第十章+神经系统

Chapter10FunctionsoftheNervousSystem张家兴xzhangj@163.comBasicfunctionsofthenervoussystem1.SensationMonitorstimuli

occurringinandoutsidethebody2.IntegrationTheparallelprocessingandinterpretationofsensoryinformationtodeterminetheappropriateresponse3.ReactionMotoroutputTheactivationofmusclesorglandsNervoussystemCentralNSPeripheralNSSection1Howdoesthenervoussystemwork1.Neuronsandneuroglia2.Synaptictransmission

Nucleus

Soma

Perikaryon

DendriteCytoplasicprocess

Axon

1)Thestructureandfunctionofneuron(1)Neuron(nervecell)1.NeuronsandNeurogliaMotorneuronSensoryneuronInterneuron

Thethreetypesofneuronesarearrangedincircuitsandnetworks,thesimplestofwhichisthereflexarc

Theelementary

functionsofneuron:①Receivetheexcitationsorinhibitionsinducedbyinternalorexternalstimulations.②Transmissionofneuronalmessage.③Analyzeandintegratetheinformationfromeveryorgans.④Someneuronshaveneuroendocrinefunction.2)FunctionsandclassificationofnervefibersNervefibersMyelinatedNF

UnmyelinatedNF

(1)Integrity(2)Isolatedpropagation(3)Bidirectionalpropagation

(4)Relativelyindefatigability(5)UnattenuatedpropagationCharacteristicsofexcitationconductingalongnervefiber

:Conductionvelocityofnervefibers:

②Temperature

①Thediameterofnervefiber③ThemannerinwhichittravelsdependsonwhethertheneuronismyelinatedorunmyelinatedNervefiberclassificationaccordingto:

SpeedofconductionIfaxonsareconstrictedbyatightexternalringor"bottleneck",themovementofaxoplasmdowntheaxoncausesabulgetodevelopproximaltotheconstriction.Distally,theaxonbecomesnarrowerbecauseofareductionoftheaxoplasmicflow.Thus,thereisanaxoplasmicflowalongaxonsawayfromtheperikaryonandaxoplasmicflowissomehowinvolvedwithneurotrophiceffects.

3)AxoplasmicflowFasttransportAnterogradetransportSlowtransport410mm/d1-12mm/dorganelleswithmembrane

neurotransmittersmitochondriaandenzymesmicrotubuleandmicrofilamentRetrogradetransportNGF,virusandtoxinetc.byendocytosis205mm/d4)TrophicactionofnerveFunctionalaction

Trophicaction5)NeurotrophinNeurotrophicfactorssecretedbytheirtargettissues

andastroglia.Neurotrophinsareafamilyofproteinsthatinducethesurvival,development,andfunctionofneuronsNervegrowthfactor(NGF)Brain-derivedneurotrophinfactor(BDNF)Neurotrophin3,4/5,6Ciliaryneurotrophinfactor(CNTF)Glialcell-derivedneurotrophinfactor(GDNF)Insulin-likegrowthfactorⅠ(IGF-Ⅰ)Platelet-derivedgrowthfactor(PDGF)(2)Neuroglia

PNSSchwannCells

SatelliteCells

CNSAstrocyte

Oligodendroglia

Microglia

ClassificationInCNS:InPNS:SchwanncellsformthemyelinsheathinthePNS

Satellitecells:Support,protection,regulationofmolecularexchange①About1~5×1012neurogliacells,10~50foldofneurons;②Dendritesandaxonscannotbedistinguishedclearly;③Nochemicalsynapsesformedbuthaveelectricalsynapses;④Noactionpotentialproduced;⑤Multipleneurotransmitterreceptorsincellmembrane；⑥Lifelongproliferation.1)Characteristicsofneuroglia:①

Directionalguidanceofneuronalmigration2)Functionsofneuroglia②

Supporttheneurons③Myelinateandinsulateaxons④Nutritionalfunction⑤

Metabolicfunction⑥MaintainingK+balance⑦Involvedinmetabolismofneurotransmitters2.SynaptictransmissionCamilloGolgi

