershipandpowerfelltotheirlowestlevelsindecades.PresidentClintonsignedahistoricbillscalingbackwelfare.AmericansrealizedthatSocialSecuritywon'tprovidesocialsecurityforanyofus.Alessvisiblebutequallysignificanttrendaffectedpensions.Tomakecostseasiertocontrol,companiesmovedawayfromdefinedbenefitpensionplans,whichobligatethemtopayoutspecifiedamountsyearsinthefuture,todefinedcontributionwhichspecifyonlyhowmuchgoesintotheplaytoday.Themostcommontypeofdefined-contributionplanisthe401(k).thesignificanceofthe401(k)isthatitputsmostoftheresponsibilityforaperson'seconomicfatebackontheemployee.Withinlimitstheemployeemustdecidehowmuchgoesintotheplaneachyearandhowitgetsinvested-thetwofactorsthatwilldeterminehowmuchit'sworthwhentheemployeeretires.WhichbringsusbacktoEnron?Thosebillionsofdollarsinvaporizedretirementsavingswentinemployees'401(k)accounts.Thatis,theemployeeschosehowmuchmoneytoputintothoseaccountsandthenchosehowtoinvestit.Enronmatchedacertainproportionofeachemployee's401(k)contributionwithcompanystock,soeveryonewasgoingtoendupwithsomeEnroninhisorherportfolio;butthatcouldberegardedasafreebie,sincenothingcompelsacompanytomatchemployeecontributionsatall.AtleasttwospecialfeaturescomplicatetheEnroncase.First,someshareholderschargetopmanagementwithillegallycoveringupthecompany'sproblems,promptinginvestorstohangonwhentheyshouldhavesold.Second,Enron's401(k)accountswerelockedwhilethecompanychangedplanadministratorsinOctober,whenthestockwasfalling,soemployeescouldnothaveclosedtheiraccountsiftheywantedto.ButbyfarthelargestcauseofthishumantragedyisthatthousandsofemployeeswereheavilyoverweighedinEnronstock.Manyhadplaced100%oftheir401(k)assetsinthestockratherthaninthe18otherinvestmentoptionstheywereoffered.Ofcoursethatwasn'tprudent,butit'swhatsomeofthemdid.TheEnronemployees'retirementdisasterispartofthelargertrendawayfromguaranteedeconomicsecurity.That'swhypreventingsuchathingfromeverhappeningagainmaybeimpossible.ThehugeattitudinalshifttoI'll-be-taken-care-oftookatleastageneration.Theshiftbackmaytakejustaslong.Itwon'tbecompleteuntilanewgenerationofemployeesseeassuredeconomiccomfortasa20th-centuryquirk,andunderstandnotjustintellectuallybutintheirbonesthat,likemostpeopleinmosttimesandplaces,they'reontheirown.Whydoestheauthorsayatthebeginning“ThemiserablefateofEnron'semployeeswillbealandmarkinbusinesshistory…”?BecausethecompanyhasgoneBecausesucheventswouldneverhappenBecausemanyEnronworkerslosttheirretirementBecauseitsignifiesaturningpointineconomicAccordingtothepassage,thecombinedeffortsbygovernments,layoutunionsandbigcorporationstoguaranteeeconomiccomforthaveledtoasignificantchangepeople'soutlookonpeople'slifepeople'slivingpeople'ssocialChangesinpensionschemeswerealsopartthecorporatelay-thegovernmentcutsinwelfaretheeconomicthewarningpoweroflaborsThousandsofemployeeschoseEnronastheirsoleinvestmentoptionmainlythe401(k)madethemresponsiblefortheirownEnronofferedtoaddcompanystocktotheirtheiremployersintendedtocutbackonpensionEnron'sofferwassimilartoadefined-benefitWhichisNOTseenasalessondrawnfromtheEnronThe401(k)assetsshouldbeplacedinmorethanoneinvestmentEmployeeshavetotakeupresponsibilitiesforSucheventscouldhappenagainasitisnoteasytochangepeople'sEconomicsecuritywon'tbetakenforgrantedbyfutureyoungworkers.Section2Answeringquestions(20')Directions:ReadthefollowingpassagesandthenanswerINCOMPLETESENTENCESthequestionswhichfolloweachpassage.Useonlyinformationfromthepassageyouhavejustreadandwriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyouranswersheet.QuestionsFor40yearsthesightofthousandsofyoungstersstridingacrosstheopenmoorlandhasbeenasmuchanannualfixtureasspringitself.Butthe2,400schoolpupilswhojointhegruelingDartmoorTenTorsChallengenextSaturdaymaybeamongthelasttotakepartintheMaytradition.ThetrekfacesgrowingcriticismfromenvironmentalistswhofearthatthepresenceofsomanywalkersononeweekendthreatensthesurvivalofsomeofDartmoor'sinternationallyrarebirdspecies.TheTenTorsChallengetakesplaceinthemiddleofthebreedingseason,whentheslightestdisturbancecanjeopardizebirds'chancesofreproducingsuccessfully.ExpertsattheRSPBandtheDartmoorNationalParkAuthorityfearthatthewalkerscouldfrightenbirdsandevencrusheggs.Theyarenowcallingfortheeventtobemovedtotheautumn,whenthebreedingseasonisoverandchicksshouldbewellestablished.Organisersoftheevent,whichisledbyabout400TerritorialArmyvolunteers,saymovingitwouldbeimpracticalforseveralreasonsandwouldmeanpupilscouldnottrainproperlyforthe55-miletrek.Dartmoorishometo10rarespeciesofground-nestingbirds,includinggoldenplovers,dunlinsandlapwings.Insomecases,speciesareeitherdowntotheirlasttwopairsonthemoororarefacinganationwidedecline.EmmaParkin,South-westspokeswomanforthePASPB,tookpartinthechallengeasaschoolgirl.Shesaidthesocietyhadnoobjectionstotheeventitselfbutsimplywanteditmovedtoanothertimeofyear.“Itisawonderfulactivityforthechildrenwhotakepartbut,havingthousandsofpeoplewalkingpastinoneweekendwhenbirdsarebreedingishardlyideal,”shesaid.“Wewouldpreferittotakeplaceafterthebreedingandnestingseasonisover.Thereisariskofdestructionanddisturbance.Ifthewalkersputafootinthewrongplacetheycancrushtheeggsandiftheresufficientdisturbancethebirdsmightabandonthenest.”HelenBooker,anRSPBuplandconservationofficer,saidtherewasnoresearchintothescaleofthedamagebuttherewaslittledoubtthewalkwasdetrimental.“Ifpeoplearetrampingpastcontinuallyitcanharmthechancesofsuccessfulnesting.Thereisalsothefearofdirecttramplingofeggs.”AspokesmanfortheDartmoorNationalParkAuthoritysaidthebreedingseasononthemoorlastedfromearlyMarchtomid-July,andtheTenTorsChallengecreatedthepotentialfordisturbanceforMarch,whenparticipantsstartTomovetheeventtotheautumnwasdifficultbecausechildrenwouldbeonholidayduringthetrainingperiod.TherewasapossibilitythatsomeschoolsintheSouthwestmovetoafour-termyearin2004,“butuntilthenanychangewasunlikely.TheauthoritylastsurveyedbirdlifeonDartmoortwoyearagoandifthenextsurveyshowedanyfurtherdecline,itwouldincreasepressuretomovetheChallenge,”heMajorMikePether,secretaryofthearmycommitteethatorganisestheChallenge,saidtheeventcouldbemovediftherewasthepopularwill.“TheTenTorshasbeenrunningfor42yearsandithasalwaysbeenatthistimeoftheyear.Itisalmostintabletsofstonebutthat'snottosaywewon'tconsidermovingifthereisaconsensusinfavour.However,althoughtheRSPBwouldlikeitmoved,75percentofthepeoplewhotakepartwantittostayasitis,”hesaid.MajorPethersaidthetrekcouldnotbemovedtoearlierintheyearbecauseitwouldconflictwiththelambingseason,mostofthechildrenwereonholidayinthesummer,andthewinterweatherwastooharsh.DatmoorNationalParkoccupiessome54sqkmofhillstoppedbygraniteoutcropsknownas“Tors”withthehighestTor-cappedhillreaching621m.Thevalleysanddipsbetweenthehillsareoftensitesofbogstosnaretheunwaryhiker.ThemoorhaslongbeenusedbytheBritishArmyasatrainingandfiringrange.Theoriginoftheeventstretchesbackto1959whenthreeArmyofficersexercisingonthemoorthoughtitwouldprovideachallengeforciviliansaswellassoldiers.Inthefirstyear203youngsterstookupthechallenges.Sincethenteams,dependingonageandability,facehikesof35,45or55milesbetween10nominatedTorsovertwodays.Theyareexpectedtocarryeverythingtheyneedtosurvive.WhatistheTenTorsChallenge?GiveabriefintroductionofitslocationandWhyisitsuggestedthattheeventbemovedtotheautumnorotherWhatarethedifficultiesiftheeventismovedtotheautumnorotherseasons?Questions4~5MikeandAdamHurewitzgrewuptogetheronLongIsland,inthesuburbsofNewYorkCity.Theywereveryclose,evenforbrothers.SowhenAdam'sliverstartedfailing