法律英语课件 第10课

法律英语课件第10课Punishmentisjusticefortheunjust.AugustineBritishwriter

惩罚是对正义的伸张。

英国作家奥古斯丁11/7/20232Background

11/7/20233Tortlaw州法律判例法联邦侵权索赔法11/7/20234FederalTortclaimsActAstatutewhichremovedthepowerofthefederalgovernmenttoclaimimmunityfromalawsuitfordamagesduetonegligentorintentionalinjurybyafederalemployeeinthescopeofhis/herworkforthegovernment.11/7/20235TortIntentionaltortNegligenceornegligenttortStrictliabilitytortPersonaltortPropertytortRemedy-damages11/7/20236Part1:Introductiondamagesclaims

要求赔偿mostcivilsuits

大多数民事诉讼tortlaw

侵权法1.Automobileaccidents11/7/20237ManycircumstancesTheplaintiffinacivilsuitisordinarilyentitledtotryhisclaimbeforeajurywhichwilloftenrelymoreonhumanthanonlegalconsiderations……民事诉讼的原告通常会向陪审团提出索赔主张，这主要是出于人道的考虑而不是法律的考虑。儿童受伤11/7/20238ApermanentdisabilityoflossofalimbCompensationanddamages

补偿费和损害赔偿金Actualloss实际损害Intangibledamage无形损害Aplaintiffcanplayonthehumanreactionofthejury原告利用陪审团的人性反应11/7/20239Americanlawpermitstheparticipationoftheattorneyintheplaintiff’srecovery(contingentfee)美国允许律师分享原告所获得的赔偿金（胜诉酬金）Amountto25to33%oftheverdict酬金达到法院判付金额的25-33%。11/7/202310Atortaction侵权诉讼Alengthyproceeding诉讼程序时间长Largeexpenses—honorariaforexperts代价大（专家证人的酬金）Averylargeverdict（inexcessof$100000）判决金额非常大（10万美元以上）11/7/2023112.TortlawandthelawofcontractsoverlapAninjurypartyhasthechoicebetweenatortclaimandasuitincontracts.Conversion

非法占有财产Personalinjury

人身伤害Impliedcontract默示合同Personalinjury人身伤害Breachofwarranty

违背保证诺言Recoveryofintangibledamage11/7/2023123.Everyoneisliableforhistortact,每个人都要对其侵权行为负责，inlimitedformalsochildren（however,parentsonlywhentheyactedasthechild’sagentordidnotcomplywiththeirdutytosupervise）,在有限的情况下儿童亦然（但是，父母仅当其作为该儿童的代理人或未能按照其监护义务行事时才负此责），butnotthestateunlessexpressstatutoryprovisionhasabolishedstateimmunity.但国家不在此列，除非法律明文规定取消了国家的豁免权。11/7/202313TheFTCApermitsrecoveryofmoneydamagesbecauseofanegligentorwrongfulactoromissionbytheFederalGovernmentoranemployeeoftheFederalGovernmentwhiletheemployeewasactingwithinhis/herscopeofemploymentoroffice.FederalTortclaimsAct（FTCA）11/7/2023144.Everyoneisprotectedagainsttortiousact,includingtheembryo.每个人包括胎儿都受保护，免遭侵权行为的伤害。Theheirsornextofkinmayhaveadamageclaimfortheintentionalornegligentdeathoftheirrelativeortestator(wrongfuldeathaction)继承人或近亲属可以对他们亲属或立遗嘱人因故意或疏忽侵权造成的死亡（非正常死亡之诉）提出损害赔偿要求。11/7/202315“dram-shopacts”小酒店法令Apartyinjuredasaresultoftheintoxicationofthetortfeasorhasaclaimagainsthimwhocontributedtothetortfeasor’sintoxication.作为侵权行为人醉酒之结果而受到伤害的当事人有权向造成该侵权行为人醉酒的人提出索赔请求。11/7/202316“dram-shopacts”DramShopacts,enactedinthe19thcentury,usuallyimposeliabilityfornegligenceonthesellersofalcoholicbeveragesforsalesto:personsunderthelegaldrinkingage,orthosewhoareobviouslyintoxicated.Peoplewhoservealcoholicbeveragesmaybeliableunderstatelawsfordamagesresultingfromtheconsumptionofthosebeverages.drunkendriving11/7/202317Part2:IntentionalTorts故意侵权行为Battery殴打Assault侵犯他人身体Conversionofproperty非法侵占财产Falseimprisonment非法拘禁Trespasstopersonalandrealproperty侵占动产、不动产Defamation诽谤Invasionofprivacy侵犯隐私权Productsliability产品质量责任11/7/202318Part3:LiabilityforNegligence过失侵权的责任NegligentactInjuryCausality11/7/202319Apersonisnegligentifhehasnotcompliedwithhis“dutyofcare”and,hasnotactedas“areasonableandprudentman”.如果一个人没有尽到“照看义务”，没有象“一个理性且谨慎的人”那样行事。过失11/7/202320要考虑到Thespecialprofessionalqualificationforthetortfeasor侵权者的特别专业资质ArchitectDifferentcriteriaConstructionworker11/7/202321DutyofcareRestrictiveinterpretation:Thedutymustbeowedtowardtheparticularplaintiff.必须对特定的原告负有照看义务Thereisnodutyofcaretothepublicatlarge.不是对广大公众负有照看义务（某人）对侵犯财产者的照看义务比对被邀请客人的照看义务小11/7/202322Gueststatutes宾客法规Somestatesexcludeadutyofcarebythedriverofamotorvehicle–towardpassengerswhomhetransportsgratuitously.汽车司机对于他搭载的乘客不负照看责任。11/7/202323Insomestates,legislationrequiringthataguestpassengermustprovesomethinghigherthanordinarynegligenceinordertorecoverfromthehostdriver.11/7/202324Noclaimforcompensation不能要求赔偿Theinjuredpartyhasbeenguiltyofcontributorynegligence共同过失hasassumedtherisk预计到有危险11/7/202325Contributorynegligence共同过失adoctrineofcommonlawthatifapersonwasinjuredinpartduetohis/herownnegligence(his/hernegligence"contributed"totheaccident),theinjuredpartywouldnotbeentitledtocollectanydamages(money)fromanotherpartywhosupposedlycausedtheaccident.://dictionary.law/11/7/202326Comparativenegligence比较过失共同过失辩护的严格性……已经因为一些州采用了“比较过失”原则而得到减弱。Itrequiresthattherespectivedegreeofnegligenceofbothpartiesbedeterminedandcompensationassessedaccordingly.要求确定当事各方的各自疏忽程度，并由此确定补偿金。11/7/202327ComparativenegligenceAruleoflawappliedinaccidentcasestodetermineresponsibilityanddamagesbasedonthenegligenceofeverypartydirectlyinvolvedintheaccident.://dictionary.law/11/7/202328ComparativenegligenceTheruleunderwhichnegligenceismeasuredbypercentage,anddamagesarediminishedinproportiontotheamountofnegligenceattributabletothepersonseekingrecovery.://dictionary.law/11/7/202329ThedoctrineoflastclearchanceEventhecontributorilynegligentplaintiffwillbecompensatedifhecanprovethatthedefendanthadthe“lastclearchance”topreventthedamage.有共同过失的原告如果能证明被告“有最后明显机会”避免伤害，那么该原告就可以获得赔偿。11/7/202330Lastclearchance最后明显机会Thelastreasonableopportunitytoavoidanaccidentorinjury.Onewhohasthelastclearchancetoavoidaninjuryandfailstodosoisusuallyheldsolelyresponsible,notwithstandingtheinjuredperson'sowncontributorynegligence.11/7/202331TheextraordinarilycomplexlawofnegligenceTodayleadstotwoeffortsofreformStrictLiability