SantiagoRamónyCajal

TheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine1906Howneuronsareconnected?SynapsesNumber:1014-1015Synaptictransmission:communicationbetweenneuronsCharlesScottSherrington(1857-1952)

&theDiscoveryoftheSynapse

OttoLoewi,chemicaltransmitter.FromKristinHarrisLectures./lab/harris/lectures.htmChemicalElectrical(1)TypesofsynapsesChemicalsynapseElectricalsynapseDirectedsynapseNon-directedsynapseChemicalsynapsesNerve-skeletalmusclejointNerve-smoothmusclejoint

Nerve-myocardialjointTwoprincipalkindsofsynapses:electricalandchemical1)ChemicalsynaptictransmissionElectronmicroscopepictureofasynapse2)ClassificationofsynapsesCoexistenceofelectricalsynapseandchemicalsynapseSynapticvesiclescontainingneurotransmittermoleculesAxonofpresynapticneuronSynapticcleftIonchannel(closed)Ionchannel(open)AxonterminalofpresynapticneuronPostsynapticmembraneMitochondrionIonchannelclosedIonchannelopenNeurotransmitterReceptorPostsynapticmembraneDegradedneurotransmitterNa+Ca2+12345Actionpotential3)ProcessoftypicalsynaptictransmissionThepresynapticneuronexperiencesanactionpotential.PresenceoftheactionpotentialattheterminalbuttonpermitsCa2+toentertheneuronviavoltage-gatedcalciumchannels.Calciumtriggersthereleaseofneurotransmitterfromsynapticvesicles.Neurotransmittercrossesthesynapticcleftandopensionchannelsinthepost-synapticneuron.ProcessofTypicalSynapticTransmission突触囊泡蛋白4)Thefactorsregulatingsynaptictransmission①Pre-synapticCa2+↑、Mg2+↓②Removalofneurotransmitters③Mustberemovedfromitsreceptor5)PostsynapticPotentialsExcitatorypostsynapticpotential(EPSP)Inhibitorypostsynapticpotential(IPSP)FastEPSPSlowEPSP①EPSP②IPSP

兴奋性突触后电位和抑制性突触后电位比较

特点：①突触前膜释放递质是Ca2+内流引发的；②递质是以囊泡的形式以出胞作用的方式释放出来的；③EPSP和IPSP都是局部电位，而不是动作电位；④EPSP和IPSP都是突触后膜离子通透性变化所致，与突触前膜无关。

AnexampleofEPSPsandIPSPsinteractwithinamammalreflexbehavior6)Generationofactionpotentialinpostsynapticcell

Synapticplasticityistheabilityofsynapsetochangeinstrengthinresponsetoeitheruseordisuseoftransmissionoversynapticpathways.Plasticchangealsoresultsfromthealterationofthenumberofreceptorslocatedonasynapse

7)SynapticplasticityI.Pre-synapticshort-termmodulation(minutes)Post-tetanicpotentiation(PTP)HabituationSensitazationII.Post-synapticlong-termplasticity(30minutestoyears)

Long-termpotentiation(LTP)

long-termdepression(LTD)Pre-synapticvs.Post-synaptic

PTPisacommonformofshort-termplasticitythathasgenerallybeenthoughttobepresynaptic.

Afteratetanus(ahighfrequencytrainofstimulations)thereisahighlevelofresidualCa2+inthepresynapticcell,temporarilyincreasingthereleaseprobability.

①PTPPost-TetanicPotentiationPTPbelievedtobecausedbyalargeaccumulationofCa2+intheterminalcausedbyahighfrequencytetanicstimulation.非伤害性刺激②HabituationHabituationreferstodecreasesinresponsesbyrepeatedpresentationofaknownstimulus/physiology/Mann/mann19.html弱伤害性刺激弱伤害性刺激强伤害性刺激③SensitizationSensitizationreferstoincreasedresponsesbyrepeatedpresentationofaknownstimulus

LTPisalong-lastingenhancementinsignaltransmissionbetweentwoneuronsthatresultsfromstimulatingthemsynchronously.

