SAT真题汇编：201712亚太及答案

December2017International/AsiaTheSATQuestion-and-AnswerServiceUsethiswithyourQASStudentGuideandpersonalizedQASReport.What’sinside:-Testquestions-TheEssaypromptsadministeredonyourtestdayCollegeBoardNOTFORREPRODUCTIONORRESALEDecemberQAS12/2/20171CONTINUEPAGE1CONTINUEPAGE1CONTINUEPAGE10CONTINUEPAGE10117rAsia/InternationalSAT1PleaseaddwechatkangkanglaoshiforPleaseaddwechatkangkanglaoshiforanswersandvideolectureofthistest.DIRECTIONSEachpassageorpairofpassagesbelowisfollowedbyanumberofquestions.Afterreadingeachpassageorpair,choosethebestanswertoeachquestionbasedonwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassageorpassagesandinanyaccompanyinggraphics(suchasatableorgraph).Questions1-10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ThispassageisadaptedfromIsabelAllende,Maya'sNotebook.©2013byIsabelAllende.ThenarratorisateenageNidiaandPaul(whomshecallsNiniandPopl).NidiaVidalstayedinTorontoforacoupleofyears,countingthedaysandthehours,untilshemetPaulDitsonII,myPopo,aprofessorattheUniversityofCaliforniainBerkeley,whohadgoneto5Torontotogiveaseriesoflecturesaboutanhewastryingtoprovebywayofpoeticcalculationsandleapsoftheimagination.MyPopowasoneofthefewAfricanAmericansintheoverwhelminglywhiteprofession10ofastronomy,aneminenceinhisfieldandtheauthorofseveralbooks.Asayoungmanhe’dspentayearatLakeTurkana,inKenya,studyingtheancientmegalithsoftheregion.Hedevelopedatheory,basedonarcheologicaldiscoveries,thatthosebasalt15columnswereastronomicalobservatoriesandhadbeenusedthreehundredyearsbeforetheChristianeratodeterminetheBoranalunarcalendar,whichisstillinuseamongshepherdsinEthiopiaandKenya.InAfricahelearnedtoobservetheskywithout20prejudiceandthat’showhebegantosuspecttheexistenceoftheinvisibleplanet,forwhichhelatersearchedtheskyinvainwiththemostpowerfultelescopes.

TheUniversityofTorontoputhimupinasuite25forvisitingacademicsandhiredacarforhimthroughanagency,whichishowNidiaVidalendedupescortinghimduringhisstay.WhenhefoundoutthathisdriverwasChilean,hetoldherhe’dbeenatLaSillaobservatory,inChile.Hesaidthatinthe30southernhemisphereyoucanseeconstellationsandgalaxiesunknowninthenorth,liketheSmallMagellanicCloudandtheLargeMagellanicCloud.andthatinsomepartsofthecountry,thenightsaresoclearandtheclimatesoverydrythatconditions35forscrutinizingthefirmamentareideal.That’showtheydiscoveredthatgalaxiesclustertogetherindesignsthatresemblespiderwebs.Byoneofthosecoincidencesthatnormallyhappenonlyinnovels,hisvisittoChileendedonthe40verysamedayin1974thatsheleftwithhersonforCanada.Ioftenwonderifmaybetheywereintheairportatthesametimewaitingfortheirrespectiveflights,butnotmeeting.Accordingtothemthiswouldhavebeenimpossible,becausehewouldhave45noticedsuchabeautifulwomanandshewouldhaveseenhimtoo--aBlackmanstoodoutinChilebackthen,especiallyoneastallandhandsomeasmyPopo.Asinglemorningdrivingherpassengeraround50TorontowasenoughforNidiatorealizethathepossessedthatrarecombinationofabrilliantmindwiththeimaginationofadreamer,butentirelylackedanycommonsense,somethingshewasproud11111111tohaveinabundanceherself.MyNinicouldnever55explaintomehowshe’dreachedthatconclusionfrombehindthesteeringwheelofacarwhilenavigatingherwaythroughthetraffic,butthefactis,astronomerwaslivingalifeaslostastheplanethewassearchingtheskyfor;60hecouldcalculateinlessthantheblinkofaneyehowlongitwouldtakeaspaceshiptoarriveatthemoonifitwastravelingat28,286kilometersperhour,butheremainedperplexedbyanelectriccoffeemaker.Shehadnotfelttheelusiveflutterofloveforyears,65andthisman,verydifferentfromallthoseshe’dmetinherthirty-threeyears,intriguedandattractedher.boldnessintraffic,alsofeltcuriosityaboutthewomanhiddeninsideauniformthatwastoobigforherandwearing70abearhunter’scap.Hewasnotamantogiveineasilytosentimentalimpulses,andiftheideaofseducingherbrieflycrossedhismind,heitasawkward.MyNiniontheotherhand,whohadnothingtolose,decidedto75collartheastronomerbeforehefinishedhislectures.Shelikedhismahoganycolorandsensedthatthetwoofthemhadalotincommon:hehadastronomyandsheastrology,whichsheconsideredtobepracticallythesamething.Shethoughtthey’dbothcomefroma80longwayawaytomeetatthisspotonearthandintheirdestinies,itwaswritteninthestars.

