人教版英语选修七新素养讲义Unit2Robots4SectionⅣGrammarWord版含答案

SectionⅣGrammar被动语态1．(教材P10)Robotsareprogrammed(programme)andcontrolledbyaputer.2．(教材P11)Itwasgoingtobetested(test)outbyLarry’swife,Claire.3．(教材P11)Clairethoughtitwasridiculoustobeoffered(offer)sympathybyarobot.4．(教材P11)Shewasamazed(amaze)byhisfingernailsandthesoftnessandwarmthofhisskin.5．(2019·江苏卷)Theyaretryingtomakesurethat5Gterminalswillhavebeeninstalled(install)by2022fortheBeijingWinterOlympics.6．WhenIgottothebookingoffice,theticketshadbeensold(sell)out.被动语态的基本构成和用法1．被动语态的基本构成一般时进行时完成时现在am/is/aredoneam/is/arebeingdonehas/havebeendone过去was/weredonewas/werebeingdonehadbeendone将来shall/willbedoneshall/willhavebeendone◆Inourdailylife,manyaccidentsarecausedbycarelessdriving.在我们的日常生活中，许多事故是由开车不小心造成的。◆Effectivemeasuresarebeingtakenbythelocalgovernmenttoreducethesmog.当地政府正采取有效措施减少雾霾。◆MoreexpresswayswillbebuiltinSichuansoontopromotethelocaleconomy.为促进当地经济发展，不久更多的高速公路将在四川建成。◆Tomydelight，Iwaschosenfromhundredsofapplicantstoattendtheopeningceremony.使我高兴的是，我从成百上千申请参加开幕仪式的人员中当选。◆HisnewlywrittennovelhadbeentranslatedintoEnglishbytheendoflastmonth.上个月末，他刚写的小说已被翻译成了英语。2．使用被动语态应注意的几个问题(1)否定词not的位置：在第一个助动词或情态动词之后。◆Hewasextremelydisappointedtohearthathewouldnotbegivenadoctor’sdegree.听到不会获得博士学位，他沮丧到了极点。(2)主动句的谓语动词带有复合宾语时，应将宾语变成被动句的主语，而将宾语补足语保留不动(这时的宾语补足语变为主语补足语)。◆Wesawhimsittingtherewithoutdoinganything.＝Hewasseensittingtherewithoutdoinganything.我们看见他坐在那儿，什么也没做。(3)在主动语态中，make、hear、see等词后接不定式时要省略to，但转换为被动语态时，则不能省略to。◆Weheardhimsaygood－byetohisfriends.＝Hewasheardtosaygood－byetohisfriendsbyus.我们听到他向朋友们道别。(4)带双宾语的动词作谓语的主动句转换为被动句时，可将表示物的直接宾语变为主语，用for或to引出表示人的间接宾语，或将表示人的间接宾语变为主语。◆Myfatheristellingmeaninterestingstorynow.＝Aninterestingstoryisbeingtoldtomebymyfathernow.＝I’mbeingtoldaninterestingstorybymyfathernow.我爸爸现在正在给我讲一个有趣的故事。3．动词的主动形式表示被动意义(1)某些连系动词，如look,feel,smell,sound,prove等。◆Theflowersmellssweet.这花闻起来很香。◆Yourreasonsoundsreasonable.你的理由听起来很合理。◆Mariaprovesverypatientandwarm－hearted.玛丽亚被证明很有耐心和热心。(2)有些动词如read,write,clean,wash,iron,burn,draw,cook,keep,cut,open,sell等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，常和副词well、easily、smoothly等连用，且通常用主动形式表示被动意义。◆Thepenwriteswell.这只钢笔很好用。◆Thiskindofclothwashesveryeasily.这种布很好洗。这些动词的主语一般是表物的词，且这些物往往具有某种内在的特点，这些句子的时态多用一般现在时或一般将来时。4．不用于被动语态的动词有些动词不用于被动语态，如happen,cost,takeplace,have(有),belongto,sufferfrom等。◆Anaccidenthappenedyesterday.昨天发生了一起事故。◆Mostoftheimportantcitiesoftheworldsufferfromtrafficjam.世界上大多数大城市都交通拥堵。动词不定式的被动形式1．动词不定式的被动形式的基本用法动词不定式的被动形式由“to＋be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，当动词不定式所表示的动作与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系时，要用动词不定式的被动形式。动词不定式的被动形式只有一般式和完成式。◆Tobegivensuchagoodopportunitymademealittlesurprised.被给了这么好的机会，我有点惊讶。◆I’mgoingtotheattendmeetingtobeheldintheteachers’office.我正准备去参加在教师办公室举行的会议。◆It’sagreathonourtobeinvitedtoattendtheparty.