④LTPEricR.KandelTimBlissAplysia(海兔)RecordingofLTPinaHippocampalSliceStimulationfrequenciesthatproduceLTPusuallyrangefrom~50to200Hz.ThemolecularmechanismsofLTPThemechanismsresponsibleforprolongedstrengtheningofsynaptictransmissionduringLTPRecordingofLTDintheHippocampusStimulationfrequenciesusuallyrangefrom1to10HzLTD(2)Non-directedsynaptictransmission(1)不存在突触前膜与后膜的特化结构；(2)不存在一对一的支配关系；(3)曲张体与效应器间距离大；递质扩散距离较远，传递所需时间可大于1s；(4)释放的递质能否产生效应，取决于效应器上有无相应的受体。非定向突触传递(3)ElectricsynapseCharacterics：①Nopre-membrane

andpost-membrane②Theyallowimpulsetransmissionineitherdirection

③Nosynapticdelay

④Theyexistbetweendendriteanddendrite,somaandsoma,etc.

Chemicalsthatactasmessengersbetweencellsinthebrainandnervoussystem;theytransmitimpulsesacrossthegapfromaneurontoanotherneuron,amuscle,oragland.

2.NeurotransmitterandReceptor(1)Neurotransmitter1)Criteriathatdefineaneurotransmitter:i)Synthesizedinthepresynapticcell;ii)Mustbepresentatpresynapticterminal;iii)Specificreceptorsmustbepresent;iiii)Inactivatedbysomeenzymeorotherways;iiiii)Specialagonistandantagonist.2)Neuromodulator(神经调质)

Aneuromodulatorisasubstanceotherthananeurotransmitter,releasedbyaneuronatasynapse;Theneuromodulatorhasthecapacitytoenhanceordecreasetheextentofreleaseoftheneurotransmitterfollowingactionpotential.Classificationofneurotransmitterandneuromodulator

Classification胆碱类

Acetylcholine单胺类

Norepinephrine(NE),Epinephrine(Adrenaline),Dopamine,Serotonin(5-HT),Histamine氨基酸类

Glutamate,Aspartate,Glycine,GABA肽类

Hypothalamicregulatorypeptide,Vasopressin,Oxytocin嘌呤类

Adenosine,ATP气体

NO、CO脂类

ArachidonicAcid

Daleprinciple:Theprinciplebasicallystatesthataneuronperformsthesamechemicalactionatallofitssynapticconnectionstoothercells,regardlessoftheidentityofthetargetcell.3)NeurotransmittercoexistenceUntilrecently,manyneuroscientistswereskepticaloftheideathatclassicalneurotransmitterscouldbeco-releasedfromneurons.NEandNPYareco-releasedfromtheneuronscontrollingsalivaryglandssecretion4)Metabolismofneurotransmitter

(2)Receptor

Amoleculeinsideoronthesurfaceofacellthatbindstoaspecificsubstanceandcausesaspecificphysiologiceffectinthecell.Characteristics:SpecificitySaturationReversibilityCompetiveChannel-linkedreceptorsG-protein-coupledreceptors1)Typesofreceptors：2)Presynapticreceptor:Upregulation：递质↓→数量↑，亲和力↑Downregulation：递质↑→数量↓，亲和力↓3)RegulationofreceptorPeripheralneurotransmitter

(3)PrimaryneurotransmittersandreceptorsN1N1交感神经副交感神经躯体运动神经AChAChACh

AChNE骨骼肌血管、汗腺

M1-5

N1①胆碱能纤维④少数节后纤维①胆碱能纤维②胆碱能纤维③大多数节后纤维

M1-5AChN2Peripheralacetylcholinefiber:肽类或嘌呤类CentralneurotransmittersAcetylcholinepathwaysinCNS1）AChAcetylcholinereceptor