22Thephrases“poeticcalculations”and“leapsofthethatPaul'sgoalregardingaplanetisaningeniousundertakingthatwilltransformtheafancifulquestthatmayormaynotbefulfilled.animaginativesolutiontoaproblemthathaslongvexedastronomers.aromanticpursuitthatrevealsPaul'slongingforthepast.33ThenarratorimpliesthatotherastronomersviewedPaulassomeonewhosacrificedhispersonallifeinordertofurtherhisownresearch.servedasanimportantrolemodelforhisownstudents.becauseofhisconsiderableprofessionalaccomplishments.challengedtheestablishedtheoriesofmoresuccessfulscientists.11“elusive”asusedinlines6and64?PaulandNidiahavehadsimilarexperiencesintheirprofessionallives.ItemphasizesPaulandNidia'sbeliefthatthemostimportantgoalsinlifearethemostdifficulttoachieve.ItsuggestsapossibleparallelbetweenPaul'sgoalandNidia'sexperienceswithromance.ItreinforcesthedifficultiesofreconcilingPaul'sPersonaldesires.Ifyouneedanswersofthistest,pleasecontactwechatkangkanglaoshi

4Basedonthepassage,whichstatementbestexpressesPaul'stheoryabouttheancientmegalithsofKenya?4religiousritualsthatpredatedtheChristianera.Theyallowedastronomerstoobservesubtlechangesinconstellationsovertheyears.EthiopianandKvidingasystemofdelineatingtime.CONTINUEPAGE11CONTINUEPAGE11CONTINUEPAGE4CONTINUEPAGE45 858PaulwasenthusiasticaboutChilebecauseofitsthatprovidedevidenceofanancientreligionstradition.powerfultelescopesthatwereavailabletovisitingastronomers.optimalcircumstancesforeffectiveastronomicalobservation.whohaddiscoveredmanynewgalaxies.

WhichstatementaboutPaul'sparticularlivingabilitiescanmostreasonablybeinferredfrompassage?Pauliscreativebutoftenillogicalinlivingprocesses.Paulhaslittleaptitudeforconfrontinglifechallenges.Paulisadeptatcomprehendingtheforlanguageofpoetry.astronomy.9966Thenarratorviewsthecircumstancesunderwhichhergrandparentscouldhavefirstmetas.containingelementsthataredifficulttoimagineoccurringinreallife.reinforcingtheideathatromanticrelationshipsdevelopovertime.instructiveforthosewhoplacetoomuchvalueonappearances.obscuredbyrepeatedaccountsovertheyears.77Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines2427(“TheUniversity...stay”)Lines38-41(“Byone...Canada”)...Popo”)...herself”)

