英语泛读一考试资料

英语泛读一考试资料Foreachitalicizedwordorexpression,choosethebestmeaningbelow.Mycousinisanacquaintanceofthepresidentofthatcompany;theygreeteachotherwhentheymeet.aclosefriendapersonwhoworkswithapersononehasmetbutdoesn’tknowverywellaclassmateShewassittingonthesofa,browsingthroughtheTVpagesofthenewspaper.lookingthroughinacasualwayturningoverreadingcarefullywritingonAfterhefailedhismathexam,hehasbeenfeelingdepressedforseveralweeks.happyangrypuzzledlowinspiritsBecauseoftheirdifferentopinionsontheissue,thereisnowopenhostilitybetweenthetwoleaders.friendlyfeelingscooperationunfriendlyfeelingsrelationshipStudentoftenfindtemporaryjobsduringtheirsummererestinglastingforeverlastingforashorttimeprofessionalMakingmistakesisinevitable,sodonotbediscouraged.cannotbeblamedcannotbeavoidedcannotlastlongcannotbefoundIhavelocatedabetterrestaurantinthenextstreet.Whydon’twegothereforlunch?foundrecognizedopenedexploredStopdwellingonyourproblemsanddosomethingaboutthem.livinginthinkingalittleaboutforgettingaboutthinkingtoomuchaboutManyverbsendinthesuffix–ize.Studytheexamples,andthenlistatleastfiveverbsthatendinthissuffixinthespaceprovided.-izerealize,organize,criticize,characterize-ize________________________________Fillineachoftheblankswiththegivenwordinitsproperform.45is____by5.(divide)Youmustcarryoutyourplanwith___.(determine)XiaoLiisa___friend.Ifhecanhelpyou,hewilldohisbest.(depend)Hesmiledin___.Obviouslyhewasverypleasedwithwhathehaddone.(satisfy)The___ofcompositionstookalargepartofthereader’stime.(correct)The___betweenmotherandchildistheclosestintheworld.(relate)Althoughtheblack-and-whiteTVsetisold-fashioned,itisstill___.(use)Thepictureisfaded,butthepeopleinitarestill___.(recognize)Thenewsreporttriedto___thedamageoftheaccident.(minimum)Iamso___tohearthenewsofyoursuccess.(delight)ThePoliticsBehindChina'sNobelComplexWhenGaoXingjianreceivedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein2000,ThePeople'sRepublicofChinareactedverystrangely.Fortwodecadesthecountryhadenergeticallycampaignedfortheaward,fromflyingwriterstoSwedentofundingananthologyofwritingsbyNobelprizewinners.Yettheofficialresponsetotheannouncementwasicydisdain,followedbycensorshipofXingjian'sbooksaroundthecountry.Morecuriously,manymembersofthecountry'sliterarycommunityinsistedthattheyweredisappointedwiththechoiceofXingjian,adissidentwriterwhohadlivedinFrancesince1987.Whydidthewinnergetthecoldshoulder?JuliaLovell'sfascinatingthoughsometimesstifflywrittenstudyexploresthecountry'sschizophreniaabouttheaugustliteraryprize:China'sdeep-seatedfearthatitsliteraturewillfallshortofWesternstandardsclasheswiththecountry'sresentmentabouthavingtolookforartisticvalidationoutsideofitsownbordersandtraditions.ThePeople'sRepublicofChinahasbeenlongobsessedwithaccruinghardpower,andparticularlyonassessinghowthecountrymeasuresupagainstotherstatesineconomicandmilitaryterms.Morerecently,Beijinghasbecomeincreasinglyconsciousofsoftpower'svalue,leveragingtoitsbenefitsuchcoupsashostingthe2008Olympics.ButforChinatowinaNobelPrizeforLiterature,ithastomeetartisticandideologicalstandardssetbytheWest,andthatraisesdisturbingissuesabouthowthecountrywillevaluateitsownculture,pastandpresent,andhowitfeelsaboutitsacceleratingmarchtowardmodernization.Shouldn'tthebestofChinesewritingnaturallyholditsownontheworldstage?Buthowcanthathappenifthebooksthatareeasiesttotranslate(oftenthoselessrootedinlocalhistoryandculture),arethosethatreceivetheaccolades?China'sNobelComplex,asLovellcallsit,isgeneratedbyanxietyaboutChina'sinternationalstatus,ambivalencetowardWesterninfluencesandvalues,andtherelationshipbetweenChineseintellectuals(especiallywriters)andnationalpolitics.Chinaiscaughtinapainfulbind:itbelievesthatitscultureisbothuniqueandneedsrecognitionofthatconvictionfromtheWest.LiteratureisaparticularlycontentiousareabecauseWesternclaimsfortheuniversalityofartconflictwithChina'sbeliefthatwritinghasitsideologicalpurposes.Theconceptofapure'artforart'ssakeliteraturestillmixesuneasilywithChina'sentrenchedrealisttraditionandculturalnationalism,arguesLovell.Forexample,theChinesegovernmentwantedtheNobelPrizepartiallybecauseitwouldprovethattherepressionofMao'sCulturalRevolutionhadended.Yetofficialscheerleadedfortheselectionofawriterwhoseworkprojectedpositiveimagesofthesocialistnation,prosethattrumpetedthecountry'snobilityontheglobalstage.Ironically,inrecentyears,whentheNobeljudgeshavechosenanauthorfromaclosedsociety,theyhaverecognizeddissidentand/orexperimentalliterature.TheresultwasthatChina'shuntfortheprizemorphedintoabehind-the-scenespublicrelationsgame:ChinapushedforapoliticallyacceptablechoicetowintheprizewhilesuspectingthattheNobeljudgeswouldgivetheaward--underthefacadeofaestheticexcellence--toapoliticallyacceptablecandidateoftheirown,whichis,accordingtoLovell,justwhathappenedwiththechoiceofXingjian.Outsideofgovernmentcircles,manyintheChineseliteraryestablishmenthavetheirownspecificbonestopickwiththeNobeljudges.SomescoffedattheselectionofXingjian,arguingthathisavant-gardewritingstyleanddistancefromhiscountrymadeitimpossibleforhimtocapturetherealitiesofcontemporaryChina.TheheartofthecomplaintisthatXingjianandotherChineseauthorswhoareadmiredintheWest,suchasSuTongandYuHua,kowtowtoWesternartisticstandardsandconsciouslyexporthomogenized(orout-of-date)imagesoftheirhomelandforworldconsumption.Intheirdefense,thesewriters,manyofwhomarealsobestsellersinChina,arguethattheyareindependentartistsandtheytakewhattheyneedfromAsianaswellasWesterntraditions.Amidthepositioningofvariouspoliticallycorrectagendas,theindividualityofcreativeaccomplishmentislost.Still,LovellnotesthatChina'swritersandgovernmentshareacommonobsession:theyworshipauthorsfromtheWestratherthanbooksbywritersfromRussiaorIndia.ThisfixationonEuropeandAmericaremainsstrongtoday,eventhough,nowthatamarketeconomyhastakenaholdinChina,writersaswellasthegovernmentaremuchlessinterestedinwinningtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturethantheywereadecadeago.Thenameofthegametodayissalesratherthanprestige.Still,pressureremainsonwriterstosomehowwooaworldreadershipwithbooksthatrepresentChinainanationalisticlight,eitherthepropagandadesiredbythegovernmentortheculturalparticularitydemandedbyChinesewriterswhofearthepriceofglobalsuccess.ForLovell,thebattlebetweenintellectualfreedomandchauvinismwillcontinuefortheforeseeablefuture:IntellectualnationbuildingandthedesirefortheNobelPrizehaveheldliteraryintellectualsransomtoacollectiveidentificationwiththepeople,andturnedliteratureintoaninternationalambassadorforChina.Butaslongasthenation-stateremainstheprincipalunitofaccountinginglobaltransactions,aslongasintellectualsremainopinionmakersinnationsaroundtheworld,nationalidentityandliteraturecontinuetoexerciseapowerfulholdoverglobalconsciousness.Inthisregard,ThePoliticsofCulturalCapitalisnotonlyafascinatingX-rayofChina'sstruggletoreconcilethelocalizedvaluesofitsliteraturewiththetranslation-friendlydemandsofinternationalpolitics,butsuggeststherewardsandhazardsforanydevelopingcountryonthehuntforsoftculturalpower.ThesardoniclessonofLovell'sbookmaybethat,whenitcomestothegrowingcompetitiontoaccumulateculturalcapitalaroundtheworld,thecontestantswillneverbesatisfied,evenwhentheywin.Accordingtothearticle,whathasgeneratedChina’sNobleComplex?Whatarehardpowerandsoftpower?Whataretheirfunctions?WhatistheirrelevancewithChina’sNobleComplex?Inyourownpointsofviews,whatfactorspreventChinafromacquiringNoblePrize?Youranalysiscouldfocusonaspectssuchaseducation,economy,traditionalculture,initiatives(创造力)ofstudents,etc.NewYork’sCabbiesLikeCreditCards?By\o"MoreArticlesbyMichaelM.Grynbaum"MICHAELM.GRYNBAUMPublished:November7,2009NewYork’scabbies-taxidrivers-howled(怒吼)whenthecitybeganforcingthemtotake\o"Morearticlesaboutcreditcards."creditcards.Someevenwentonstrike,callingtherequirementsakowtow(讨好,叩头)totouristsandaburdenondrivers.Buttwoyearslater,theback-of-the-cabswipehasemergedasanunlikelysavior(救星)forNewYork’staxiindustry,evenasothercities’fleetsstruggletofindfaresinadeeprecession.Overallridershipandrevenuehaveincreased.Moreandmorefaresarebeingpaidwithcreditcards,evenforshorterrides.Andtipsfordrivers,usuallyanearlycasualtyoftoughtimes,areupsharply,doubleoverthepre-plasticdays.Evencabbiesareconcedingthatcreditcardsaregoodforbusiness.“It’sbetter,”saidNaveedShah,35,adriverforfiveyears,ashegasseduphisFordCrownVictoriarecently.“Iftherewasnocreditcard,peoplearen’tgoingtotaketaxicabs.”Othermajorcitiesarenowrushingtofollowsuit.AlthoughNewYorkwaslatetobringcreditcardstocabs,itleapfroggedaheadbypioneeringacustomer-friendlysystemthatrequirednosignedreceipts,nominimumpaymentandaninteractivedevicethatletpassengersswipethecardandaddtipsthemselves.InLosAngeles,forinstance,creditcardmachinesareofteninthefrontseat,forcingriderstohandtheircardstothedriver.Businessthisyearisoffabout15percent,accordingtofleetowners,mirroringnationaltrendsintheindustry.InNewYork,however,revenueshaverisenabout13percentfromtheendoflastyear,accordingtodatacollectedbythecity’s\o"MorearticlesaboutTaxiandLimousineCommission"TaxiandLimousineCommission.Andtips,whichhoveredaround10percentwhencabrideswerecashonly,averaged22percentoncredit-cardtransactionsthisfall.