神经节突触后膜神经肌肉接头后膜Receptor

Distribution

Blocking

M1-5交感节后纤维支配的效应器细胞膜上N1N2N阿托品六烃季铵箭毒十烃季铵Nicotinicreceptor(烟碱受体)Muscarinic(毒蕈碱受体)Noradrenergicpathways2)Norepinephrine(去甲肾上腺素)andEpinephrine(肾上腺素)ReceptorDistributionContributionBlockingαα1大多数内脏平滑肌、腺体平滑肌收缩、腺体分泌增加Phentolamine、Prazosinα2突触前膜、小肠平滑肌小肠平滑肌舒张Yohimbineββ1心肌心肌兴奋增加Propranolol、Atenololβ2平滑肌（血管、小肠、支气管）平滑肌舒张Butoxamineβ3脂肪细胞脂肪分解增加PropranololEpinephrinereceptorDopaminepathways3)Dopamine(多巴胺)andreceptorSerotonergicpathways4）Serotonin(5-羟色胺)

glutamate(Glu)

Excitatoryaspartate(ASP)

γ-aminobutyricacid(GABA)

Inhibitoryglycine(Gly)5)Aminoacidsandreceptor①Channel-linkedreceptorsNMDA,AMPA,KA②MetabotropicreceptorsBelongtoG-protein-coupledreceptorsKindsofGlureceptor:Glutamatepathways6)NeuropeptidesInclude:SubstanceP–mediatorofpainsignalsBetaendorphin(β-内啡肽),dynorphin(强啡肽),andenkephalins(内啡肽)Actasnaturalopiates;reducepainperceptionBindtothesamereceptorsasopiatesandmorphineGut-brainpeptides–somatostatin,andcholecystokinin7)NovelmessengersATPFoundinboththeCNSandPNSProducesexcitatoryorinhibitoryresponsesdependingonreceptortypeInducesCa2+wavepropagationinastrocytesProvokespainsensationNitricoxide(NO)ActivatestheintracellularreceptorguanylylcyclaseIsinvolvedinlearningandmemoryCarbonmonoxide(CO)isamainregulatorofcGMPinthebrain(1)Classificationofreflex3.BasiclawofreflexUnconditionedreflex

Conditionedreflex(2)ThecentralcontrollingofreflexReceptorAfferentnerveCNSEfferentnerveEffectorReflexarcMonosynapticreflexPolysynapticreflex(3)Centralneuronalcircuitsingletprinciple(单线式)

divergenceprinciple(辐散式)

convergenceprinciple(聚合式)

circuit-likeconnection(环路式)

chain-likeconnection(链锁式)

1.Onewayconduction

2.Synapticdelay(0.3-0.5ms)3.Summation4.Changeinrhythmofexcitation5.Susceptibilitytoasphyxia,ischemia,anddrugs6.

Fatigue(4)Characteristicsofcentralexcitationtransmission(5)Centralinhibition

Itcanbedividedintothepostsynapticinhibitionandpresynapticinhibitionaccordingtothelocation.

1)Postsynapticinhibition

Afferentcollateralinhibition:Thebranchesofaxonsynapsetheinhibitoryinterneuron,whichconnectwithotherexcitatoryneurons.

Recurrentinhibition:Theinhibitoryinterneuronisconnectedinsuchawaythattheyactbackontheexcitedcellitself.ItisveryimportantforcoordinatingreflexactivityRecurrentinhibition2)PresynapticinhibitionInpresynapticinhibition,thereisnochangeinthepostsynapsticmembrane,butareductioninthereleaseoftransmitteratthepresynapticterminaloftheexcitatorysynapses.Presynapticinhibitionisinducedbyanactivationofaxo-axonicsynapse(combinedwithaxo-somaticsynapse).(6)CentralfacilitationPresynapticfacilitation1.SomatosensoryanalysisofthecentralnervoussystemSection2SensoryFunctionoftheNervousSystem1)Afferentfiberstothalamus(1)SensorypathwayHemisectedspinalcordinjury2)Nucleigroupsinthalamus