承蒙邀请参加聚会，甚是荣幸。2．动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义的情况(1)动词不定式与被修饰的名词或代词有逻辑上的被动关系，且与句中另一名词或代词有逻辑上的主动关系时。◆Thepooroldmanonlyhasaverysmallroomtolivein.那位可怜的老人只有一个很小的房子住。(2)动词不定式跟在性质形容词后，与句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时。◆AsfarasI’mconcerned,Englishiseasytolearn.就我个人而言，英语容易学。(3)动词不定式与疑问词连用时。◆Tomhadnoideawhichbooktoreadfirst.汤姆不知道应该先读哪本书。eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅰ)单句语法填空1．IfBobisoffered(offer)ajob,ishewillingtogototheremotetown?2．Itwillbethefirstprojecttobedesigned(design)byChineseengineers.3．Rose’ssmartphonewasleftinataxiaccidentally,nevertobefound(find)again.4．BeforeyouentertheEiffelTower,yourbagswillbeexamined(examine)byasecurityofficer.5．Itisagreathonorformetobechosen(choose)asavolunteerfortheOlympicGames.6．Thedecisiontobemade(make)attomorrow’smeetingwillhaveagreateffectonfarmers.7．Thehospitalhasrecentlygotnewmedicalequipment,allowingmorepatientstobetreated(treat)．8．VictoriawenttothebookstoreonSundaymorning,onlytobetold(tell)thatitwasbeingdecorated.9．(2018·天津卷)Mywashingmachineisbeingrepaired(repair)thisweek,soIhavetowashmyclothesbyhand.10．Newartformswereintroduced(introduce)attheendoftheQingdynasty.Asaresult,peoplelostinterestinpaper－cutting.11．Mostairportsarebuilt(build)farawayfromdowntown,soitoftentakespassengersquitealongtimetoarrive.12．(2018·北京卷)Arescueworkerriskedhislifesavingtwotouristswhohadbeentrapped(trap)inthemountainsfortwodays.eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅱ)单句改错1．WhenIwastrappedinthemountain,Ireallyhadnochoicebuttowaittoberescuing.rescuing→rescued2．Asweapproachedtheworksite,theworkerswereseenbuildthenewhouse.build→building3．Thoughheistreatingunfairly,Collinkeptworkinghardinthepanywithoutanyplaint.treating→treated4．Thenumberofdeathsfromheartdiseasewillbereducedgreatlyifpeoplepersuadedtoeathealthily.在persuaded前加are5．Iwasmadeplayabadroleinthefilm,soIrefused.在made后加to6．Theflowersaresodryandtheyneedtobewateringrightaway.watering→watered7．ThelasttimeIwentbacktomybirthplace,ahigh­speedrailwaywasbuiltthere.在was后加being8．Othertestshavebeenshownthatlaughterappearstobeabletoreducetheeffectofpainonthebody.去掉beeneq\a\vs4\al(Ⅲ)同义句改写1．Inmyopinion,teachersshouldtreateverystudentfairly.→Inmyopinion,everystudentshouldbetreatedfairlybyteachers.2．Thestrongwinddamagedtheroofofouroldhouseyesterdayafternoon.→Theroofofouroldhousewasdamagedbythestrongwindyesterdayafternoon.3．Thelibrariandoesn’tallowmetotakethebooksoutofthereadingroom.→Iamnotallowedtotakethebooksoutofthereadingroom.→Thebooksarenotallowedtobetakenoutofthereadingroom.4．Bytheendoflastterm,thestudentshadreadmorethantenEnglishbooks.→Bytheendoflastterm,morethantenEnglishbookshadbeenreadbythestudents.5．WearegoingtoattendthemeetingwhichwillbeheldinShanghainextmonth.