“CreditcardshelpedtheNewYorkindustrystaystableinatimewhentherestofthefor-hireindustrywasinsignificantdecline,”saidAlfredLaGasse,chiefexecutiveofficeroftheTaxicab,LimousineandParatransitAssociation,anationaltradegroup.TaxifleetsinBoston,Chicago,LasVegasandthesuburbsofWashingtonareallbeginningtoexperimentwithback-seatcardreaderssimilartothoseinNewYork,Mr.LaGassesaid.Onceconsideredaconvenientpaymentmethodforlongertrips,oftentothearea’sairports,creditcardsarenowbeingusedforshorter,cheaperrides,thetypeof$5rainy-dayindulgencesthatwereoncehandledexclusivelywithcash.AmosTamam,presidentofVeriFoneTransportationSystems,whosecardreadersarein6,700cabs,orabouthalfofthecity’sfleet,saidhiscompany’saveragecredit-cardfareisnowlessthan$15,downfrom$16ayearago.“Themoreusageyougetwithcreditcards,thelowertheaverageticketisgoingtogo,”Mr.Tamamsaid.Passengerssaidthatpayingwithcreditcardshasbecomesecondnature.“AnytimeItakeacab,Ipaywithacard,ontheadviceofmyaccountant,”saidMichelinHallofManhattan,afterswipinghisAmericanExpresscardinataxioutsidePennsylvaniaStationtheotherday.Mr.Hallsaidthatwithcards,“it’seasytotrackthereceipts,itcantellyouhowlongthecabridewasandwhereyouwent”—convenientinformationwhenhefilesexpensesforhisjobinmarketing.Theincreaseintips,however,mayhavelesstodowithNewYorkers’generositythanwiththepresetamountssuggestedtopassengersonthetaxi’ssoftwaresystems.Inmanyofthecity’scabs,ridersareofferedoptionsfortheirtipdependingonthelengthoftheride.Forfaresunder$15,ascreenpromptstipsof$2,$3or$4;thenumberscanrangefrom15percentto30percentforhigherfares.Thepresetsareusedabout70percentofthetime,accordingtoindustryestimates.NewYork’ssuccessseemedunlikelyayearago,whenthelastofthecity’s13,000cabswereoutfittedwithcredit-cardreaders,partofaninitiativestartedin2007byMayor\o"MorearticlesaboutMichaelR.Bloomberg."MichaelR.Bloomberg.ThecitywasreelingfromamaelstromonWallStreetthatdisproportionatelyaffectedthehigh-incomeindustriesthatdrivetheNewYorkeconomy.Andriderswerestillreportingunpleasantrun-inswithdriverswhorefusedtoacceptthecardsorpressuredcustomerstopaywithcash,aresentmentleftoverfromatwo-daystrikeinSeptember2007thatforcedofficialstoinstituteanad-hocsystemforsharedrides.Butin2008,taxiofficialsbegannoticingatrend:Cabbusinesswasstayingsteady,andcreditcardusewasontherise.Attheendoflastyear,aboutone-fifthofcabrideswerebeingpaidforwithacard.Thatportionhasgrownsteadilythisyear,reaching28percentinSeptember,thelatestmonthforwhichdatawasavailable.Meanwhile,black-carbusinesshasfallenabout30percent,ascompaniesencourageemployeestousecorporatecreditcardstoexpensecheaperyellow-cabrides.“It’sbecomingawayoflifeinthetaxiworld,”saidMatthewW.Daus,NewYork’staxicommissioner.“NewYorkersaregettingmoreaccustomedtogoingaroundwithoutcash.Wethinkit’sagoodthing.”Ininterviews,driversacknowledgedthatbusinesshadimproved,butstillgrousedaboutthecreditcardmachines.Thehighertipsaretemperedbya5percentservicefeeappliedtofaresthatarepaidwithplastic.Driversmustalsowaitanywherefromadaytoaweektoretrievetheirfaremoneypaidbycreditcards,andtheysaidthemachinesoccasionallybreakdown,resultinginlostfares.“Becauseofcreditcardswegetcustomers,that’strue,”saidMuhammedHamid,35,ofQueens.“Butiftheygiveuscash,youcanputthegasonthat;youdon’thavetowaitthree,fourdays.”Toldofthestatisticsthatshowedhighertips,somedriversscoffed.“Iknowthat’snottrue,”saidWilliamLindauer,adriverandcoordinatingmemberoftheNewYorkTaxiWorkersAlliance.