Lateralventralposteriornucleus

MedialventralposteriornucleusMedialgeniculatebody

Lateralgeniculatebody①SpecificsensoryrelaynucleiPapezCircuit

Anteriornucleiofthalamus②Associatednuclei

Nucleuslateralis

Pulvinar

Nucleiintralaminares③Non-specificprojectionnuclei3)Sensoryprojectionsystem

Fromthespecificsensorynucleiandassociatednuclei

Projectingtothespecificareasofcortex(pointtopoint)Inducingthespecificsensory①Specificprojectionsystem②Non-specificprojectionsystem

Fromnon-specificprojectionnucleiProjectingdiffuselytothecortexMultisynapsesMaintainingtheawarenessstate丘脑两类投射系统的比较特异性投射系统非特异性投射系统有三级神经元接替完成，最终投射到大脑皮层的特定区域各种感觉传导通路的第二级神经元纤维通过脑干时，发出侧支与脑干网状结构内神经元发生联系，并在网状结构内反复换元上行，抵达丘脑的髓板内侧核，然后弥散投射到大脑的广泛区域上行纤维进入大脑主要与第IV层神经元形成突触联系上行纤维进入大脑后分散在各层与皮层神经元的树突形成突触联系形成特定感觉维持与改变大脑皮层的兴奋状态不易受药物作用的影响易受药物的作用的影响Somaticrepresentations-SomaticsensoryareaI-SomaticsensoryareaIIProprioceptiverepresentations

(2)SensoryareasofcerebralcortexTheareaswhichreceivebodysensorymessagefromspecificprojectionsystem(ventralposteriornucleus)1)Somaticsensoryarea

①SomatosensoryareaI

(SI)

--Brodmann'sareas(BA)3a,3b,1,and2

CrossingprojectionforSomaticsensory,butbilateralprojectionforhead-facialsensationThesizeisdirectlyproportionaltosensoryresolution

Arrangementofprojectionisupside-down,butupside-upinhead-facialsensoryprojectionLocalizationofvarioussensationswithinSI肌肉牵张慢适应快适应深感觉SensorycolumnPlasticityinsensorycortexPlasticityistheideathattheenvironmentalexperiencecanalterthetuningandorganizationofcorticalareas.

Monkeystrainedtodoataskthatinvolvesextensiveuseofaparticularfingertipwillhavelargercorticalareasdevotedtothatfingertipthreemonthsafterlearningthetask②SomatosensoryareaII(SII)–betweenprecentralgyrusandinsula,intherostralpartofBA40SomatosensorycortexSIPostcentralgyrusHighdegreeoflocalization(BA3,1,2)Extensiveandmorestudied-moreimportantSIIPoorlocalizationLessstudiedRemovalofSIIhasnoapparenteffectonsensationLocation:BA4

2)Proprioceptive/Sensorimotorarea

Receivingafferentfibersfromcerebellumandbasalganglia

(3)PainFastPain

SlowPainquick,sharpslowlocalizedpoorlylocalizedfollowedbyadull,intense,unpleasedfeelingfollowedbynausea,vomiting,andcardiovascularandrespiratorychangestransmittedbyAδfiberstransmittedbyCfibersProjecttoSI,SIIProjecttocingulatecortex2.Visceralsensoryarea

(1)AfferentpathwayandcorticalareasCellbodylocation:Sympathetic:T1-L3Parasympathic:S2-4III,VII,IX,andXVisceralcortex:

①SⅠ②SII③Supplementarymotorarea④Cingulategyrusandinsularcortex(2)VisceralsensationPoorlylocalizedSlowandlong-lastingSensitivetomechanicalstretch,ischemia,andinflammationEspeciallyelicitingunpleasantemotionandcardiovascularandrespiratorychangesPropertiesofvisceralpain:ReferredpainMechanism:convergingandfacilitateddoctrine(1)Vision3.SpecialsensationanalysisofthecentralnervoussystemOrientationcolumn(2)Auditorysensation(3)OtherSensoryareasincerebralcortexSmellcortex–inferiorpartofthelimbicsystemTastecortex–belowthehead-facialcorticalrepresentationwhichlocatesinpostcentralgyrusSection3Cerebralcontrolofmotorfunctionandposture1.Finalcommonpathwayofmotorcontrol(1)MotorneuroninthespinalcordFinalcommonpathway(2)Motorunit

Amotorunitconsistsofasingleα-motorneuronandthegroupofmusclefiberswhichitinnervates.