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidenceinanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines29-35(“Hesaid...ideal”)Lines33-37(“That's...spiderwebs”)Lines58-63(“Theastronomer...coffeemaker”)Lines67-70(“MyPopo...cap”)1010ThenarratorimpliesthatcomparedwithPaul,Nidiaiswiserandmorephilosophical.moreintelligentandinnovative.quieterandmorereflective.Questions12-20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ThispassageisadaptedfromJohnRuskin.TheStoneofin1853.RuskingrewupduringtheIndustrialRevolution,when,forthefirsttime,largenumbersofEnglishlaborersbegantoworkinfactories.Youmusteithermakeatoolofthecreature,oramanofhim.Youcannotmakeboth.Menwerenotintendedtoworkwiththeaccuracyoftools,tobepreciseandperfectinalltheiractions.Ifyouwill5havethatprecisionoutofthem,andmaketheirfingersmeasuredegreeslikecog-wheels,andtheirarmsstrikecurveslikecompasses,youmustunhumanizethem.Alltheenergyoftheirspiritsmustbegiventomakecogsandcompassesof10themselves.Wehavemuchstudiedandmuchperfected,oflate,thegreatcivilizedinventionofthedivisionoflabour;onlywegiveitafalsename.Itisnot,trulyspeaking,thelabourthatisdivided;butthemen:15--Dividedintomeresegmentsofmen-brokenintosmallfragmentsandcrumbsoflife;sothatallthelittlepieceofintelligencethatisleftinamanisnotenoughtomakeapin,oranail,butexhaustsitselfinmakingthepointofapinortheheadofanail.20Nowitisagoodanddesirablething,truly,tomakemanypinsinaday;butifwecouldonlyseewithwhatcrystalsandtheirpointswerepolished,-sandofhumansoul,muchtobemagnifiedbeforeitcanbediscernedforwhatitis-weshouldthinkthere25mightbesomelossinitalso.Andthegreatcrythatrisesfromallourmanufacturingcities,louderthantheirfurnaceblast,isallinverydeedforthis,--thatwemanufactureeverythingthereexceptmen;weblanchcotton,andstrengthensteel,andrefinesugar,30andshapepottery;buttobrighten,tostrengthen,torefine,ortoformasinglelivingspirit,neverentersintoourestimateofadvantages.Andalltheeviltowhichthatcryisurgingourmyriadscanbemetonlyinoneway:notbyteachingnorpreaching,forto35teachthemisbuttoshowthemtheirmisery,andtopreachtothem,ifwedonothingmorethanpreach,istomockatit.Itcanbemetonlybyarightunderstanding,onthepartofallclasses,ofwhatkindsoflabouraregoodformen,raisingthem,and40makingthemhappy;byadeterminedsacrificeof

suchconvenience,orbeauty,orcheapnessasistobegotonlybythedegradationoftheworkman;andbyequallydetermineddemandfortheproductsandresultsofhealthyandennoblinglabour.45Andhow,itwillbeasked,aretheseproductstoberecognized,andthisdemandtoberegulated?Easily:bytheobservanceofthreebroadandsimplerules:Neverencouragethemanufactureofanyarticlenotabsolutelynecessary,intheproductionofwhich50Inventionhasnoshare.Neverdemandanexactfinishforitsownsake,butonlyforsomepracticalornobleend.Neverencourageimitationorcopyingofanykind,exceptforthesakeofpreservingrecordsofgreat55works.Glassbeadsareutterlyunnecessary,andthereisnodesignorthoughtemployedintheirmanufacture.Theyareformedbyfirstdrawingouttheglassintorods;theserodsarechoppedupinto60fragmentsofthesizeofbeadsbythehumanhand,andthefragmentsarethenroundedinthefurnace.Themenwhochopuptherodssitattheirworkallday,theirhandsvibratingwithaperpetualandexquisitelytimedpalsy,andthebeadsdropping65beneaththeirvibrationlikehail.Neitherthey,northemenwhodrawouttherodsorfusethefragments,havethesmallestoccasionfortheuseofanysinglehumanfaculty;andeveryyounglady,therefore,whobuysglassbeadsisengagedinthe70slave-trade,andinamuchmorecruelonethanthatwhichwehavesolongbeenendeavouringtoputdown.Butglasscupsandvesselsmaybecomethesubjectofexquisiteinvention;andifinbuyingthesewepay75fortheinvention,thatistosay,forthebeautifulform,orcolour,orengraving,andnotformerefinishofexecution,wearedoinggoodtohumanity.1111Inthepassage,Ruskinclaimsthatindustriallaborondangerousprocesses.servesnousefulpurpose.12 151215Themainpurposeofthecomparisonsinlines5-7(“passes”)istoemphasizetheartistryofparticularmechanicalprocesses.showhowcertaintasksturnhumanbeingsintomachines.pointoutthesimilaritiesbetweenhumanworkandmechanicalwork.underscoretheneedforprecisionintoolmaking.1313Ruskinsuggeststhatfactoryworkistoofocusedonlimitedandtedioustasks.onderivativeandclumsytechniques.influencedbymonetarygain.undervaluedbyordinaryindividuals.

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines2-4(“Men...actions”)Lines30-32(“butto...advantages”)Lines37-40(“It...happy”)1616Inhisdiscussionof“ourmanufacturingcities”(line26),Ruskinarguesthatworkerswouldbehealthierifmanufacturingtookplaceoutsideofcities.improvementsinworkingconditions.moreattentionshouldbegiventothemanufactureofhouseholditems.societyshouldnotvalueproductsoverpeople.1414ItcanmostreasonablybeinferredfromthepassagethatRuskinwouldconcedewhichofthefollowingclaimsaboutmassproduction?Itisanefficientmeansofproducingusefulobjects.Itincreasesdemandforparticularproducts.Itispreferabletootherformsofproduction.Itencourageshonest,hardlabor.

17Asusedinline47,“broad"mostnearlymeans17large.open.general.tolerant.18 201820nearlymeansboundary.goal.terminationlimit.

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines56-58(“Glass...manufacture”)Lines59-61(“these...furnace”)Lines74-77(“and...humanity”)1919consumersshouldmakeeveryefforttopurchasebeautifulthingsthatarecreatedingreatquantities.convenientandeasytouse.artisans.Questions21-30arebasedonthefollowingpassageandsupplementarymaterial.ThispassageisadaptedfromEdYong,"MothsRememberWhatTheyLearnasCaterpillars."©2008byScienceBlogsLLC.Thetransformationfromcaterpillartobutterflyormothisoneofthemostbeguilingintheanimalworld.Bothlarvaandadultarejuststagesinthelifeofasingleanimal,butarenonethelesscompletely5separatedinappearance,habitatandbehaviour.Thechangeisinescapablybeautiful,andasentrancingtoapoetasitistoabiologist.Accordingtopopularbelief,withinthepupa,thecompletelyoverhauled,brokendownintoaformofsoupandrebuiltintoawingedadult.RichardBuckmisterFulleroncesaidthat“thereisnothinginacaterpillarthattellsyouit’sgoingtobeabutterfly.”Indeed,asthebutterflyor15mothquiteliterallyfliesoffintoanewworld,itistemptingtothinkthereisnoconnectionbetweenitsnewlifeanditsoldexistenceasaneatingmachine.Butnotso.Anewstudyhasprovidedstrongevidencethatthelarvalandadultstagesarenotas20disparateastheymightseem.Adulttobaccohookworms–aspeciesofmoth–canrememberthingsthatitlearnedasacaterpillar,whichmeansthatdespitethedramaticnatureofmetamorphosis,theyounginsect’snervoussystem25remainintactthroughtheprocess.Usingsomemildelectricshocks,KangkanglaoshiBlackistonfromGeorgetownUniversitytrainedhookwormcaterpillars(Manducasexta)toavoidthescentofasimpleorganicchemical–ethylacetate.30ThelarvaewerethenplacedinthebottomendofaY-shapedtube,withthescentofethylacetatewaftingdownonearmandfreshaircomingdowntheother.Sureenough,78%ofthetrainedcaterpillarsincheddowntheodour-freearm.35 Asthecaterpillarmoultedtheirwaythroughthelarvalstage,theiraversiontoethylacetateremained.Blackistonallowedthemtopupateandemergeasfull-grownmoths,beforetestingthemagain,aboutamonthaftertheirinitial‘electric’education.Bearin40mindthatatobaccohornwormlivesforabout30to50days,soamonthisveryclosetoitsentirelifespan.