,Mikeofferedtogivehimhalfofhis.TheoperationsavedAdam'slife.ButMike,whowentintothehospitalinseeminglyexcellenthealth,developedacomplication-perhapsabloodcolt-anddiedlastweek.Hewas57.MikeHurewitz'sdeathhaspromptedalotofsoulsearchinginthetransplantcommunity.Wasitatragicflukeorasignthattransplantsurgeryhasreachedsomekindofethicallimit?TheMountSinaiMedicalCenter,theNewYorkCityhospitalwherethecomplexdoubleoperationwasperformed,hasputonholditsadultlivingdonorlivertransplantprogram,pendingareviewofHurewitz'sdeath.MountSinaihasperformedabout100suchoperationsinthepastthreeyears.A1-in-100riskofdyingmaynotseemlikebadodds,butthere'smoretothisethicaldilemmathanasimpleratio.Thefirstandmostsacredruleofmedicineistodonoharm.“Foranormalhealthypersonamortalityrate1%ishardtojustify,”saysDr.JohnFung,chiefoftransplantationattheUniversityofPittsburghMedicalCenter.“Iftheratestaysat1%,it'sjustnotgoingtobeaccepted.”Ontheotherhand,there'sanacuteshortageoftraditionaldonororgansfrompeoplewhohavediedinaccidentsorsufferedfatalheartattacks.Iffamilymembersfullyunderstandtherisksandarewillingtoproceed,isthereanyreasontostandintheirway?Indeed,arecentsurveyshowedthatmostpeoplewillacceptamortalityrateforlivingorgandonorsashighas20%.Theodds,thankfully,aren'tnearlythatbad.Forkidneydonors,forexample,theriskrangesfrom1in2,500to1in4,000forahealthyvolunteer.Thathelpsexplainwhynearly40%ofkidneytransplantsintheU.S.comefromlivingdonors.Theoperationtotransplantaliver,however,isalottrickierthanonetotransplantakidney.Notonlyistheliverpackedwithbloodvessels,butitalsomakeslotsofproteinsthatneedtobeproducedintherightratiosforthebodytosurvive.Whenorgansfromtherecentlydeceasedareused,thesurgeongetstopickwhichpartofthedonatedliverlooksthebestandtotakeasmuchofitasneeded.Assumingallgoeswell,ahealthylivercangrowbackwhateverportionoftheorganismissing,sometimeswithinamonth.Aliving-donortransplantworksparticularlywellwhenanadultdonatesamodestportionofthelivertoachild.Usuallyonlytheleftlobeoftheorganisrequired,leadingtoamortalityrateforliving-donorsintheneighborhoodof1in500to1in000.Butwhentherecipientisanotheradult,asmuchas60%ofthedonor'sliverhastoberemoved.“Therereallyisverylittlemarginforerror,”saysDr.Fung.Bywayofanalogy,hesuggests,thinkofatree.“Anadult-to-childliving-donortransplantislikecuttingoffalimb.Withanadult-to-adulttransplant,you'resplittingthetrunkinhalfandtryingtokeepbothhalvesalive.”Evenifapotentialdonorunderstandandacceptstheserisks,thatdoesn'tnecessarilymeantheoperationshouldproceed.Allsortsofsubtlepressurescanbebroughttobearonsuchadecision,saysDr.MarkSiegler,directoroftheMacLeanforClinicalMedicalEthicsattheUniversityofChicago.“Sometimesthesickerthepatient,thegreaterthepressureandthemorewillingthedonorwillbetoacceptrisks.”Ifyoufeelyoucan'tsayno,isyourdecisiontrulyvoluntary?Andifnot,isitthemedicalcommunity'sresponsibilitytosaveyoufromyourownbestintentions?Transplantcentershavedevelopedscreeningprogramstoensurethatlivingdonorsfullyunderstandthenatureoftheirdecision.Butunexamined,forthemostpart,isthelargerissueofjusthowmuchavolunteershouldbeallowedtosacrificetosaveanotherhumanbeing.Sofar,weseemtobesayingsomeriskisacceptable,althoughwe'restillvagueraboutwherethecutoffshouldbe.TherewillalwaysbefamilymemberslikeMikeHurewitzwhoareheroicallypreparedtomaketheultimatesacrificeforalovedone.WhatthemedicalprofessionandsocietymustdecideisifappropriatetoletthemdoDescribeinyourownwordsthelivertransplantbetweenthetwobrothersMikeandAdam.WhatisthemajorissueraisedintheIII.WritingSomepeopleseeeducationsimplyasgoingtoschoolorcollege,orasameanstosecuregoodjobs;otherpeoplevieweducationasalifelongprocess.Inyouropinion,howimportantiseducationtopeopleinthemodernsociety?Writeacompositionofabout400wordso