2.CentralnervoussystemcontrolofpostureUnderthetransection:i)Thetoneofskeletalmuscleinnervatedandspinalrelaxesbelowthelesionisdecreasedordisappeared.ii)BPdropsdown,peripheralbloodvesselsaredilated.iii)Sweatingreflexissuppressed.iv)Fecesisdetainedinrectumandurineinbladder.

v)Somereflexesacquiredagain.

Whenthespinalcordissuddenlytransectedintheupperneck,essentiallyallcordfunctions,includingthecordreflexes,immediatelybecomedepressedtothepointoftotalsilence.1)Spinalshock

(1)ThefunctionofspinalcordPosturalreflex:①Crossedextensorreflexandflexorreflex(2)Spinalcontrolofposture

②Stretchreflex

③Intersegmentalreflex①CrossedextensorreflexFlexorreflex

Ifthestimulussufficientlystrong,flexionofipsilaterallimbandextensionofthecontra-laterallimbwhichservestosupportthebodyweightandmaintainthebodybalance.Definition:Wheneveraskeletalmuscleisstretchedsuddenly,excitationofthespindlecausesreflexcontractionofthelargeskeletalmusclefibersofthesamemuscle.

②Stretchreflex

Tendonreflex

Shortlastingandrelativelyintense,strongreflexcontraction.(singlesynapticreflex).Muscletonus

Lessintensebutlastslonger,maintainthebodyposture.(polysynapticreflex)Musclespindle

GolgiTendonOrgansandinversestretchreflex

牵张反射和反牵张反射比较感受器感受器位置感受变化传入神经兴奋阈值兴奋后的效应肌梭梭外肌中间肌肉长度Ia、II一般牵拉同一块肌肉收缩对抗牵拉腱器官梭外肌肌腱中肌张力Ib过度牵拉同一块肌肉舒张,避免牵拉过度③Intersegmentalreflex(2)Brainstemcontrolofmotorfunction1)Brainstem

controlof

muscletonusDecerebraterigidityMidbrainattheinter-collicularlevelistransected.Extensor

stretchreflexesbecomehyperactiveandhyper-tonicofallextensormusclesappears,whichmakesthelimbsrigidlyextended,thebackstiffandstraightandtheheadheldupandslightlybackward..DecorticaterigidityDecerebraterigidityMechanismsinvolvedindecerebraterigidityα-rigidityandγ-rigidity2)Brainstemcontrolofposturalreflex①Attitudinalreflex:ToniclabyrinthinereflexTonicneckreflexTonicneckreflex②Rightingreflex3.Cerebralcontrolofmotorfunction随意运动的产生和协调(1)Motorareasofcerebralcortexandmotorpathway1)MotorareasofcerebralcortexSupplementarymotorareaPrimarymotorarea[pre-centralgyrus(BA4)andpre-motorarea(BA6)]Crossedinnervation,butbilateralinnervationtohead-facialmuscles(exceptforinferiorfacialandlingualismuscles).Preciselocationforfunction.Upside-downarrangementatcorticalmotorarea,upside-upforface.Functionalcharacteristics:2)MotorpathwayCorticospinaltractsCorticobulbartract

Flaccidparalysis

随意运动丧失并伴有牵张反射减退或消失（损伤延髓锥体）

Spasticparalysis随意运动丧失伴有牵张反射亢进Babinskisign见于皮层脊髓束损伤、婴儿、深睡或麻醉状态意义：检查皮层脊髓侧束功能是否正常柔软性麻痹和痉挛性麻痹的区别痉挛性麻痹柔软性麻痹瘫痪性质硬瘫、痉挛性瘫、中枢性瘫软瘫、萎缩性瘫、周围性瘫损害部位姿势调节系统、运动传出通路、小脑运动调节系统脊髓前角运动神经元或运动神经元麻痹范围常为广泛的常为局限的肌紧张张力过强张力减退、松弛腱反射增强减弱或消失浅反射减弱或消失减弱或消失病理反射巴宾斯基征阳性无肌萎缩不明显明显(2)Motor-modulationfunctionofbasalganglia