严格责任Nofault

无过错责任Inconsistent11/7/202332Part4:TortlawreformA.StrictLiability严格赔偿责任Strictliabilityisalegaldoctrinethatmakessomepersonsresponsiblefordamagestheiractionsorproductscause,regardlessofany"fault"ontheirpart.11/7/202333ForinstanceThemaintenanceofdangerousanimals饲养危险的动物Defamation诽谤Arebuttablepresumption可反驳的推定Thedoctrineofresipsaloquitur不言自明原则11/7/202334StrictliabilityDeducedfaultornegligencefromthenatureofthethingoractitself.从事情或行为本身的特性可以推断出存在过错或过失Defectiveconstruction

有缺陷的设计Negligentuse

过失使用11/7/202335productliabilityDangerousproducts危险的产品Theproductionitself产品本身、Itspackage包装InadefectiveconditionUnreasonabledangeroustotheuserorconsumerortohisproperty.对使用者或消费者及其财产造成过度危险11/7/202336“defective”Theproductdoesnotmeetthereasonableexpectationsoftheordinaryconsumerconcerningthesafetyoftheproduct.“缺陷”是指产品未达到一般消费者关于该产品安全性能的合理期望标准。11/7/202337b.“No-fault”Anotherreformendeavorwhichseekstofindmorejustsolutionsforordinaryclaimsbasedonnegligence.另一个改革努力试图寻求对过失侵权普通索赔要求的更公正的解决方案。automobileaccidents11/7/202338ProfessorsRobertKeetonandJeffreyO'ConnellSeektoabolishthefaultprincipleintortlaw试图消除侵权法中的过错原则；Toawardcompensationwithoutproofoffaultaccordingtoinsuranceprinciples.按照保险原则，在不要过错证明的情况下给予赔偿。11/7/202339No-faultTrafficaccidentProductliabilityMedicalmalpracticeGrantcompensationforcertaininjurieswithoutproofoffaultForactualloss,notforintangibledamage11/7/202340Liabilitywillbelimitedforthemanufacturer,制造商的责任有限Requirearelativelylesserinsurancepremiumtocovertherisk只要就风险承担比较少的保险费No-fault的优点11/7/202341Theinjuredpersonwillbeinabetterposition受伤害的人处于比较有利的位置，Hewillbeentitledtoreceiveimmediatecompensationforhisactuallosswithoutlengthylitigationordifficultproofoffault.他无须进行漫长的诉讼或艰难的过失举证就有权立即获得实际损失的补偿。No-fault的优点11/7/202342主要专