theadultmothsalsoavoidedtheethylacetate-scentedarmoftheY-shapedtube45andthevastmajorityoftheseweretheadultversionsofthesamelarvaethathadcorrectlylearnedthethelarvaehadlearnedtoavoidthechemicalandthatmemorycarriedoverintoadulthood.50 Evenso,Blackistonwascarefultoruleoutalternativeexplanations.Forastart,ethylacetateactuallyratherreminiscentofpeardropsandwhenlarvaeareexposedtoitintheabsenceofelectricshocks,neither55theynortheadultstheybecomelearntoavoidit.Anotherpossibleexplanationhingesonthefactthatadultsemergingfromthepupausuallyexperienceasimilarmilieuofsmellstotheircaterpillarselves.Thischemicallegacycouldexplain60whyadultsandlarvaereactsimilarlytosomeodours.ButwhenBlackistonappliedethylacetategeltothepupaeofuntrainedcaterpillars,theadultsdidnotshrinkawayfromthechemical.Nordidwashingthepupaeoftrainedcaterpillars,togetridofany65lingeringtracesofethylacetate,haveanyeffect.Blackistonwasconvincedthatsomeaspectofthecaterpillar’nervoussystemwascarriedoverintoadulthood.However,healsofoundthatthisonlyhappenedifcaterpillarsaretrainedatthelast70possiblestagebeforetheypupate–the‘fifthinstar’.Anyearlier,andthememoriesdon’tstick.ThefruitflyDrosophilasuggestswhythismighthappen.Initsbrain,memoriesofsmellsarelocatedinmushroombodies,brainstructuresthatconsistof75threelobes.Thegammalobedevelopsveryearlywhilethealphaandbetalobesdevelopjustbeforethepupalstage.Blackistonthinksthatlong-lastinglarvalmemoriesarewritintothealphaandbetalobes,80whoseneuralnetworksarekeptaroundwhiletherestofthecaterpillarbreaksdown.Ifthelarvaearetooyoung,theseareashaven’tdevelopedyetandanylearnedinformationisstoredinthegammalobeandlostwhenitsconnectionsaretrimmedbackin85thepupa.Butwhybother?Afterall,theentireadvantageofmetamorphosisrestsontheverydifferentlifestylesandhabitatsofcaterpillarsandmoths,whichallowthemtoavoidcompetingwitheachother.90Nonetheless,mothsandbutterfliesmuststillreturntotherightsortofplantinordertolaytheireggsandBlackistonsuggeststhattheirlarva-hoodmemoriesmayhelpthemtodoso.

2121ThePassagemakesthemostextensiveuseofwhichtypeofevidence?StatisticalprojectionsAnecdotalobservationsFindingsfrompreviousstudiesExperimentalresults222211,“form”ponentkindmethod2323Figure1HornwormLarvaeChoosingCleanAiroverEthylAcetate-ScentedAirTreatmentFigure2HornwormMothsChoosingCleanAiroverEthylAcetate-ScentedFigure1HornwormLarvaeChoosingCleanAiroverEthylAcetate-ScentedAirTreatmentFigure2HornwormMothsChoosingCleanAiroverEthylAcetate-ScentedAirTreatmentFiguresadaptedfromKangkanglaoshiJ,Blackiston,ElenaSilvaCasey,andMetamorphosis;CanaMothRememberWhatitLearnedasaCaterpillar?”o2008byDouglasJ,Blackiston,ElenaSilvaCasey,andMarthaR,Weiss.werewellsuitedfortrainingbecauseoftheirshortlifespan.acquiredabehaviorinresponsetoanadverseassociation.couldbemonitoredmoreeasilythanotherspeciesofcaterpillars.weremoresensitivetosmellsthanothercaterpillarswouldhavebeen.2424Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines26-29(“Using..acetate”)Lines35-36(“Asthe...remained”)Lines39-42(“Bear...span”)Lines47-49(“Clearly...adulthood”)25 292529Basedonthepassage,whatcanmostreasonablybeinferredabouthornwormcaterpillarsandtheirreactiontoethylacetate?Theirstrongdislikeofethylacetateisarecentadaptation.Theirabilitytodetectethylacetateoccursonlywhentheyaretrainedduringthefifthinstar.Theiravoidanceofethylacetateisobservedmostfrequentlyamongthosethatareabouttopupate.Theirnegativeresponsetoethylacetateisnotinthewild.2626Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines51-55(“Fora..avoidit”)Lines63-65(“Nordid...effect”)Lines66-68(“Blackiston...adulthood”)Lines78-81(“Blackiston..down”)2727Asusedinline66,“aspect”mostnearlymeansappearance.nature.part.status.