Caudatenucleusputamenglobuspallidus---paleostriatum

SubthalamicnucleusSubstantianigraNeostriatumLentiformnucleu

Fiberconnectionbetweenbasalganglionsandcerebralcortex2)Twodiseasesassociatedwithbasalganglion①Parkinsondisease②HuntingtondiseaseGABA↓(3)Cerebellumcontrolofmotor后外侧裂1)Vestibulocerebellum/FlocculonodularlobeItistheoldestpartinevolutionaryterms(archicerebellum)andparticipatesmainlyinbalanceandspatialorientation前庭小脑的纤维联系

前庭神经核小脑下脚绒球小结叶内侧纵束眼外肌运动神经元前庭脊髓束躯干肌运动神经元2)Spinocerebellum

/Paleocerebellum

Thissectorofthecerebellumfunctionsmainlytofine-tunebodyandlimbmovements.脊髓小脑的纤维联系和功能脊髓小脑束小脑下脚小脑蚓顶核中间核小脑半球皮质对侧红核红核脊髓束丘脑腹外侧核皮质脊髓侧束前庭神经核脑干网状结构前庭脊髓束网状脊髓束本体感受器视觉、听觉

3)Cerebrocerebellum

/Neocerebellum

Itisthoughttobeinvolvedinplanningmovementthatisabouttooccur,inevaluatingsensoryinformationforaction,andinanumberofpurelycognitivefunctionsaswell.大脑小脑的纤维联系和功能大脑皮质广泛区域桥核小脑半球外侧部皮质齿状核红核丘脑腹外侧核大脑皮质运动区皮质脊髓侧束红核脊髓束ExtrapyramidalsystempathwaySection4

NervousSystemcontrolofvisceralactivities,instinctivebehaviorandmood1.AutonomicnervoussystemPympatheticnerveParasympatheticnerve(1)Structural

characteristics还有肾也是只受交感神经支配！！！自主神经系统神经末梢的化学传递1)Sympatheticandparasympathetic“tone”:Thetwosystemarecontinuallyactive2)Dualinnervation:Mostofthevisceralorgansreceivebothsympatheticandparasympatheticinnervations.但汗腺、肾上腺髓质、肾脏、皮肤及肌肉的血管平滑肌仅接受交感神经支配。

3)Thefunctionsofsympatheticandparasympatheticsystemaresometimesassociatedwiththestatusofeffectors.

(2)PrimaryfunctionofAutonomicNSSympatheticNervousSystem:“FightorFlight”ParasympatheticNervousSystem:“RestandDigest”4)Regulationtothephysiologicalfunctionsofthewholebody

Simplereflexesareintegratedhere.e.g.defecationandmicturation,sweating,angiotasis(血管张力反射),

penileerectilereflection(阴茎勃起反射).2.Centralcontroltovisceralaction(1)SpinalcordItisthebasiccenterofvisceralaction.Medullaoblongataisthevitalcenter

ImportantregulationonBP,HR,andrespirationoccurinmedullaoblongata.

(2)Lowerbrainstem

Pupillarylightreflexispracticedwiththeactionofmidbrain(3)Hypothalamus

Hypothalamusisahighercenterforthefunctionalintegrationofvisceralandsomaticresponses.Component：FiberconnectionwithotherbrainregionsA.Regulationofbodytemperature–thepreopticareaandanteriorhypothalamus(PO/AH)Theprimaryfunctionsofhypothalamus:B.Regulationofwaterbalance–osmoreceptorADH.C.RegulationoffoodintakeSatietycenter:

VentromedialnucleusFeedingcenter:VentrolateralnucleusandAmygdalaD.Biorhythm–suprachiasmaticnucleus(4)Cerebralcortexcontrolofvisceralactivities1)LimbicsystemAmygdaloidbodyHippocamp