→WearegoingtoattendthemeetingtobeheldinShanghainextmonth.6．ThepolicemanisquestioningJohnsonaboutthetrafficaccidentatthismoment.→Johnsonisbeingquestionedbythepolicemanaboutthetrafficaccidentatthismoment.7．Inthepasttenyears,theyhavebuiltalargenumberofhigh­risebuildingsinourcity.→Inthepasttenyears,alargenumberofhigh­risebuildingshavebeenbuiltinourcity.8．Itisreportedthattheremainsofthemissingplanehavebeenfoundinthemountains.→Theremainsofthemissingplanearereportedtohavebeenfoundinthemountains.eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅰ)单句语法填空1．Asisknowntoall,the2022WinterOlympicswill__be__held(hold)inBeijingandtownsintheneighboringHebeiProvince.2．InChina,thepracticeofpresentingthebestfoodfirsttotheseniormembersofthefamilyhas__been__observed(observe)forgenerations.3．Uptonow,alargenumberofnewhouseshave__been__built(build)inwhatusedtobeawasteland.4．Thedecisionto__be__made(make)attomorrow’smeetingwillaffectalotofpeople.5．Hisbookissaidto__have__been__translated(translate)intomorethan30languagessinceitwas__published(publish)inthe1940s.6．Yourpencilcaseisnowhereto__be__found(find),andIwillbuyanewoneforyouthisweekend.7．Thefireisreportedto__have__been__caused(cause)byacigaretteend,whichwasthrownbyonetourist.8．Thebestandmostbeautifulthingintheworldcannotbe__seen(see)oreventouchedforitmustbe__felt(feel)．9．Itisagreathonorformeto__be__asked(ask)tospeakatthemeetingonbehalfofthewholeclass.10．Thekidswere__allowed(allow)togoswimmingintheriver,whichmadethemveryhappy.eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅱ)阅读理解Weliveinagoldenageofmisinformation.OnTwitter,falsenewsspreadsfurtherandfasterthanthetruth.Intherun­uptothe2016USpresidentialelection,themostpopularfalsearticlesgotmoreFacebookshares,reactionsandmentsthanthetoprealnews,accordingtoaBuzzFeedNewsanalysis.BeforetheInternet,“Youcouldnothaveapersonsittinginaroomandgeneratingconspiracy(阴谋)theoriesatamassscale，”saysLucadeAlfaro,aputerscientistattheUniversityofCalifornia.Butwithtoday’ssocialmedia,sellingliesistooeasy—whetherthoseliesefromapanylikeDisinfomedia,whichhasownedseveralfalsenewswebsites,oracrowdofteenagersinMacedoniawhogothugesumsofmoneybywritingpopularfalsenews.MostInternetusersprobablyaren’tintentionallybroadcastingnonsense.InformationoverloadandtheWebsurfers’limitedattentionspanaren’texactlygoodatfact­checkinginspection.Confirmationbias(偏见)feedsinaswell.“Whenthey’redealingwithunfilteredinformation,it’slikelythatpeoplewillchoosesomethingthatmeetswiththeirownthinking,evenifthatinformationisfalse，”saysFabianaZollo,aputerscientistinItalywhostudieshowinformationcirculatesonsocialnetworks.Intentionalornot,sharingmisinformationcanhaveseriousconsequences.Falsenewsdoesn’tjustthreatentheequityofelectionsandwearawaypublictrustinrealnews.Itthreatenslives.Rumors(谣言)thatspreadonWhatsApp,asmartphonemessagingsystem,forinstance,ledtomurdercasesinIndiathatleftmorethanadozenpeopledead.Tohelpsortfalsenewsfromtruth,programmersarebuildingautomatedsystemsthatjudgethetruthofonlinestories.Aputerprogrammightconsidercertaincharacteristicsofanarticleorthereceptionanarticlegetsonsocialmedia.putersthatrecognizecertainwarningsignscouldwarnhumanfact­checkers,whowoulddothefinalcheck.“Automaticlie­findingtoolsarestillintheirbabyhood，”saysputerscientistGiovanniLucaCiampagliaofIndianaUniversityBloomington.【解题导语】本文是一篇议论文。如今，我们处在一个假新闻充斥网络的时代，本文就假新闻的影响及如何抵御进行了讨论。1．Whatcanbelearnedfromthesecondparagraph?A．Falsenewsissometimesmorepopularthantherealnews.B．Teenagersarethemainforceforspreadingfakemessages.C．TheopennessoftheInternetprovidessoilforfalsenews.D．Socialmediacontributestothelossofpeople’ssocialvalues.C解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的BeforetheInternet...sellingliesistooeasy可知，在过去，大规模的传播假消息是很难的，而如今，网络的发展使其变得十分容易。由此可推断，第二段想告诉我们的是网络为假消息提供了生存的土壤。2．Whatbestexplainstheunderlinedword“unfiltered”inparagraph3?A．Unknown. B．Original.C．False. D．Boring.B解析：词义猜测题。根据上下文语境可知，网络消息的关注度并不能证明它的真实性，因为人们在阅读那些未过滤的信息时，容易根据自己的喜好去选择，即使那是错误的消息。由此推断，画线词意为“未过滤的，原始的”。3．Paragraph4ismainlyabout________．A．thedrawbacksofsocialmediaB．thenegativeeffectsofmisinformationC．thedisorderedInternetmarketofIndiaD．therelationshipbetweenlawsandrumorsB解析：段落大意题。根据第四段的内容尤其是第一句可知，本段主要想告诉我们虚假消息的不利影响。4．Whatdoweknowabouttheautomaticlie­findingtools?A．Theyhavebeenfullydevelopedintheputerprogram.B．Theyremindhumanfact­checkersofsomewarningsigns.C．Theyareprovedtobegoodattellingfalsenewsfromthetruth.D．Theymakeupamachine­controlledsystemthatcandothefinalcheck.B解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的putersthatrecognizecertainwarningsignscouldwarnhumanfact­checkers,whowoulddothefinalcheck.可知，这个自动识别系统可以帮助人工排查人员分辨网络信息。eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅲ)完形填空IcamefrommyhomeinItalybyovernighttraintoViennatostartthesecondpartofmyyearabroadasanEnglishlanguageassistant.IwenttosleepinItalyand__1__inAustria,toasnow­coveredcountrysidethatlookedlikesomethingoutofatourguide.Althoughthis__2__scenemademeexcited,Isoon__3__thatadjustingtotheAustrianworldwasgoingtobe__4__．Thefirstthingwasthe__5__.IhadtoswitchfromtalkingandthinkinginItaliantoGerman__6__.Ifoundmyselfstumblingover(结结巴巴地说)wordsandreallystrugglingto__7__whenpeoplespoketome,especiallyinAustrianGermanwhichnotonlysoundsdifferentfromtheGermanIlearnedatschoolbutalsousesdifferentwords!SoI’vehadlotsof__8__momentsinthesupermarketandfeltratherembarrassedwhenIusedthe__9__word.Therearealsolotsofother__10__things.Onebigdifferenceisthe__11__.Italyisfamousforitsvariedpasta(意大利面食)dishesanddeliciouspizzas!ButinAustriathe__12__foodseemstobemeat.Italsoseemsthatthereisn’ttimefora__13__，relaxedlunch.InItalyIhadanhour’slunchbreakfrommyofficejob,butwhenI’m__14__intheschoolsinViennatherearejust10or15minutesbetweenlessons,whichisonly__15__foraquicksandwich.Idon’tthinktheseare__16__things,butitwilljusttaketimetogetusedtothem.However,therearesomethingsIhaveimmediately__17__，liketheveryefficientpublictransport—it’s__18__togetaroundandit’salwaysontime!Ialso__19__thecoffeehousecultureherewhereyoucangotoacaféandjustsitforhours,chattingand__20__withfriendsandacakeortwo.Infact,IreallylovethecountryandIthinkIwillenjoymystayhere.【解题导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者在异国他乡遇到的问题，但是作者仍然希望通过努力能够快乐地生活在这里。1．A.stayedup B．dressedupC．warmedup D．wokeupD解析：根据上文的IcamefrommyhomeinItalybyovernighttraintoVienna及IwenttosleepinItaly...Austria可知，作者睡着的时候还在意大利，但醒来(wokeup)时已身在奥地利。2．A.familiar B．touchingC．beautiful D．funnyC解析：根据上文的asnow­coveredcountrysidethatlookedlikesomethingoutofatourguide可知，这里的景色很美(beautiful)。3．A.realized B．guessedC．admitted D．rememberedA解析：根据下文中对作者在奥地利遇到的问题的描述可知，作者很快就意识到(realized)适应奥地利的生活是比较难的(hard)。4．A.hard B．boringC．meaningful D．interestingA5．A.habit B．languageC．attitude D．customB解析：根据本段中的IhadtoswitchfromtalkingandthinkinginItaliantoGerman可知，首先是语言(language)方面的问题。作者的所说所想都要立刻(immediately)从意大利语切换成德语。6．A.patiently B．finallyC．secretly D．immediatelyD7．A.think B．understandC．learn D．explainB解析：根据上文的Ifoundmyselfstumblingover(结结巴巴地说)words...spoketome可知，当别人跟作者说话的时候，作者理解(understand)起来很吃力。8．A.brief B．anxiousC．awkward D．terrifyingC解析：根据本段中的especiallyinAustrianGerman...usesdifferentwords及feltratherembarrassed可知，作者在超市里经历过很多尴尬的(awkward)时刻，在使用了错误的(wrong)词语后会感到非常尴尬。9．A.key B．wrongC．foreign D．hurtfulB10．A.different B．basicC．wonderful D．sillyA解析：根据下文中对意大利和奥地利食物的对比及Onebigdifference可知，在这里生活还有很多其他不一样的(different)地方，其中一项就是食物(food)。11．A.restaurant B．billC．menu D．foodD12．A.delicious B．mainC．cheap D．fastB解析：根据上文的Italyisfamousforitsvariedpasta(意大利面食)dishesanddeliciouspizzas！可知，奥地利的主要(main)食物就是肉类。13．A.late B．lightC．long D．hotC解析：根据上文的startthesecondpartofmyyearabroadasanEnglishlanguageassistant及InItalyIhadanhour’slunchbreakfrommyofficejob,but...10or15minutesbetweenlessons可知，在维也纳，人们没有很长的(long)时间来享受一顿轻松的午餐。当作者在工作(working)时，每节课之间只有10到15分钟的休息时间，仅仅够(enough)吃一个三明治。14．A.struggling B．studyingC．sitting D．workingD15．A.proper B．enoughC．convenient D．readyB16．A.bad B．smallC．risky D．importantA解析：根据空后的butitwilljusttaketimetogetusedtothem可知，作者并不觉得这些不同是坏(bad)事，只是需要时间去适应。17．A.gottentiredof B．gottenclosetoC．gottenusedto D．gotteninterestedinC解析：根据本段的liketheveryefficientpublictransport可知，作者在奥地利还是很快适应了(gottenusedto)一些事，比如高效便捷的公共交通——到处走动很容易(easy)而且通常很准时。18．A.safe B．necessaryC．easy D．possibleC19．A.feel B．shareC．keep D．enjoyD解析：根据本句的chattingand...friendsandacakeortwo可知，作者也很喜欢(enjoy)这里的咖啡屋文化，人们可以一连坐在咖啡厅里几个小时，和朋友聊天或者吃些点心放松(relaxing)身心。20．A.relaxing B．dreamingC．paring D．petingAeq\a\vs4\al(Ⅳ)语法填空Scientistsfoundthatairpollutionmayberesponsible1.____________abigreductio