Accordingtofigure2,whichstatementabouttheadulttobaccohornwormsinBlackiston'stheoryistrue?Adultsthatweretrainedwithshocksduringthethirdinstarshowedagreatpreferenceforcleanairthandidadulttrainedduringthefifthinstar.Adultsthatweretrainedonlywiththeshocksshowedgreaterpreferenceforcleanairthandidadultsthatweretrainedonlywithodor.Adultsthatweretrainedonlywithshocksandonesonlywithodorshowedaboutthesamepreferenceforcleanairasdiduntrainedones.Adultsthatweretrainedwithshocksandodorsduringthefifthinstarshowedaboutsamepreferenceforcleanairasdidadultstrainedonlywithshocks.3030Whichclaimfromthepassageismostdircetlysupportedbythedatapresentedinthefigure1and2?Mostoftheadultmothsthatchosecleanairarethosethathadaslarvaelearnedtoavoidacetate-scentedair.Structuresessentialforretentionofmetamorphosisinmothsareundevelopedbythethirdinstar.Amajorityofthemothstrainedwhithshockandodorduringthefifthinstarretainedsameassociationsfromtheirlarvalstage.E) IfyouneedanswersofthisE) Ifyouneedanswersofthistest,pleasecontact2828Thelastparagraphofthepassageservesmainlytointroduceanewlineofdiscussion.summarizethefindingsofamajorstudy.questiontheusefulnessofanexperiment.indicatewhyaparticularcapabilitymightbeuseful.Questions31-41arebasedonthefollowingpassageandsupplementarymaterial.Gorder,"Look,SomethingShiny!HowColorImagesCanInfluenceConsumers."©2015byTheOhioStateUniversity.Whenitcomestobuyingthings,ourbrainscan'tseethebig,black-and-whiteforestforallthetiny,colorfultrees.That'stheconclusionofanewstudy,whichfound5thatpeoplewhowereshownproductimagesincolorweremorelikelytofocusonsmallproductdetails--evensuperfluousones--insteadofpracticalconcernssuchascostandfunctionality.Thefindingsmeshwellwithnotionsofhow10visionevolvedinthebrain,andsuggestthatviewingobjectsinblackandwhitehelpsourbrainsfocusonwhat'smostimportant."Colorimageshelpusnoticedetails,"saidXiaoyanDeng,anauthorofthestudyandassistant15professorofmarketingatOhioState."Butblack-and-whiteimagesletusseethe'bigpicture'withoutgettingboggeddownbythosedetails."Thefindingsalsosuggesthowmarketerscanstrategicallyusecolor--oritsabsence--tochange20howwefeelaboutaproduct."Marketersmaytakeitforgrantedthatcolorisformatforadvertising,"Dengadded."Thisstudyshowsthatwhilecolorisdesirableinmostsituations,it'snotdesirableinallIfaproducthasbroadfeaturesthatsetitapartfromthecompetition,thenblack-and-whiteimageswillhelpcustomerscastasideminordetailsandfocusonthosekeyfeatures,theresearchersfound.Ifa30product'sdetailsarewhatsetitapart,colorimageswillmakethosedetailsstandout.Inonepartofthestudy,94collegestudentswereaskedtoimaginethattheyweretravelingtoaremotecampsitewheretheycouldreceiveonlyoneradio35station.There,thecampsitemanagerofferedtworadiosforrent:abasicanalogradiofor$10aday,orafancydigitalradiowithmanystationpresetbuttonsfor$18aday.Notonlywasthedigitalradiomoreexpensive,butitspresetbuttonswouldbeuselessat40thecampsite.Studentswhosawpicturesoftheradiosinblack

andwhitetendedtomakethepracticalchoice--theanalogradio.Only25percentchosethedigitalradio.Butamongstudentswhosawtheradiosincolor,45twiceasmanychosethedigitalradio.Inthatscenario,50percentofstudentswerewillingtopayahigherpriceforaradiowithfeaturesthattheycouldnotuse."Colordrewtheirfocusawayfromthemost50importantfeaturestothelessimportantfeatures,andtheirchoiceshiftedtothemoreexpensiveradio,"Dengsaid."Ithinkthat'ssurprising--thatjustbymanipulatingwhethertheproductpresentationisincolororblackandwhite,wecanaffectpeople's55choice."Studyco-authorKentaroFujita,associateprofessorofpsychologyatOhioState,hasanideawhy.Ithastodowiththeoriginofourvisualsystems,andhowourbrainsprocessnightvision.60 Ofthelight-sensitiverodandconestructuresintheretina,it'stheconesthatdetectcolorandtherodsthatgiveusnightvision,peripheralvisionandmotiondetection.Rodsoutnumberconesintheeye20to1,andatnight,whentheconesdon'treceive65enoughlighttoletusdistinguishcolorsproperly,werelyontherodstoseewhat'shappeningaroundus--inblackandwhite.evolvedtoworkinbothoptimalandsuboptimalconditions,"Fujita70explained."Optimalconditionsmightbeduringtheday,whenIwanttodistinguisharedapplefromanot-so-redapple.Theformoftheobjecttellsmeit'sanapple,butIcanfocusonthecolorbecausethat'swhat'simportanttome.Suboptimalconditions75mightbeatnight,whenIhavetotellwhetherthatobjectthat'smovingtowardmeismyfriendorahungrylion.Thentheformoftheobjectiscritical."Hesuspectsthatwhenoureyesseeblack-and-whiteimages,ourbrainsinterprettheminways80similartonightvision:Wefocusonformandfunction,andtendtoignoredetails.32323131Whichchoicebeststatesthecentralideaofthepassage?Students'ImportanceRatingsofPrimaryandSecondaryRadioFeaturesAdaptedfromHyojinLeeetal."MonochromeForestsandColorfulTrees:TheEffectStudents'ImportanceRatingsofPrimaryandSecondaryRadioFeaturesAdaptedfromHyojinLeeetal."MonochromeForestsandColorfulTrees:TheEffectofBlack-and-WhiteversusColorImageryonConstrualLevel."©2014byJournalofConsumerRecearch,Inc.Theminordetailsofproductsstandoutmoreifthoseproductsarepresentedinblackandwhitethaniftheyarepresentedincolor.Whenpurchasingdecisionsaremadebasedoncolorimagesofproducts,thosedecisionsareimpulsivethanaredecisionsbasedonblack-and-whiteimages.Seeingproductspresentedincolorcanleadpeopletofocusondifferentproductcharacteristicsthanpeopledowhenseeingthoseproductsinblackandwhite.