“Theygetnotips,orlesstips.”Arandomsurveysuggestedotherwise.Severaldriverswereaskedtosharetheircreditreceiptsaftertheirshifts.Of20receiptsreviewed,theaveragetipcameouttojustover18percent.Thepresettipamountswereusedmorethanhalfthetime,resultingina$5.30ridegettingatipof$2,orabout38percent.Itmaybedifficult,however,forothercitiestorecreateNewYork’ssuccess.“Notallagenciesinothercitieshavethesametools,manpowerandbudgettodowhatNewYorkCitydid,”saidMr.TamamofVeriFone.AndNewYork’sfleet,thelargestinthecountry,hasabiggercustomerbasethatcanhelpjustifythehighcostofinstallingmoreadvancedcreditcardtechnology.Somedriverssuggested,paradoxically,thattherecessionitselfmaybepromptinggreatercreditcarduse.SimonPalade,adriverformorethan40years,saidheseesfarmorecashfaresaroundthefirstofthemonth,whenpaychecksareoftenissued.“Afterthatitslowsdownandthey’vegottouseplasticmoreandmore,”Mr.Palade,59,ofSunnyside,Queens,saidtheotherday,ashenavigatedaCentralParktransverse.“Peopledon’tgotnomoney.They’rebankingonthefuture.”DoNewYorkCabbiesliketheircustomersusingcreditcard?Why?Youanalysiscoulddifferthetimebeforetheeconomicregressionandthetimeafterthat.WhydoNewYorkCabbiesreceivemoretipsafteranincreasednumberofpassengersareusingcreditcard?CantheNewYorksuccessbecopiestoothercities?Why?Whatareyouviewpointsonusingacreditcardindailylivessuchaspayingthetaxidrivers,shoppinginasupermarket,buyingflightticketsontheinternet,eatinginarestaurant,etc?Anyconvenienceorrisktodoso?AfoodtouroftheUnitedStatesOneofthemostinterestingfeaturesofAmericancookingisitsvariety.ThetravelerwhocrossedtheU.S.bybusorbycarwillfindthefoodasworthyofattentionasthescenery–andfullofunexpectedsurprises,too.ForAmericancookingatitsbestisregionalincharacter.ExceptofTurkeyaThanksgiving,nosingledishhasgainedwideenoughpopularityintheU.S.tobecomeasymbolforthecountryasawhole.Eachregionsetsitstablewithadifferentspecialty.Forinstance,NewOrleansisbestknownforitsjambalaya,aspicydishofrice,ham,shrimp,andtomatoes.AndBoston,wherethewintersarelongandcold,iscalled‘beantown’becauseofitsbakedbeans,amixtureofdriedbeans,saltpork,brownsugar,andmolasses.Mixedinanironpotandbakedforhoursinaslowoven,thisdishisheartyandnutritious.Americanssay,‘Itstickstoyourribs.’Beingregional,thesedishesaremadefromthevegetables,fruits,meats,poultry,andseafoodthatrarelocallyavailable.AndsincelocalconditionsvaryagreatdealintheU.S.,asmightbeexpectedintheworlds’fourthlargestcountry,theresultisanationalfoodmenuonwhichmostoftheworld’sfavoritefoodsarelisted.Seafoodofallkindscanbefoundinthestatesthatbordertheoceansorpossesslakeandriversystems,Shrimp,crab,andlobster,aswellasfreshfishareallmealtimefavorites.Citrusfruit–organs,grapefruit,lemons,andlimes–areproducedinFloridaandCalifornia.Thefruitgrovesinthesestatessupplymostofthefrozenjuiceandsun-ripenedfruitthatdecoratethebreakfasttablesofthenation.AcrossthelandlockedstatesintheMidweststretchendlesscornandwheatfields.Thesegrainsareusedtomakebread,andcookingoil.Theregioniscalled‘thebreadbasketofthenation’.ForvegetablesCaliforniaisAmerica’smostproductivestate.Itisfirstintheproductionofbroccoli,asparagus,tomatoes,carrots,grapes,lettuce,peaches,andears,andavarietyofotherfo