TheauthorofthepassagemakeswhichassumptionaboutthebehaviorofthesubjectsinDengandFujita'sexperiment?Itderivesfrompeople'sinnatepreferenceforcolorimagesoverblack-and-whiteimages.Itisatoddswithconsumers'tendencytomakechoicesbasedoncostandfunctionalityratherthanvisualappeal.Itdemonstratestheexistenceofatraitinhaveunknowinglyexploitedinthepast.howpeoplewouldrespondtocolorandblack-and-whiteadvertisementsinreal-worldsettings.3333Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines1-3(“When..trees”)Lines9-12(“Thefindings...important”)Lines18-20(“Theduct”)Lines58-59(“Ithas...vision”)3434Itcanreasonablybeinferredfromthepassagethatthestrategicuseofblack-and-whiterepresentationofproductsisasubjectoflong-runningdebateamongmarketers.aninnovationthathashadconsiderablecommercialsuccess.aneffectivewaytopromoteproductsthatarelargelysimilartotheircompetition.atechniquenottypicallyemployedtosellproducts.35 393539Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines13-15(“Color..trees”)Lines15-17(“Butblackandwhite...details”)Lines21-23(“Marketers...added”)Lines26-31(“Ifa...out”)3636Themainfunctionoftheeighththroughtenthparagraphs(lines32-48)istodescribethedesignandresultsofanexperiment.discussacommonscenarioanditstypicaloutcomes.drawacontrastbetweentwomodelsofbehavior.3737nearlymeans.falsifying.controlling.operating.tampering.3838perceive.classify.divide.demonstrate.

Thereferencestoapples,afriend,andalioninthefourteenthparagraph(lines68-77)primarilyservetoillustrateadistinctionbetweensituationsthatmayhelpaccountforthefindingsdiscussedinthepassage.explainanexperimentthathelpstocorroboratetheconclusionspresentedinthepassage.anunexplainedaspectofthephenomenondescribedinthepassage.offerexamplesthatcastdoubtonthecentralclaimputforwardinthepassage.4040thegraph,whenstudentssawaradio'simageincolor,theirmeanratingofitssecondaryfeaturewas.A)5.0.B)5.5.C)6.0.D)6.5.4141Whichstatementaboutstudents'ratingsoftheimportanceoftheradio'sfeaturesinbestsupportedbydatainthegraph?radio'ssecondaryfeatureasmoreimportantthanitsprimaryfeatureonlywhentheysawtheradioincolor.Studentsratedtheradio'sprimaryfeatureasmoreimportantthanitssecondaryfeatureregardlessofwhethertheysawtheradioinblackandwhiteorincolor.Studentsratedtheradio'sprimaryfeatureasmoreimportantwhentheysawtheradioinblackandwhitethanwhentheysawitincolor.Studentsratedmorefeaturesoftheradioasveryimportantwhentheysawitinblackandwhitethanwhentheysawitincolor.Questions42-52arebasedonthefollowingpassages.Passage1isadaptedfromthewebsiteoftheSociety